Chapter 10 Flashcards
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people
Concepts
Mental activities associated with thinking, remembering, and communicating.
Cognition
Mental images or best example or category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and method for including items in a category
Prototypes
Methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
Algorithm
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
Heuristic
Sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; contrasts with strategy-based solutions
Insights
Tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions
Confirmation Bias
Inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
Fixation
Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Mental set
Tendency to think of things only in terms of their visual functions, impediment to problem solving
Functional Fixedness
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
Representative Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
Availability Heuristic
Tendency to be more confident then correct, to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgements
Overconfidence
The way an issue is pose; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
Framing
Tendency for one’s pre-existing belief to distort logical reasoning, invalid conclusions seem valid, valid conclusions seem invalid
Belief Bias
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Belief Perseverance
Our spoken, written, or signed words and they ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Language
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Phoneme
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word
Morpheme
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Grammar
Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morpheme, words, and sentences given in a language, study of meaning
Semantics
Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Syntax
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utter various sounds
Babbling Stage
The stage in speech development from about age 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
One-word stage
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in 2 word sentences
Two-word stage
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-“go car”- using mostly nouns and verbs omitting auxiliary words
Telegraphic Speech
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Linguistic Determinism
