Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

psychological disorder

A
  • a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition or behavior
  • reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

psychopathology

A

the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

etiology

A

the causes of psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

atypical

A

deviate from the norm, and could signify the presence of a psychological disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

harmful dysfunction

A
  • dysfunction occurs when internal mechanism breaks down and can no longer perform normally
  • is only part of a disorder if it harms others or individual
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

A
  • must experience inner states and exhibit behaviors that are clearly disturbed
  • troubling to those around individual and individual
  • part of the harmful dysfunction model made by the APA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction

A
  • patterns of behavior reflect some flaw (dysfunction) in the internal biological, psychological, and developmental mechanisms
  • part of the harmful dysfunction model made by the APA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one’s life

A
  • if they cause the person considerable distress, or greatly impair their ability to function as a normal individual
  • part of the harmful dysfunction model made by the APA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

disturbances do not reflect expected or culturally approved responses to certain events

A
  • must be socially unacceptable responses to certain events that often happen in life
  • part of the harmful dysfunction model made by the APA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

diagnosis

A

appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

A
  • classifies psychological disorders, written by American Psychiatric Association
  • Each disorder is described in detail, overview of the disorder specific symptoms required for diagnosis, prevalence information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

comorbidity

A

the co-occurrence of two disorders (having multiple disorders)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

A
  • classification system for diagnosis, published by WHO
  • used for clinical purposes
  • also used to examine the general health of populations and to monitor the prevalence of diseases and other health problems internationally
  • ICD is used for clinical diagnosis, DSM is for research
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

supernatural

A
  • attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding
  • mental illness was explained by devilish forces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

diathesis-stress model

A
  • integrates biological and psychosocial factors (environment) to predict the likelihood of a disorder
  • suggests that people with an underlying predisposition for a disorder (i.e., a diathesis) are more likely to develop a disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

anxiety disorders

A
  • characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

specific phobia

A
  • experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
  • people realize their level of fear and anxiety is irrational, some people with a specific phobia may go to great lengths to avoid the stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

agoraphobia

A
  • a separate anxiety disorder
  • characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack (eg. crowds, public spaces)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

social anxiety

A

characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

safety behaviors

A
  • mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes
  • e.g. avoiding drawing attention to yourself
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

panic disorder

A
  • experience recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, with at least one month of persistent concern about additional panic attacks
  • worry over the consequences of the attacks, or self-defeating changes in behavior related to attacks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

locus coeruleus

A
  • Activation of the locus coeruleus is associated with anxiety and fear
  • brains major source of norepinephrine
  • theory that it helps cause panic disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A
  • a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension
  • symptoms: restlessness, difficulty concentrating, being easily fatigued, muscle tension, irritability, and sleep difficulties
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

A

a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A
  • experience thoughts that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions) and need to engage in repetitive behaviors (compulsions)
  • person knows that such thoughts are irrational, but hard to suppress
  • acts that are carried out as means to minimize distress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

body dysmorphic disorder

A
  • preoccupied with a perceived flaw in physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people
  • drives the person to engage in repetitive and ritualistic behavioral and mental acts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

hoarding disorder

A
  • cannot bear to part with personal possessions, regardless of how valueless or useless these possessions are
  • accumulate excessive amounts of usually worthless items that clutter their living areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A
  • brain region that is believed to play a critical role in OCD
  • area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A
  • must be exposed to, witness, or experience the details of a traumatic experience
  • PTSD include intrusive and distressing memories of the event, flashbacks, avoidance of stimuli connected to the event
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

flashbacks

A

states that can last from a few seconds to several days, during which the individual relives the event and behaves as if the event were occurring at that moment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

mood disorders

A
  • characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotion most often depression, but also mania and elation
  • fluctuations are extreme, distort their outlook on life, and impair their ability to function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

depressive disorders

A
  • a group of disorders in which depression is the main feature
  • broad spectrum of disorders, lose interest in activities, feel sad, hopeless, discouraged
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

bipolar and related disorders

A

a group of disorders in which mania is the defining feature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

mania

A
  • is a state of extreme elation and agitation
  • may become extremely talkative, behave recklessly, or attempt to take on many tasks simultaneously.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

major depressive disorder

A
  • feeling sad, empty, hopeless, or appearing tearful to others
  • no longer show interest or enjoyment in activities that previously were gratifying, such as hobbies
  • depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

suicidal ideation

A

when you think about, consider or feel preoccupied with the idea of death and suicide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

seasonal pattern

A

situations in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year

37
Q

peripartum onset (postpartum depression)

