Chapter 10 – Body Composition

Question 1

Essential body fat

Answer 1

Necessary fat present in nerve tissues, bone marrow, and organs.

Question 2

Oligomenorrhea

Answer 2

A condition of infrequent menstruation, with menstrual periods occurring at intervals greater than 35 days.

Question 3

Amenorrhea

Answer 3

The absence of menstruation in a woman of childbearing age.

Question 4

Subcutaneous fat

Answer 4

A layer of adipose tissue sitting beneath the skin, comprising the largest compartment of fat storage.

Question 5

Intramuscular fat

Answer 5

Lipid deposits stored within skeletal muscle fibers.

Question 6

Visceral fat

Answer 6

Central body fat stored within the abdominal cavity around internal organs.

Question 7

TOFI (Thin-outside-fat-inside)

Answer 7

Term used to describe lean individuals who carry a disproportionate amount of adipose tissue in the abdominal cavity.

Question 8

Android storage

Answer 8

Central (or apple shaped) fat pattern associated with increased cardiometabolic disease risk.

Question 9

Gynoid storage

Answer 9

A pear-shaped pattern of fat deposition in the lower half of the body, surrounding the hips, buttocks, and thighs.

Question 10

Hyperinsulinemia

Answer 10

Excessive insulin circulating in the blood relative to the level of blood glucose.

Question 11

β-adrenergic receptors

Answer 11

Receptors which, upon activation by the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine, promote breakdown and release of triglycerides.

Question 12

α2-adrenergic receptors

Answer 12

Receptors involved in the inhibition of fat mobilization from tissue, opposing the effects of activated B-adrenergic receptors.

Question 13

Underweight BMI classification

Answer 13

< 18.5

Question 14

Normal BMI classification

Answer 14

18.5 - 24.9

Question 15

Overweight BMI classification

Answer 15

25 - 29.9

Question 16

Obesity 1 BMI classification

Answer 16

30 - 34.9

Question 17

Obesity 2 BMI classification

Answer 17

35 - 39.9

Question 18

Obesity 3 BMI classification

Answer 18

> 40

Question 19

BMI formula

Answer 19

Weight in kilograms ÷ Height in meters squared

Question 20

Dual X-ray Absorptiometry

Answer 20

Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is commonly used in research settings to assess multiple tissue components, including bone mineral, fat, and lean tissue. X-ray attenuation depends upon tissue characteristics, including thickness, density, and chemical composition.

Question 21

Hydrostatic Weighing

Answer 21

Hydrostatic, or underwater, weighing uses Archimedes principle of buoyancy to calculate body density.

Question 22

Air Displacement Plethysmography

Answer 22

Air displacement plethysmography (ADP), as the name implies, uses air displacement instead of water to estimate volume

Question 23

Field tests

Answer 23

A practical assessment used to predict outcomes of gold standard criterion measures, usually through cheaper, more portable means.

Question 24

Circumference measurement

Answer 24

Girth measures at standard anatomical sites around the body, often denoted by distances between bony landmarks.

Question 25

Abdomen

Answer 25

Vertical. Taken 2 cm (approximately 1 in.) to the right of the umbilicus.

Question 26

Chest (Males only)

Answer 26

Diagonal. The site is one half the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple.

Question 27

Thigh

Answer 27

Vertical. On the front of the thigh, midway between the hip (inguinal crease) and the superior aspect of the patella (kneecap).

Question 28

Triceps

Answer 28

Vertical. Located halfway between the acromion process (shoulder) and the inferior part of the elbow on the rear mid line of the upper arm.

Question 29

Suprailiac

Answer 29

Diagonal. Taken with the natural angle of the iliac crest at the anterior axillary line immediately superior to the iliac crest.

Question 30

Midaxillary

Answer 30

Vertical. Fold is taken on the midaxillary line at the height of the xiphoid (end of sternum).

Question 31

Subscapular

Answer 31

Diagonal. Just below the lowest angle of scapula, taken on a 45 degree angle toward the right side.

Question 32

Medial Calf

Answer 32

Vertical. Seated with the right knee flexed and sole of the foot on the floor. The fold is taken on the medial side of the calf at its greatest circumference.

Question 33

Cellulite

Answer 33

A condition in which fat deposits push through connective tissue under the skin, presenting a dimpled appearance.

Question 34

Bioelectrical impedance analysis

Answer 34

A measure of the resistance to flow of an electrical current through body tissues used to estimate body composition.

Question 35

Target body weight formula

Answer 35

A computation of healthy or ideal body weight for goal-setting by inputting current weight and desired body fat percentage.