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Pathophysiology > Chapter 21: Respiratory function and alterations in gas exchange > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Respiratory function and alterations in gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

what are the structures of the upper airway?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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2
Q

what are the structures of the lower airway

A 
larynx 
trachea 
bronchi 
bronchioles 
alveoli
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3
Q

what does the nasal cavity function in?

A

conducts gases to an from the lungs
filters, warms and humidifies the air
heat exchange system

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4
Q

what is ciliary function impaired by ?

A

smoking, alcohol, hypothermia, hyperthermia, cold air, low humidity, starvation, anesthetics, corticosteroids, noxious gases, the common cold, increased mucus production

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5
Q

where is the eustachian tube located?

A

between the middle ear and posterior nasopharynx

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6
Q

true or false: gas exchange occurs in the conducting airways

A

false

no gas exchange occurs in the conducting airways

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7
Q

what are the conducting airways ?

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

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8
Q

what do the conducting airways help assist in?

A

passage of gases to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs

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9
Q

alveolar macrophages do what?

A

phagocytize foreign particles

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10
Q

true or false: type II alveolar cells produce surfactant

A

true

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11
Q

what are the partial pressures of gases in alveoli?

A

PAO2 for oxygen

PACO2 for carbon dioxide

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12
Q

what are the partial pressures of gases in the blood?

A

PAO2

PACO2

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13
Q

blood supply to the lungs comes from where?

A

bronchial arteries

pulmonary arteries

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14
Q

what is the function of the bronchial arteries ?

A

supply small amounts of oxygenated blood to pleura and lung tissue

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15
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary arteries?

A

vast network of capillaries that provide gas exchange

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16
Q

what happens once blood leaves the right ventricle?

A

goes to the pulmonary arteries (unoxygenated) and then to the pulmonary arterioles to the capillary membrane for gas exchange

17
Q

true or false: the respiratory system in children is significantly different from that of adults which makes children more susceptible to obstruction, aspiration, and infection

A

true

18
Q

true or false: vital capacity is the volume of gas that can be exhaled during maximal expiration

A

true

19
Q

what does surfactant function in?

A

decreases surface tension, allowing the alveoli to open easily with each breath

20
Q

what happens during inspiration?

A

the chest wall muscles contract, elevating the ribs as the diaphragm moves downward creating a negative intrapleural pressure

21
Q

what happens during expiration?

A

lung deflates passively because of elastic recoil and relaxation of the diaphragm

22
Q

airway resistance is provided from?

A

radius of airways
elastic fibers
surface tension in the alveoli

23
Q

true or false: chemoreceptors respond to changes in arterial CO2 and pH

A

true

24
Q

normal perfusion, but low alveolar ventilation causes?

A

collapsed lung
pneumonia
ARDS

25
Q

true or false: thickening of the alveolar-capillary membrane cannot cause impaired diffusion

A

false

26
Q

hypoxemia is defined as?

A

deficient blood oxygen as measure by low arterial O2 and low hemoglobin saturation

27
Q

hypoxia is defined as ?

A

decrease in tissue oxygenation

28
Q

acute respiratory failure results in?

A

state of disturbed gas exchange
low PAO2
high PACO2 greater than 50 mmHg
pH less than 7.30

29
Q

what are the three mechanisms of secondary pulmonary HTN?

A

increased pulmonary blood flow
increased resistance to blood flow
increased left atrial pressure

30
Q

what is one way to diagnose pulmonary hypertension?

A

ECG

31
Q

describe a pulmonary embolism

A

an undissolved detached material that occlude blood vessels

32
Q

what are 3 factors that virchow said causes thrombus formation?

A

venous stasis/ sluggish blood flow
hypercoagulability
damage to the venous wall

33
Q

what are the four major types of pulmonary malignancies?

A

large cell carcinoma
small cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma

Pathophysiology (16 decks)

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