A

childbearers who experience major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following the birth of their child

38
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

experience depressed moods most of the day nearly every day for at least two years, as well as at least two of the other symptoms of major depressive disorder

39
Q

bipolar disorder

A
  • experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
  • person’s mood is said to alternate from one emotional extreme to the other
40
Q

manic episode

A

characterized as a “distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally

41
Q

flight of ideas

A

abruptly switching from one topic to another

42
Q

hopelessness theory

A
  • that a particular style of negative thinking leads to a sense of hopelessness, which then leads to depression
  • cognitive look/theory of depression
43
Q

rumination

A
  • repetitive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on symptoms, rather than attempting to address them in an active manner
  • cognitive theory on origin of depression
44
Q

suicide

A
  • death caused by self-directed injurious behavior with any intent to die as the result of the behavior
  • almost always diagnosed w/disorder, especially a mood disorder
45
Q

schizophrenia

A
  • a psychological disorder that is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior
  • the person’s thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where they are not able to function normally in life
46
Q

hallucinations

A
  • a perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation
  • e.g. hearing voices
47
Q

delusions

A
  • beliefs that are contrary to reality and are firmly held even in the face of contradictory evidence
  • e.g. an assassin is after you
48
Q

paranoid delusions

A
  • involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person
  • can happen with someone that has schizophrenia
49
Q

grandiose delusions

A
  • beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important
  • e.g. believing you’re god
  • can happen with someone that has schizophrenia
50
Q

somatic delusion

A
  • the belief that something highly abnormal is happening to one’s body
  • can happen with someone that has schizophrenia
51
Q

disorganized thinking

A
  • disjointed and incoherent thought processes, usually detected by what a person says
  • common symptom of schizophrenia
52
Q

disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

A
  • unusual behaviors and movements: becoming unusually active, exhibiting silly child-like behaviors engaging in repeated movements
  • common symptom of schizophrenia
53
Q

catatonic behaviors

A
  • show decreased reactivity to the environment
  • common symptom of schizophrenia
54
Q

negative symptoms

A
  • those that reflect noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives
  • ex. showing less emotion, withdrawing from society
  • common symptom of schizophrenia
55
Q

hypothesis for schizophrenia

A

proposed that an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopamine receptors are responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia

56
Q

ventricles

A
  • cavities within the brain that contain cerebral spinal fluid
  • people w/schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles, means brain tissue is lost, harder to function cognitively
57
Q

prodromal symptoms

A
  • identifying people who show minor symptoms of psychosis, such as unusual thought content, delusions etc.
  • new development, hope to help reduce/cure schizophrenia w/this approach
58
Q

behavioral inhibition

A
  • characterized by a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations
  • makes people more likely to develop anxieties/phobias
59
Q

panic attack

A
  • defined as a period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes
  • symptoms include accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling, choking sensations, hot flashes or chills, dizziness or lightheadedness, fears of losing control or going crazy, and fears of dying
60
Q

learning and then developing disorders

A

idea that disorders can be developed through learning, either through personal experience or by seeing others fear something

61
Q

Biological Basis of Mood and Bipolar Disorders

A
  • depressed people are more likely to react to negative stimuli, and can’t control it as well
  • amygdala reacts more, greater cortisol levels
62
Q

genetic backing for schizophrenia

A
  • studies show schizophrenia is likely genetic, but still is influenced by environmental factors
  • ex. ppl with schizo genetics and raised in poor environment most likely to develop it
63
Q

dissociative disorders

A

characterized by an individual becoming split off, or dissociated, from their core sense of self

