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Psychology > Chapter 7 - Thinking and Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

cognition

A
  • is thinking
  • encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.
  • ex. planning out your day
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2
Q

cognitive psychology

A

the field of psychology dedicated to examining how and why people think

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3
Q

concepts

A
  • big ideas that are generated by observing details, categorizing, combining these details into cognitive structures
  • used to see relationships/organize information
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4
Q

prototype

A
  • the best example or representation of a concept
  • ex. golden retriever being the first thing you think of with dogs
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5
Q

natural concepts

A
  • created “naturally” through your experiences and can be developed from either direct or indirect experiences
  • ex. knowing snow from seeing it
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6
Q

artificial concept

A
  • a concept that is defined by a specific set of characteristics
  • ex. triangles have three sides
  • often build off one another, used in complex thinking
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7
Q

schema

A
  • a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concept
  • a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work efficiently
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8
Q

role schema

A
  • makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave
  • can make you assume wrong thing
  • ex. military people are strict
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9
Q

event schema/cognitive script

A
  • a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine
  • ex. how you behave in an elevator
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10
Q

language

A
  • a communication system that involves organizing words and systematic rules to communicate from one individual to another
  • not the only way to communicate (posture, tone, etc.)
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11
Q

lexicon

A

the words/vocabulary of a given language

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12
Q

grammar

A

the set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon

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13
Q

phoneme

A
  • a basic sound unit of a given language
  • different languages have different sets of phonemes
  • ex. “ah” vs. “eh”
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14
Q

morphemes

A
  • the smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning (made up of phoneme
  • ex. “I” is a morphemes and phoneme
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15
Q

semantics

A

the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

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16
Q

syntax

A

the way words are organized into sentences

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17
Q

overgeneralization

A
  • a grammar rule is being applied to the exceptions to the rules of a language
  • the rules of the language are understood, even if the exceptions to the rules are still being learned
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18
Q

problem-solving strategy

A

a plan of action used to find a solution

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19
Q

trial and error

A
  • you would continue to try different solutions until you solved your problem
  • not most efficient but commonly used
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20
Q

algorithm

A
  • a problem-solving formula that provides you with step-by-step instructions used to get the same results every time they’re used
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21
Q

heuristic

A

-a general problem-solving framework
- mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems
- saves time, but not always best method

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22
Q

working backwards

A
  • a useful heuristic in which you begin solving the problem by focusing on the end result
  • ex. when to leave home to get to an event
23
Q

mental set

A
  • where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now
  • could be easy solution but aren’t thinking differently
24
Q

functional fixedness

A

a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for

25
Q

anchoring bias

A

when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem

26
Q

confirmation bias

A
  • the tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs
  • ex. grandma w/Fox News
27
Q

hindsight bias

A

leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t

28
Q

representative bias

A

a faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something

29
Q

availability heuristic

A

a heuristic in which you make a decision based on an example that is accessible to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision

30
Q

crystalized intelligence

A
  • acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
  • helps you overcome concrete, straightforward problems
31
Q

fluid intelligence

A
  • the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
  • intelligence helps you tackle complex, abstract challenges
32
Q

triarchic theory of intelligence

A

sees intelligence as comprised of three parts practical (street smarts), creative, and analytical intelligence

33
Q

practical intelligence

A
  • you find solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences
  • sometimes compared to “street smarts”
34
Q

creative intelligence

A
  • marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem
  • include finding a novel solution to an unexpected problem or producing a beautiful work of art
35
Q

multiple intelligences theory

A
  • theory that each person possesses at least eight intelligences
  • highly criticized for not having empirical evidence
36
Q

emotional intelligence

A

ability to understand the emotions of yourself/others, show empathy, understand social relationships/cues, regulate emotions ,and respond in culturally appropriate ways

37
Q

cultural intelligence

A

how well you relate to the values of your/that culture

38
Q

creativity

A

the ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

39
Q

divergent thinking

A
  • thinking “outside the box”
  • allows an individual to arrive at unique, multiple solutions to a problem
40
Q

convergent thinking

A

the ability to provide a correct or well-established answer/solution to a problem

41
Q

intelligence quotient (IQ)

A
  • describes a score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence
  • has its limitation and can be controversial
42
Q

standardization

A

the manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent

43
Q

norming

A
  • involves giving a test to a large population so data can be collected to compare groups, such as age groups
  • used to figure out what a group does know, not should
44
Q

Flynn effect

A
  • the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last
  • increased IQ scores do not necessarily mean younger gens. are more intelligent
45
Q

representative sample

A

a subset of the population that accurately represents the general population

46
Q

standard deviations

A
  • how data are dispersed in a population and give context to large data sets
47
Q

range of reaction

A

the theory that each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on their genetic makeup

48
Q

dysgraphia

A

a learning disability that results in a struggle to write legibly/put their thoughts on paper

49
Q

dyslexia

A
  • an inability to correctly process letters
  • may have difficulty spelling words correctly while writing, mix up words/sentences
50
Q

dyscalculia

A

difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic

51
Q

linguistic determinism

A

idea that language may indeed influence the way that we think

52
Q

analytical intelligence

A
  • closely aligned with academic problem solving and computations
  • demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
53
Q

learning disabilities

A

cognitive disorders that affect different areas of cognition, particularly language or reading

54
Q

what effects intelligence

A

research suggest that genetic help determine level of intelligence, but environment can trigger different parts of cognitive skills

Psychology (15 decks)

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