Chapter 9 – Exploring Dietary Supplements

Question 1

Nutritional facts label

Answer 1

A label required on most packaged foods that was updated by the FDA in 2016 to reflect new scientific information, including the link between diet and chronic disease.

Question 2

Daily Values

Answer 2

A nutrition-label guide to the nutrients in one serving of food, based on a 2,000-calorie diet for healthy adults

Question 3

Nutrient content descriptors

Answer 3

Terms used to describe the relevant aspects of a food source

Question 4

Free

Answer 4

often associated with fat-free or sugar-free, means the product contains no amount of, or only trivial quantities of, the referred components

Question 5

Low

Answer 5

can be used if the foods can be consumed regularly without causing excessive intakes of its referred components.

Question 6

Low-Calorie

Answer 6

less than 40 kcal per serving.

Question 7

Low-Fat

Answer 7

less than 3g per serving

Question 8

Low-Cholesterol

Answer 8

less than 20 mg per serving.

Question 9

Low-Sodium

Answer 9

less than 140 mg per serving

Question 10

Light

Answer 10

has three possible meanings: 1) I/3rd fewer calories or half the fat, 2) the sodium content of a low calorie, low fat food has been reduced by 50%, 3) the term describes the color, texture or other property as long as it explains intent

Question 11

Reduced

Answer 11

the contents contain at least 25% less of the component than the referenced product.

Question 12

Lean

Answer 12

less than 10g fat, 4.5g or less saturated fat, and less than 95 mg of cholesterol per serving and per 100 g.

Question 13

Extra Lean

Answer 13

less than 5 g of fat, less than 2 g of saturated fat, less than 95 mg of cholesterol per serving.

Question 14

Good Source

Answer 14

10-19% of the Daily Value.

Question 15

High In

Answer 15

20% or more of the Daily Value

Question 16

Extra

Answer 16

at least 10% more than the Daily Value in the reference food.

Question 17

Very Low Sodium

Answer 17

35 mg or less sodium

Question 18

Sodium Free

Answer 18

less than 5 mg per serving

Question 19

High Fiber

Answer 19

5g or more per serving

Question 20

Supplement

Answer 20

Products that are intended to fulfill or complement the diet and may contain one or more ingredients, such as vitamins, herbs, amino acids, or their constituents.

Question 21

Ergogenic aid

Answer 21

Any product that offers a mental or physical edge while exercising or competing, also called performance enhancers.

Question 22

Creatine monohydrate

Answer 22

Used as a dietary supplement to improve muscle strength and athletic performance.

Question 23

Branched-Chain Amino Acids

Answer 23

Essential nutrients (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) that the body obtains from proteins found in food, especially meat, dairy products, and legumes.

Question 24

Glutamine

Answer 24

The most abundant amino acid found naturally in the body; it is produced in the muscles and distributed by the blood to the organs that need it.

Question 25

Nitric oxide

Answer 25

A signaling molecule in the body responsible for vasodilation. Athletes supplement with NO to support the flow of blood and oxygen to skeletal muscle.

Question 26

Beta-hydroxy Beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)

Answer 26

A metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine. As a dietary supplement, it is reported to enhance gains in strength and lean body mass associated with resistance training.

Question 27

Re-phosphorylate

Answer 27

The phosphorylation (attachment of a phosphoryl group) of a compound that has been previously dephosphorylated.

Question 28

Muscle hypertrophy

Answer 28

An increase in size of skeletal muscle.

Question 29

Catabolic

Answer 29

A state in which the body is breaking down molecules in metabolism.

Question 30

Training tenure

Answer 30

The length of time an individual has actively participated in an activity or specific exercise program.

Question 31

Alanine

Answer 31

A non-essential amino acid known for increasing immunity and providing energy for the brain, central nervous system, and muscles.

Question 32

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 32

A metabolic pathway that leads to the production of glucose from sources such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and certain amino acids in the liver.

Question 33

L-arginine

Answer 33

Essential amino acids obtained from the diet (found in red meat, poultry, fish, dairy); l-arginine changes into Nitric Oxide.

Question 34

Androgenic-anabolic steroids

Answer 34

Synthetically produced variants of the naturally occurring male sex hormones.

Question 35

Acne vulgaris

Answer 35

A common, chronic skin disease involving blockage and/or inflammation of hair follicles and their accompanying sebaceous gland.

Question 36

Gynecomastia

Answer 36

A swelling of the breast tissue in boys or men caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone.

Question 37

Myocardial hypertrophy

Answer 37

A disease in which the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick, making it harder for the heart to pump blood

Question 38

Cardiomyopathies

Answer 38

A disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body, which can lead to heart failure.

Question 39

Fibrinolysis

Answer 39

A process that occurs naturally inside the body to break down (fibrin) blood clots that can be induced by medications or occur as a result of stress or disease.

Question 40

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Answer 40

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that, in turn, helps produce other hormones, including testosterone and estrogen.

Question 41

Caffeine

Answer 41

A central nervous-system stimulant

Question 42

Sympathomimetic

Answer 42

A drug that mimics the effects of sympathetic activation on the heart and circulation, causing vascular smooth-muscle contraction and vasoconstriction.

Question 43

Bronchodilator

Answer 43

A substance that dilates, or opens, the bronchi and bronchioles and decreases resistance in the respiratory airway, thereby increasing airflow to the lungs.

Question 44

Guarana

Answer 44

A substance derived from the seeds of a South American tree, which has among the highest caffeine concentration of any plant.

Question 45

Adrenergic

Answer 45

Relates to nerve cells in which epinephrine or norepinephrine act as neurotransmitters.

Question 46

Synephrine

Answer 46

a plant in which the peel, flower, fruit and fruit juice are used to create medicinal products for treatment of skin infections, weight loss, chronic fatigue syndrome and many GI disorders.

Question 47

Octopamine

Answer 47

Biosynthesized sympathomimetic amine used to treat hypotension.

Question 48

Lipolytic effects

Answer 48

Causing lipolysis, the breakdown of lipids into glycerol and free fatty acids

Question 49

Lipogenesis

Answer 49

The process of fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis from glucose or other substances, stimulated by a diet high in carbohydrates