Chapter 16 - Treatment and Therapy Flashcards
asylums
- the first institutions created to house people with psychological disorders, but the focus was ostracizing them from society rather than treating them
- started in 18th century
deinstitutionalization
- the closing of large asylums, by providing for people to stay in their communities and be treated locally
- started in the 1950s
involuntary treatment
to therapy that is not the individual’s choice
voluntary treatment
person chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from symptoms
psychotherapy
a psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems
biomedical therapy
involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
free association
- patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment
- used in psychoanalysis/psychotherapy
dream analysis
- a therapist interprets the underlying meaning of dreams
- used in psychoanalysis/psychotherapy
transference
patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient’s other relationships to the psychoanalyst
play therapy
- often used with children since they are not likely to sit on a couch and recall their dreams or engage in traditional talk therapy
- type of psychotherapy
psychoanalysis
therapists help their patients look into their past to uncover repressed feelings
behavior therapy
- a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors
- will use techniques like classical/operant conditioning
counterconditioning
- a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior
- technique used in behavioral therapy (ex. exposure therapy)
aversive conditioning
- uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior
- technique used in behavioral therapy
exposure therapy
- therapist seeks to treat clients’ fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with idea that they will get used to it
- technique used in behavioral therapy
systematic desensitization
- a person creates a hierarchy of anxiety, ranging from the least-anxiety-producing stimulus to the feared object
- paired with relaxation techniques, then get exposed to events until relaxed in them
- technique used in behavioral therapy
virtual reality exposure therapy
- using a simulation to help conquer fears via exposure therapy
- technique used in behavioral therapy
token economy
- involves a controlled setting where individuals are reinforced for desirable behaviors with tokens, such as a poker chip, that can be exchanged for items
- often used in psychiatric hospitals
- type of behavioral therapy
cognitive therapy
- a form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person’s thoughts lead to feelings of distress
- idea behind cognitive therapy is that how you think determines how you feel and act
rational emotive therapy (RET)
- One of the first forms of cognitive-behavioral therapy
- founded by Albert Ellis and grew out of his dislike of Freudian psychoanalysis
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
- helps clients examine how their thoughts affect their behavior
- attempts to make individuals aware of their irrational and negative thoughts and helps people replace them with new, more positive ways of thinking.
ABC model
- technique of cognitive - behavioral therapy
- Action (sometimes called an activating event), the Belief about the event, and the Consequences of this belief
humanistic therapy
- help people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves
- humanistic therapists focus on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts
- emphasize present and future rather than past
rogerian/client-centered therapy
- emphasizes the importance of the person taking control of his own life to overcome life’s challenges
- type of humanistic therapy
- invented by humanist Carl Rogers
nondirective therapy
- a therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person to identify conflicts and understand feelings
- used in humanistic therapy
unconditional positive regard
- technique used in client-centered/humanist therapy
- involves not judging clients and simply accepting them for who they are
biomedical therapy
- when people are prescribed biologically based treatments or psychotropic medications that are used to treat mental disorders
- can be addictive, have bad side effects
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- involves using an electrical current to induce seizures to help alleviate the effects of severe depression
- type of biomedical therapy
- seen as last resort treatment
intake
- the therapist’s first meeting with the client
- therapist gathers specific information to address the client’s immediate needs, such as the presenting problem
confidentiality
the therapist cannot disclose confidential communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so
individual therapy
the client and clinician meet one-on-one
group therapy
- a clinician meets together with several clients with similar problems
- can make people feel like they’re not alone, but can also ruin confidentiality, make people afraid to be vulnerable
couples therapy
- involves two people in an intimate relationship who are having difficulties and are trying to resolve them
- may be taught how to communicate or determine if they should stay together
family therapy
- a special form of group therapy, consisting of one or more families
- often view each member as playing a role in family system, understand how everyone can contribute positively
structural family therapy
- therapist examines and discusses the boundaries and structure of the family
- The therapist helps them resolve these issues and learn to communicate more effectively by understanding roles in it
strategic family therapy
- goal is to address specific problems within the family that can be dealt with in a relatively short amount of time
- therapist would guide what happens in the therapy session and design a detailed approach to resolving each member’s problem
relapse
person return to abusing drugs and/or alcohol after a period of improvement
comorbid disorders
when a person has two or more psychological diagnoses
cultural competence
therapists must understand and address issues of race, culture, and ethnicity
history of therapy treatment
- disorders often seen as demonic or witchcraft, people treated very poorly
- burned at stake, locked away, etc.
psychosurgery
- Any surgical procedure that destroys selected areas of the brain believed to be involved in emotional disorders or violent, impulsive behavior
- Pretty rare today because dangers are greater than risk of not doing surgery
frontal lobotomy
- Destroys or separates parts of the frontal lobes
- Stops strong emotional reactions, leads to flat affect
- Also can interfere with other frontal lobe functions: planning, socially appropriate behavior
Antonio Moniz’s method
- way of performing a lobotomy
- Involves drilling holes inside of skull, using probes to separate part of brain
- Won 1949 Nobel Prize
retrograde amnesia
- what happens during electroconvulsive therapy
- patients don’t remember it after usually
antipsychotic drugs
- Block or reduce sensitivity of brain receptors that respond to dopamine
- Some increase levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that inhibits dopamine activity
- Can relieve positive symptoms of schizophrenia but are ineffective for or even worsen negative symptoms
Monoamine oxidase inhibits
Elevate norepinephrine/serotonin in brain by blocking an enzyme that deactivates them
Tricyclic antidepressants
Boost norepinephrine and serotonin in brain by preventing normal reuptake of these substances
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- Also inhibit reuptake of serotonin to boost levels
- Examples: Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- an inhibitory neurotransmitter
- how anti-anxiety (tranquilizers) work
- Overprescription or long-term use can lead to addiction
- Examples: valium, xanax
how drugs work to treat disorders
For many of these drugs, it is not really known how they work
psychodynamic therapy
Use various techniques to explore the unconscious as a route to identifying and solving problems
behavioral self-monitoring
- strategy of behavioral methods
- Try to figure out what the triggers are
rational-emotional-behavioral therapy (RBET)
Therapist and client actively challenge existing beliefs
Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy
- type of cognitive therapy
- Examines interconnection of thoughts, feelings and behaviors
humanistic therapy
emphasizes people’s free will to change
reflective therapy
- technique in client/person centered therapy
- therapist may rephrase / repeats back what the client is saying via reflective listening, to guide toward insight
- Often is nondirective, with the goal that the client should solve the problems themself
Family-System Perspective
Therapy with individuals or families that focuses on how each member forms part of a larger interacting system
therapeutic alliance
- a collaborative relationship between a patient and a therapist for the purpose of therapy or treatment
- crucial to success of therapy
scientist-practitioner gap
- A substantial, serious disconnect between scientists who research and those who practice
- Practitioners often disregard scientific evidence as not relevant to their personalized approaches
- Scientists may undervalue the individual human elements of therapy, overemphasize one size fits all approaches
