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NCSF Personal Trainer > Chapter 6 – Physical Activity and Risk for Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 6 – Physical Activity and Risk for Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

A form of observational research in which data is gathered for a given sample of a population over a period of time to examine long-term effects or relationships

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2
Q

Epidemiological studies

A

A form of research that focuses on the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions within specific populations

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3
Q

Comorbidities

A

Refers to the simultaneous presence of two or more chronic diseases in a patient

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4
Q

Thrombosis

A

The formation of a dangerous blood clot in a major blood vessel, heart, lungs or other body tissue which can cause various life-threatening issues, such as a stroke or pulmonary embolism.

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5
Q

Cytokines

A

Various substances secreted by components of the immune system to modulate tissue functions or have an impact on other cells.

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6
Q

Autoimmune disorders

A

A type of disease in which the body produces antibodies to attack its own tissues, leading to the deterioration and potential death of cells, glands, or organs

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7
Q

Low-density lipoproteins

A

A complex of lipids and proteins that functions as a transporter for circulating cholesterol from the liver to various body tissues

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8
Q

High-density lipoproteins

A

A complex of lipids and proteins that functions to transport/remove cholesterol and lipids from circulation to the liver.

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9
Q

Very-low density lipoproteins

A

Similar in structure, function, and circulatory impact to low-density lipoproteins, which aid in transporting cholesterol, triglycerides, and other lipids throughout the body.

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10
Q

Atherogenic

A

A term used to describe dynamics which promote the formation of fatty plaques in vascular structures.

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11
Q

Lumen

A

When referring to an artery or vascular structure, this term describes the inside open space of the tubular structure.

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12
Q

Aneurism

A

An excessive localized enlargement of an artery (or abnormal dilation) caused by the weakening of an arterial wall due to issues such as hypertension and atherosclerosis or genetics.

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13
Q

Statins

A

A group of drugs that function to reduce cholesterol and lipid levels in circulation to help lessen the impact and progression of cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis.

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14
Q

Monocytes

A

Large phagocytic (cells which can ingest other cells) white blood cells released from the immune system to deal with invading pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

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15
Q

Apolipoprotein A-I

A

The primary protein component of high-density lipoproteins (HDL); it plays specific roles in the metabolism of cholesterol and lipids.

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16
Q

Myocardial ischemia

A

A symptomatic or asymptomatic condition where oxygen supply to the heart muscle does not meet demand.

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17
Q

Cardiac fibrosis

A

Refers to an abnormal thickening and stiffening of the heart valves (primarily tricuspid) and/or heart muscle walls, which can indicate a progression towards heart failure.

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18
Q

Renin-angiotensin system

A

The hormone system which functions to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance throughout the body.

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19
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

The most serious form of cardiac rhythm disturbance, where the ventricles essentially quiver or perform erratic mini-contractions

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20
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

A serious, life-threatening type of blood clot that occurs in the pulmonary arteries which oxygenate the lungs themselves

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21
Q

Postphlebitic syndrome

A

Also known as post-thrombotic syndrome or venous stress disorder, it involves inflammation within the walls of a vein(s) which manifests as a collection of signs and symptoms: swelling and pain in the legs, skin color changes, and/or sores on the skin

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22
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Occurs as a result of an obstruction within a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain; this blockage type accounts for the vast majority of stroke cases.

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23
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Occurs as a result of a weakened blood vessel rupture (aneurysm) in or on the surface of the brain

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24
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

Essentially a shock response in a given tissue due to inadequate oxygen and nutrient supply which can quickly result in cellular death.

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25
Q

Hypoxia

A

A state of oxygen deficiency in a given tissue, muscle or organ

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26
Q

Atherothrombotic disease

A

Describes disease characterized by atherosclerotic lesion disruption which results in a dangerous blood clot(s) and occlusion of vascular structures.

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27
Q

Embolic disease

A

Describes diseases where an embolus (blockage-causing material such as blood clots, lipids, or even air bubbles) inside vascular structures causes occlusion at some point in the body resulting in ischemia and potential cellular death.

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28
Q

Stenosis

A

Refers to the abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body, such as a vascular structure.

29
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Characterized by an enlargement of the left ventricle and central portion of the heart in response to coronary heart disease and strain against vascular peripheral resistance.

30
Q

Atheroemboli

A

Also known as a cholesterol embolism or blue toe, this condition occurs when cholesterol is released from an atherosclerotic plaque, travels as an embolus in the bloodstream, and ends up lodging (as a clot) in a specific area causing dangerous obstruction.

