Chapter 9 First Half Flashcards
Clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Flashbulb memory
Persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information.
Memory
Processing of information into the memory system
Encoding
Retention of encoded information over time
Storage
Process of getting information out of memory storage
Retrieval
Immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Sensory memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
Short-term memory
Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experience
Long-term memory
Newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious, active processing or incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information obtained from long term memory
Working memory
Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency and of well-learned information such as word meanings
Automatic processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Effortful processing
Conscious repetition of information either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
Rehearsal
Tendency for distributing study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice
Spacing effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
Serial position effect
Encoding of picture images
Visual encoding
Encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
Acoustic encoding
Encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
Semantic encoding
Finding personal meaning
Self-reference effect
Mental pictures; powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
Imagery
People recall events more positively than they evaluated them at the time they occured
Rosy retrospection
Memory aids especially those techniques that use vivid, imagery and organizational devices
Mnemonic devices
Remembering by using location. Memory aid I’m which someone imagines themselves moving through familiar locations
Method of Loci
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Chunking
Broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
Hierarchies
