Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology 1

Question 1

____ can be defined as the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings, therefore it is about revealing the body’s responses to disruptions in its internal or external environment.

Answer 1

pathophysiology

Question 2

it is important to consider that due to diversity, what two factors are not necessarily identical in any individuals?

Answer 2

health structure and function

Question 3

what are the four interrelated topics that correspond to pathophysiology?

Answer 3

etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment implications

Question 4

true or false: most diseases are multifactorial.

Answer 4

true

Question 5

a patient presents with hair loss due to undergoing chemotherapy, this is an example of an iatrogenic cause?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

coronary heart disease is a multifactorial disease, what are some reasons as to what classifies a multifactorial disease?

Answer 6

genetic predisposition, diet, smoking, high blood pressure, stress, etc.

Question 7

true or false: every individual exposed in a population will contract the disease.

Answer 7

false

Question 8

which system is an example of an intracellular communication network?

Answer 8

the immune system

Question 9

true or false: pathogenesis can be defined as the evolution or development of disease, starting from the initial stimulus to the final result of manifestation of the disease.

Answer 9

true

Question 10

the definition of etiology is, and what are it’s classifications?

Answer 10

the study of causes or reasons for a particular something, and the causes can be be categorized as idiopathic (cause unknown) or iatrogenic (results from an unwanted medical treatment)

Question 11

define etiology…

Answer 11

causes or reasons of disease

Question 12

define pathogenesis…

Answer 12

development of disease

Question 13

define clinical manifestations…

Answer 13

signs, symptoms, stages, course

Question 14

define treatment implications…

Answer 14

general treatment strategies

Question 15

true or false: signs can be define as a subjective clinical manifestation.

Answer 15

false

Question 16

true or false: symptoms can be defined as an objective clinical manifestation.

Answer 16

false

Question 17

which of the following is an example of the clinical manifestation known as a symptom?

a. vomiting
b. observing enlarged lymph nodes
c. headache
d. bruise

Answer 17

c. headache

Question 18

true or false: syndrome is the etiology of signs and symptoms that have not been determined.

Answer 18

true

Question 19

what is the difference between latent period vs a prodromal period?

Answer 19

latent period: time between exposure of tissue to injurious agents and first appearance of signs/ symptoms
prodromal period: time during which first signs/ symptoms appear indicating onset of disease

Question 20

is the acute phase when the disease has reached its full intensity?

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

which is the phase that refers to a period during an illness when the signs/ symptoms temporarily become mild, silent, or disappear?

Answer 21

latent period

Question 22

define exacerbation

Answer 22

a sudden increase in the severity of the disease or signs and symptoms

Question 23

define remission

Answer 23

decrease in severity of disease or signs and symptoms; may indicate disease is cured

Question 24

define convalescence

Answer 24

stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure

Question 25

define sequela

Answer 25

subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an illness

Question 26

true or false: specific treatment recommendations are beyond the scope of this text.

Answer 26

true

Question 27

to determine whether a certain finding is indicative of a disease or abnormal, it must be compared with what is …

Answer 27

normal

Question 28

what is the difference between positive and negative predictive value ?

Answer 28

PPV: probability that a disease is present if the test is positive
NPV: probability that the disease is absent if the test is negative

Question 29

true or false: specificity is the probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular condition.

Answer 29

true

Question 30

strep throat swab with a sensitivity of 80% means that 20% of people with the condition will test negative making this a …

Answer 30

false negative

Question 31

define endemic

Answer 31

native to a local region

Question 32

define epidemic

Answer 32

spread to many at the same time

Question 33

define pandemic

Answer 33

spread to large geographic areas

Question 34

which of the following is an example of secondary prevention?

a. maintaining routine immunizations
b. performing monthly breast examinations
c. screening for cancer
d. rehabilitating after a stroke

Answer 34

c. screening for cancer