31
Q

Normal Systolic Blood Pressure

A

less than 120

32
Q

Elevated Systolic Blood Pressure

A

120 - 129

33
Q

Hypertension stage 1 Systolic Blood Pressure

A

130 - 139

34
Q

Hypertension stage 2 Systolic Blood Pressure

A

140 or more

35
Q

Hypertension stage 3 Systolic Blood Pressure

A

over 180

36
Q

Normal Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

less than 80

37
Q

Elevated Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

less than 80 still

38
Q

Hypertension stage 1 Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

80 - 89

39
Q

Hypertension stage 2 Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

90 or more

40
Q

Hypertension stage 3 Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

over 120

41
Q

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

A

A chronic condition marked by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and potential impulsivity

42
Q

Visceral fat

A

Fat which directly surrounds the internal organs in the abdominal cavity

43
Q

Adipokines

A

A special type of cytokine released by adipose (fat) tissue to communicate energy needs and other information to various organs, including the brain, liver, immune system, and skeletal muscle.

44
Q

Hyperinsulinemia

A

A condition in which excess levels of insulin are found in circulation relative to blood glucose.

45
Q

Leptin

A

A type of cytokine released from adipose tissue that serves a role in fat storage regulation in the body

46
Q

Incretin

A

A group of metabolic hormones that stimulate a decrease in blood glucose levels

47
Q

Gestational diabetes mellitus

A

Defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with the onset of or during a pregnancy

48
Q

Retinopathy

A

A small blood vessel disease of the retina in the eye that can result in impairment or loss of vision, often as a result of diabetes

49
Q

Nephropathy

A

A small blood vessel disease of the kidneys which causes damage to the organs, often as a result of diabetes

50
Q

Neuropathy

A

A disease that impacts peripheral nerve tissue (often hands or feet) and can result in weakness, numbness, and/or pain;

51
Q

Cerebrovascular disease

A

A collective term referring to diseases that impact the brain and its blood vessels: includes stroke, aneurysms, and vascular malformations.

52
Q

Free radicals

A

Charged and highly-reactive molecules with an odd (unpaired) number of electrons which form when oxygen interacts with certain molecules.

53
Q

Ketosis

A

A normal but potentially dangerous metabolic process when it progresses to severe ketoacidosis.

54
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

The most common form of arthritis. It involves the degeneration of joint cartilage and the underlying bone, commonly associate d with previous injury, but starting during middle age

55
Q

Osteophytes

A

Also know n as bone spurs or cysts that form as a result of bone remodeling in response to bone friction during progressive osteoarthritis.

56
Q

Telomere

A

A compound structure at the ends of a chromosome which serves as a protective cap that limits deterioration of DNA in all cells.

57
Q

Post-traumatic arthritis

A

A type of arthritis where symptoms present acutely in response to a physical injury to a given joint.

58
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

A chronic, progressive autoimmune disease that causes notable joint inflammation and results in painful deformities and/or significant immobility over time, especially in the fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles

59
Q

Chondrocytes

A

The only cells found within healthy cartilage which produce and maintain the cartilage’s matrix integrity

60
Q

Gait

A

The set of characteristics observed when a person walks or locomotes in other fashions

61
Q

Cancer

A

An abnormal growth of cells which tend to multiply in an uncontrolled way and sometimes spread (metastasize) to other tissues

62
Q

Depression

A

A mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest.

63
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

A type of observational study that analyzes data collected from a specific population or populations at a specific point in time to obtain “cross-sectional” data for comparisons.

64
Q

Serotonin

A

A hormone-based neurotransmitter which serves various roles, such as regulation of blood pressure, pain perception, the sleep-wake cycle, and even mood.

65
Q

Endorphins

A

A group of hormones secreted from the brain and central nervous system. They have a number of physiological functions and effects on the body and are released in relatively high quantities following exercise, activating opiate receptors that cause analgesic and pleasurable sensations.

66
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

A neurodegenerative disorder, or type of dementia, often occurring during older age, that causes progressive irreversible mental deterioration, memory loss, diminished cognition, and eventual loss of independence due to generalized degeneration of the brain.

67
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

A progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by tremor, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement capabilities that primarily impacts middle-aged and elderly people

68
Q

Dementia

A

A chronic disorder of various mental processes caused by brain disease or injury that is characterized by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning

69
Q

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

A

A protein-based compound released by nerves or brain support cells, such as astrocytes, that binds to a receptor on a nearby nerve cell to promote brain neuron survival by facilitating growth, maturation, and maintenance of these cells.

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