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Pathophysiology > Chapter 18: Alterations of heart function > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Alterations of heart function Flashcards

1
Q

what is cardiac output ?

A

amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute

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2
Q

what is stoke volume ?

A

amount of blood ejected from the ventricle each contraction

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3
Q

what are the determinants of stroke volume?

A

preload
contractility
afterload

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4
Q

true or false: coronary heart disease is responsible for approximately 50% of deaths by CVD

A

true

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5
Q

what is CHD characterized by ?

A

insufficient delivery of oxygenated blood to the myocardium caused by atherosclerosis

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6
Q

what are the known risk factors for CHD?

A

atherosclerosis : the source of all CHD

possible microcirculation abnormalities

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7
Q

what is defined as good and bad cholesterol ?

A 
LDL= bad
HDL= good
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8
Q

what are lipids transported via?

A

apoproteins ( lipid+ protein = lipoprotein)

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9
Q

what does HDL do?

A

circulates to the tissues and takes up excess free cholesterol to take back to the liver

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10
Q

what does LDL do?

A

absorbed by tissues

70% returned to the liver

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11
Q

what is atherosclerosis plaque formation initiated by?

A

injury to coronary endothelium

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12
Q

what are the differences between vulnerable and stable plaques?

A

vulnerable: large lipid core, thin cap, high shear stress, and inflammation
stable: more collagen and fibrin, stable cap

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13
Q

what can ischemia result in?

A

chronic or acute coronary syndromes

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14
Q

true or false: ischemia results in oxygen supply insufficient to meet metabolic demands

A

true

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15
Q

the rate of coronary perfusion can be altered by?

A

large, stable atherosclortic
acute platelet aggregation and thrombosis
vasospasm
failure of autoregulation by microcirculation
poor perfusion pressure

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16
Q

describe the pathophysiology of chronic and acute ischemia

A

chronic: occlusion of a coronary vessel is associated with clinical syndrome of stable angina
acute: occlusion is associated with plaque disruption and thrombus formation and results in acute coronary syndrome

17
Q

true or false: acute coronary sydnrome is associated with acute changes in plaque morphology and thrombosis, which causes a sudden obstruction of coronary arteries

A

true

18
Q

true or false: chronic or acute coronary heart syndromes may precipitate sudden cardiac arrest and associated dysrhythmias

A

true

19
Q

true or false: stable angina cannot be relived by rest

A

false

20
Q

what factors of stable angina may upset the balance and lead to pain?

A

factors that decrease coronary supply or increase myocardial oxygen demand

21
Q

true or false: MI occlusion is complete and the thrombus lasts long enough to cause irreversible damage

A

true

22
Q

what is an accurate diagnosis of ACS?

A

signs/ symptoms
ECG changes
serum biomarkers

23
Q

what does chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy refer to?

A

disorder in which heart failure develops slowly because of progressive ischemic myocardial damage

24
Q

mitral valve is between which atrium and ventricle ?

A

left atrium and left ventricle

25
Q

what is the function of the aortic valve?

A

allows outflow from left ventricle to the aorta

26
Q

what is stenosis?

A

failure of the valve to open completely and results in extra volume work for the heart

27
Q

what is regurgitation?

A

the inability of a valve to close completely and results in extra volume work for the heart

28
Q

what defines rheumatic heart disease?

A

its an acute inflammatory disease that follows infection with group a B-hemolytic streptococci

29
Q

what defines infective endocarditis?

A

its an acute inflammatory disease that follows infection with group a B- hemolytic streptococci

30
Q

true or false: myocarditis is an inflammatory disorder of the heart muscle muscle characterized by necrosis and degeneration of myocytes

A

true

31
Q

true or false: right to left shunt is referred to as an acyanotic defect

A

false
right to left: cyanotic defect
left to right: acyanotic defect

Pathophysiology (16 decks)

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