64
Q

dissociative amnesia

A
  • to the partial or total forgetting of some experience or event
  • unable to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience
  • validity of this disorder is questioned, possibly underdiagnosed
65
Q

dissociative fugue

A
  • when someone wanders away from their home, experience confusion about their identity, and sometimes even adopt a new identity
  • usually only happens for a few hours/days
66
Q

depersonalization/derealization disorder

A
  • characterized by recurring episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both
  • may feel feelings aren’t own, have out of body experience, feel like in a dream
67
Q

dissociative identity disorder / multiple personality disorder

A
  • exhibit two or more separate personality states, each distinct from one another in behavior
  • may start as a coping mechanism from childhood trauma
  • controversial disorder, thought to be over diagnosed by therapists
68
Q

neurodevelopmental disorders

A
  • conditions that, when present, are diagnosed early in childhood
  • they involve developmental problems in personal, social, academic, and intellectual functioning
69
Q

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A
  • shows a constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning
  • can’t sit still, disorganization, avoidance of tasks w/sustained attention, etc.
70
Q

autism spectrum disorder

A

characterized mainly by an inability to form close emotional ties with others, speech and language abnormalities, repetitive behaviors, and an intolerance of minor changes in the environment

71
Q

personality disorders

A

exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture, is pervasive and inflexible, and causes distress or impairment

72
Q

borderline personality disorder

A
  • characterized chiefly by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity
  • relationships are intense and unstable, cannot tolerate the thought of being alone
73
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A
  • shows no regard at all for other people’s rights or feelings
  • think that they should use whatever means necessary to get by in life
74
Q

causes of autism spectrum disorder

A
  • thought to be genetic
  • not related to vaccinations in any way (idea came from study who falsified data)
75
Q

defining abnormal

A
  • can be explained biologically, socioculturally, or cognitive
  • its inextricably attached to cultural norms, expectations and laws
76
Q

Thomas Szazs, MD

A
  • Wrote the Myth of Mental Illness
  • Argued that the mental disorder classification system is an attempt by society to control those who are different
  • Vehemently criticized the system of involuntary commitment
  • Criticized medical model as turning people into passive “patients” instead of active controllers of their own lives
77
Q

adv/disadvantages of DSM-5

A

adv: can be a useful tool for diagnosis and treatment, provides structure for research/insurance
dis: number of disorder increases w/each edition, gives illusion of objectivity, people may live up to labels

78
Q

obsessions

A
  • repetitive, persistent thoughts
  • part of OCD
79
Q

compulsions

A
  • repetitive, ritualized behaviors designed to decrease anxiety
  • part of OCD
80
Q

Theories of where depression comes from

A
  • biological (genetics and brain chem)
  • social (people’s circumstances)
  • attachment (problems w/close relationships)
  • cognitive (ways of interpreting events/thinking)
81
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

A disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption

82
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

A disorder characterized by habitually unreasonable and excessive suspiciousness and jealousy

83
Q

Sociocogntive explanation of dissociative personality disorder

A

Disorder is not an actual fragmenting of the identity or multiple personalities, but is simply an extreme manifestation of the different roles we all hold

84
Q

positive symptoms

A
  • part of schizophrenia
  • something abnormal is present
  • ex. delusions, hallucinations, incoherent speech, inappropriate behavior
85
Q

synaptic pruning

A
  • a natural process that occurs in the brain to remove unnecessary connections between neurons and maintain efficient brain function
  • can trigger early schizophrenia episodes in adolescence
86
Q

glutamate

A
  • major excitatory neurotransmitter
  • may be tied to theory of schizophrenia
87
Q

biological treatment

A

-involve use of drugs, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), brian surgery or other models that affect brain or body chemistry
-can be effective, because most disorders have a biological basis

88
Q

off-label prescription

A
  • drug not approved by FDA
    -Side effects may be feel worse than the disorder symptoms
    -especially bad with Lithium and antipsychotics, leading to high relapse and dropout rates
89
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A
  • can be long term effect of off-label prescription
  • a chronic condition that causes involuntary, repetitive movements in the body
90
Q

concerns of biological treatment

A
  • Some effects overstated due to publication bias
  • Is there a placebo effect?

Psychology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions