Chapter 4: Cell Injury, Aging, Death

Question 1

what are three ways that cells respond to environmental change and injury?

Answer 1

withstand, adapt, cell death

Question 2

Withstand, adapt, cell death. Which of those two are reversible, which is irreversible?

Answer 2

withstand and adapt are reversible, cell death is irreversible

Question 3

what does reversible cell injury cause?

Answer 3

cell swelling and intracellular accumulation

Question 4

another word for oncosis is, and what is its definition?

Answer 4

hydropic swelling: cellular swelling cause of accumulation of water

Question 5

true or false: intracellular accumulation is characterized by excessive amounts of normal intracellular substances ?

Answer 5

true

Question 6

what are some examples of normal intracellular substances?

Answer 6

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, inorganic pigments (bilirubin)

Question 7

define atrophy

Answer 7

decreased cell size

Question 8

define hypertrophy

Answer 8

increased cell size

Question 9

define hyperplasia

Answer 9

increased cell number

Question 10

define metaplasia

Answer 10

conversion of one cell type to another

Question 11

define dysplasia

Answer 11

disorderly growth

Question 12

what is an example of physiologic and pathologic hypertrophy?

Answer 12

physiologic hypertrophy: increase in skeletal muscle size in response to exercise
pathologic hypertrophy: enlargement in the heart muscle due to high blood pressure

Question 13

what are the two categories of irreversible cell injury?

Answer 13

necrosis and apoptosis

Question 14

what is the most common form of necrosis?

Answer 14

coagulative

Question 15

what is gangrene defined as, what are the three types?

Answer 15

cellular death in a large area of tissue usually due to the interruption of blood supply to that particular zone
Dry, wet, and gas

Question 16

does apoptosis cause an inflammatory response?

Answer 16

no

Question 17

what is ischemia and hypoxic injury?

Answer 17

ischemia= lack of blood supply 
hypoxia= lack of oxygen

Question 18

what is the relationship between ischemia and hypoxia?

Answer 18

they occur hand in hand. hypoxia is most often caused by ischemia which causes power failure within the cell

Question 19

true or false: restoration of oxygen can worsen cell injury rather than reversing it.

Answer 19

true

Question 20

nutritional deficiencies may result from ?

Answer 20

poor intake, altered absorption, impaired distribution by circulatory system, and inefficient cellular uptake

Question 21

what are the five causes of cellular injury?

Answer 21

ischemia/ hypoxic injury, nutritional injury, infectious/immunologic injury, chemical injury, physical/mechanical injury

Question 22

radiation is an example of physical and mechanical injury to a cell, what are the primary effects to may have on a cell?

Answer 22

genetic damage and acute cell destruction

Question 23

are the aging processes and disease processes different?

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

what is the cellular basis of aging?

Answer 24

it is a cumulative result of two factors that cause cellular and molecular damage. it is a progressive decline in proliferation and reparative capacity of cells, and exposure to environmental factors

Question 25

what is the free radical theory?

Answer 25

aging results from cumulative and progressive damage to cell structures

Question 26

what is the programmed senescence theory?

Answer 26

aging is the result of an intrinsic genetic program