Chapter 21: Respiratory function and alterations in gas exchange Flashcards
what are the structures of the upper airway?
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
what are the structures of the lower airway
larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli
what does the nasal cavity function in?
conducts gases to an from the lungs
filters, warms and humidifies the air
heat exchange system
what is ciliary function impaired by ?
smoking, alcohol, hypothermia, hyperthermia, cold air, low humidity, starvation, anesthetics, corticosteroids, noxious gases, the common cold, increased mucus production
where is the eustachian tube located?
between the middle ear and posterior nasopharynx
true or false: gas exchange occurs in the conducting airways
false
no gas exchange occurs in the conducting airways
what are the conducting airways ?
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
what do the conducting airways help assist in?
passage of gases to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs
alveolar macrophages do what?
phagocytize foreign particles
true or false: type II alveolar cells produce surfactant
true
what are the partial pressures of gases in alveoli?
PAO2 for oxygen
PACO2 for carbon dioxide
what are the partial pressures of gases in the blood?
PAO2
PACO2
blood supply to the lungs comes from where?
bronchial arteries
pulmonary arteries
what is the function of the bronchial arteries ?
supply small amounts of oxygenated blood to pleura and lung tissue
what is the function of the pulmonary arteries?
vast network of capillaries that provide gas exchange
what happens once blood leaves the right ventricle?
goes to the pulmonary arteries (unoxygenated) and then to the pulmonary arterioles to the capillary membrane for gas exchange
true or false: the respiratory system in children is significantly different from that of adults which makes children more susceptible to obstruction, aspiration, and infection
true
true or false: vital capacity is the volume of gas that can be exhaled during maximal expiration
true
what does surfactant function in?
decreases surface tension, allowing the alveoli to open easily with each breath
what happens during inspiration?
the chest wall muscles contract, elevating the ribs as the diaphragm moves downward creating a negative intrapleural pressure
what happens during expiration?
lung deflates passively because of elastic recoil and relaxation of the diaphragm
airway resistance is provided from?
radius of airways
elastic fibers
surface tension in the alveoli
true or false: chemoreceptors respond to changes in arterial CO2 and pH
true
normal perfusion, but low alveolar ventilation causes?
collapsed lung
pneumonia
ARDS
