Chapter 7: Neoplasia

Question 1

neoplasia means “new growth”, which is categorized into malignant and benign growth. what is the difference between those two?

Answer 1

malignant growth: cancer

benign growth: noncancerous and tends to be more easily curable

Question 2

the suffix Oma typically indicates?

Answer 2

benign tumor

Question 3

what terms are used to indicate malignant tumors?

Answer 3

carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia

Question 4

Carcinoma, sarcoma, and leukemia. what are their origins?

Answer 4

carcinoma: epithelia origin
sarcoma: connective tissue, mesenchymal (nerve, bone, muscle) origin
leukemia: white blood cell origin

Question 5

true or false: benign are differentiated cells, whereas malignant are undifferentiated/ non-functional cells.

Answer 5

true

Question 6

cancer is the ___ leading cause of death in the U.S

Answer 6

second

Question 7

what is the pathophysiology of malignant tumors-cancer?

Answer 7

a malignant tumor which is cancerous will compress the blood vessels. then the tumor cells will secrete enzymes or hormones that lead to inflammation and a loss of normal cells. this results in angiogenesis which is when the tumor forms its own blood vessels in order to grow bigger

Question 8

what are caner causing agents?

Answer 8

carcinogens

Question 9

what are the two groups that cancer-critical genes are grouped into, and define them?

Answer 9

gain of functions genes which are mutations causes overactivity of genes. in their normal state, these genes are called proto-oncogenes, however when proto-oncogenes undergo a mutation they become cancerous-causing oncogenes. loss of function genes mutation causes underactivity of genes, which are called tumor suppressor genes

Question 10

what do proto-oncogenes code for?

Answer 10

growth factors, receptors, cytoplasmic signaling molecules, and transcription factors

Question 11

how can proto-oncogenes become activated?

Answer 11

oncogenes introduced to host cells by viruses, proto-oncogene within cell suffers mutagenic event, DNA sequence may be lost or damaged and allows proto-oncogene to become abnormally active, and errors in chromosome replication causes extra copies of proto-oncogene in the genome

Question 12

what are two examples of tumor suppressor genes?

Answer 12

BRCA 1 and BRCA 2

Question 13

what are the three steps of carcinogenesis?

Answer 13

1. initiation: DNA damage (mutation)
2. promotion: proliferation (growth promoters)
3. progression: development of cancerous phenotype

Question 14

metastasis can spread to distant sites via two ways

Answer 14

blood and lymph

Question 15

tumors markers can help identify the parent tissues or cancer origin, what are the examples for prostate and ovarian cancer?

Answer 15

prostate specific antigen (PSA)

CA-125 for ovarian cancer

Question 16

true or false: grading is the histologic characterization of tumor cells, whereas staging is the location and patterns of spread within the host

Answer 16

true

Question 17

true or false: early detection is the best prognosis for cure

Answer 17

true