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Pathophysiology > Chapter 9: Inflammation and Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Inflammation and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

the immune system is a complex network composed of what?

A

cells, tissues, proteins that work together to protect the body against foreign invaders

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2
Q

true or false: all components of the immune system are inhabited by different types of white blood cells that mediate inflammation and immunity

A

true

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3
Q

what is the difference between self and non self antigens?

A

self antigens: proteins located on the cells surface of the individuals and the immune system ignores self antigens
non self antigens: immune system recognizes specific non self antigens as foreign, which produces a response and memory cells respond quickly to that antigen

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4
Q

where do monocytes originate from?

A

bone marrow (myeloid lineage)

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5
Q

true or false: inflammatory cytokines cause the release of more immature neutrophils called bands from the bone marrow which is seen often in bacterial infections

A

true

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6
Q

what classifies lymphocytes and their function?

A

both T cells and B cells function in adaptive immunity and have the capacity to proliferate into memory cells, therefore they can provide long-lasting immunity against specific antigen. natural killer cells function in innate immunity and are presenting circulation

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7
Q

where do T cell originate from, and mature at?

A 
bone marrow (stem cells)
thymus gland
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8
Q

what examples of T cells that function in cell mediated immunity

A

cytotoxic T killer cells
helper T cells
memory T cells

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9
Q

what are B cells responsible for ?

A

production of antibodies

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10
Q

where do B cells originate from, and further proceed to?

A

bone marrow

spleen and lymphoid tissue

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11
Q

what are examples of B cells and their functions?

A

plasma= produce antibodies

memory B= form clones of plasma cells following subjects future exposure to the antigen (pathogen)

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12
Q

what are innate defenses ?

A

don’t require previous exposure to respond to an antigen

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13
Q

what do monocytes mature into?

A

macrophages

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14
Q 
where do these phagocytic cells migrate to? 
alveolar
microglial
kupffer cells
histiocytes
A

alveolar: lung
microglial: brain
kupffer cells: liver
histiocytes: connective tissue

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15
Q

what are primary organs vs secondary organs of the lymphoid system ?

A

primary: bone marrow, thymus gland
secondary: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, peyer patches (containing B cells)

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16
Q

what are the chemical mediators that have immune function?

A

complement, kinins, clotting factors , cytokines, chemokines

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17
Q

true or false: major complement proteins are C1 to C9

A

true

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18
Q

what is inflammation?

A

innate defense that occurs after cells are injured

19
Q

what are the five cardinal signs of inflammation

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain, and inflammation

20
Q

what are three main events of inflammation

A

increased vascular permeability, emigration of leukocytes (WBC), and phagocytosis

21
Q

which vasoactive chemicals do mast cells release ?

A

histamine, prostogalndins, and leukotrienes

22
Q

true or false: chronic inflammation may impair healing and result in an accumulation of macrophages, fibroblasts, and collagen called granuloma

A

true

23
Q

what is exudate

A

fluid that leaks out of blood vessels with neutrophils and debris from phagocytosis

24
Q

what is the difference between the different types of exudate

A

A. serous: watery and clear, low protein, occurs in mild inflammation
B. fibrinous: thick and sticky, high protein, occurs greater in injuries
C. purulent (pus): occurs in severe injury, contains infective organisms, leukocytes
D. hemorrhagic: has RBC, occurs in most severe inflammation

25
Q

what are systemic responses to inflammation

A

fever, neutrophilic, lethargy, muscle catabolism, suppressed appetite, induction of sleep

26
Q

what are the two types of adaptive immunity and functions

A

humoral: antibodies are produced by B cells to protect against non self antigens
cell mediated immunity: T cells are programmed to directly attack non self cells to protect the body

27
Q

true or false: all nucleated cells express MHC class I proteins on their cell surfaces

A

true

28
Q

true or false: cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens on MHC class II

A

false; they recognize on MHC class I

29
Q

where do T helper cells recognize antigens

A

MHC class II

30
Q

true or false: certain specialized cells, primarily dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells express MHC class II proteins

A

true

31
Q

activated cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) proliferate into

A

memory and effector cells

32
Q

which protein is needed for MHC class I binding

A

CD8

33
Q

which protein is necessary to enable T helper cells to bind to MHC II proteins

A

CD4

34
Q

T helper cells (CD4+) recognize foreign antigen in association with which MHC molecules

A

MHC II

35
Q

true or false: B cells require activation help from T helper cells (CD4+)

A

true

36
Q

what are the five classes of immunoglobulins

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

37
Q

out of which immunoglobulin is the most common

A

IgG

38
Q

which immunoglobulin is the first to be produced on exposure to antigens or after immunization

A

IgM

39
Q

true or false: IgD is primarily found in saliva, tears, tracheobronchial secretions, colostrum, breast milk, and GI/GU secretions

A

false: IgA

40
Q

which immunoglobulin is responsible for initiating inflammatory and allergic reactions

A

IgE

41
Q

what is antibody class switching dependent on

A

the presence of specific cytokines

42
Q

what is the order of class switching

A

IgM and IgD to IgG, IgE, IgA

43
Q

what is immunity

A

resistance against infection from a particular pathogen

44
Q

what are some examples of passive immunity

A

mother to fetus : IgG pass placenta
mother to infant: IgA from breast milk
serotherapy: directi injection of antibodies

Pathophysiology (16 decks)

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