Chapter 10 – Body Composition Flashcards
Essential body fat
Necessary fat present in nerve tissues, bone marrow, and organs.
Oligomenorrhea
A condition of infrequent menstruation, with menstrual periods occurring at intervals greater than 35 days.
Amenorrhea
The absence of menstruation in a woman of childbearing age.
Subcutaneous fat
A layer of adipose tissue sitting beneath the skin, comprising the largest compartment of fat storage.
Intramuscular fat
Lipid deposits stored within skeletal muscle fibers.
Visceral fat
Central body fat stored within the abdominal cavity around internal organs.
TOFI (Thin-outside-fat-inside)
Term used to describe lean individuals who carry a disproportionate amount of adipose tissue in the abdominal cavity.
Android storage
Central (or apple shaped) fat pattern associated with increased cardiometabolic disease risk.
Gynoid storage
A pear-shaped pattern of fat deposition in the lower half of the body, surrounding the hips, buttocks, and thighs.
Hyperinsulinemia
Excessive insulin circulating in the blood relative to the level of blood glucose.
β-adrenergic receptors
Receptors which, upon activation by the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine, promote breakdown and release of triglycerides.
α2-adrenergic receptors
Receptors involved in the inhibition of fat mobilization from tissue, opposing the effects of activated B-adrenergic receptors.
Underweight BMI classification
< 18.5
Normal BMI classification
18.5 - 24.9
Overweight BMI classification
25 - 29.9
Obesity 1 BMI classification
30 - 34.9
Obesity 2 BMI classification
35 - 39.9
Obesity 3 BMI classification
> 40
BMI formula
Weight in kilograms ÷ Height in meters squared
Dual X-ray Absorptiometry
Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is commonly used in research settings to assess multiple tissue components, including bone mineral, fat, and lean tissue. X-ray attenuation depends upon tissue characteristics, including thickness, density, and chemical composition.
Hydrostatic Weighing
Hydrostatic, or underwater, weighing uses Archimedes principle of buoyancy to calculate body density.
Air Displacement Plethysmography
Air displacement plethysmography (ADP), as the name implies, uses air displacement instead of water to estimate volume
Field tests
A practical assessment used to predict outcomes of gold standard criterion measures, usually through cheaper, more portable means.
Circumference measurement
Girth measures at standard anatomical sites around the body, often denoted by distances between bony landmarks.
Abdomen
Vertical. Taken 2 cm (approximately 1 in.) to the right of the umbilicus.
Chest (Males only)
Diagonal. The site is one half the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple.
Thigh
Vertical. On the front of the thigh, midway between the hip (inguinal crease) and the superior aspect of the patella (kneecap).
Triceps
Vertical. Located halfway between the acromion process (shoulder) and the inferior part of the elbow on the rear mid line of the upper arm.
Suprailiac
Diagonal. Taken with the natural angle of the iliac crest at the anterior axillary line immediately superior to the iliac crest.
Midaxillary
Vertical. Fold is taken on the midaxillary line at the height of the xiphoid (end of sternum).
Subscapular
Diagonal. Just below the lowest angle of scapula, taken on a 45 degree angle toward the right side.
Medial Calf
Vertical. Seated with the right knee flexed and sole of the foot on the floor. The fold is taken on the medial side of the calf at its greatest circumference.
Cellulite
A condition in which fat deposits push through connective tissue under the skin, presenting a dimpled appearance.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis
A measure of the resistance to flow of an electrical current through body tissues used to estimate body composition.
Target body weight formula
A computation of healthy or ideal body weight for goal-setting by inputting current weight and desired body fat percentage.
