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DAT-biology > chapter 9- evolution > Flashcards

chapter 9- evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is evolution

A

the change in genetic makeup of a population

- All living this arose from a direct result of some genetic alteration in the species that lived before them

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2
Q

what are the theories of evolution

A

lamarckian evolution and Darwins Theory of natural selection

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3
Q

Lamarckian evolution

A
  • new organs or changes in existing ones arose bc of the needs of organism
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4
Q

what theory is use or disuse

A

Lamarckian evolution

- o any useful characteristic acquired in one generation was thought to be transmitted to the next

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5
Q

changes in DNA in what kind of cells are inherited

A

sex cells

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6
Q

are somatic cell changes inherited

A

no those are acquired during an individuals life time

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7
Q

what is Darwins theory of Natural selection

A
  • Pressures in the environment select for the organism most fit to survive and reproduce
  • The genes of parents that are more fit are passed down to more offspring and become increasingly prevalent in the gene pool
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8
Q

what is fitness

A

the ability to survive and reproduce

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9
Q

what are the basic agents of Darwin outlining evolutionary change

A 
oOverpopulation 
oVariations
oCompetition 
oNatural selection 
oInheritance of variation 
oEvolution of new species
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10
Q

define Overpopulation

A

more offspring are produced than can survive so not enough food, air light ans space to support the entire population

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11
Q

define variations

A

offspring naturally show difference in their characteristics compared to those of their parents
-Darwin didn’t know the source of these differences but Hugo De Vries suggested mutations as the casue of variation

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12
Q

define competition

A

he developing population must compete for the necessities of life
-Many young must die and the number of adults in the population generally remain constant from generation to generation

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13
Q

define natural selection

A

some organisms in a species have variations that give them advantage over other members of the species
-These organisms may have adaptations that are advantage for survive

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14
Q

define Inheritance of the variation

A

the individuals that survive ( those with the favorable variation) live to adulthood to reproduce and thus transit these favorable variation or adaptation to their offspring
-The favored genes gradually dominant the gene pool

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15
Q

define Evolution of new species

A
  • Over many generations of natural selection the favorable changes ( adaptations) are perpetuated in the species
  • The accumulation of these favorable changes eventually results in such significant changes in the gene pool that we can say a new species has evolved
  • The physical changes in the gene pool were perpetuated or selected for by environmental conditions
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16
Q

components of evolution

A

speciation, evolutionary history, population genetics, microevolution

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17
Q

define speciation

A

evolution of new species which are groups of individuals that can interbreed freely with each other but not with members of other species

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18
Q

can gene flow occur between different species

A

no

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19
Q

what are the 7 factors that lead to speciation

A

Genetic variation, changes in the environment, migration to new environments, adaptation to new environments, natural selection, genetic drift and isolation

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20
Q

what are demes

A

small local population form within a species before speciation

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21
Q

what must occur to a deme before speciation may occur

A

isolation

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22
Q

what is phylogeny

A

evolutionary relationships among species alive today

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23
Q

explain a tree

A
  • may be visualized as a branching tree on which the common ancestor is found at the trunk and the modern species are found at the tips of the branches
  • a clade is all the descendants from the common ancestor
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24
Q

explain Convergent Evolution + example

A

Groups among the branches often develop in similar ways when exposed to similar environments

  • When 2 species from different ancestors develop similar traits = convergent evolution
  • Ex. Sharks and dolphins have come to resemble one another physically despite belonging to different classes of vertebrates & despite different recent ancestors they evolved certain similar features in adapting to the conditions of aquatic life
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25
Q

explain Parallel evolution + example

A 
-	Parallel evolution is similar to convergent but occurs when a more recent ancestor can be identified -	Ex. Marsupial mammals and placental mammals are both in the class Mammalia but diverged due to geographic separation 
oDespite their geographic separation the pouched mammals and their placental counterparts faced similar environments thus they development similar adaptation
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26
Q

explain divergent evolution + example

A

Occurs when species with a shared ancestor develop differing traits due to dissimilarities between their environments

  • ex Bears of the family Ursidae share traits but have diverged from a common ancestor to adapt to their specific environments
  • Polar bears have a white coat
  • Black bears have darker coat to blend in with their wet forest environment
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27
Q

what is adaptive radiation + example

A
  • Is the emergence of a number of lineages from a single ancestral species
  • A single species may diverge into a number of distinct species the differences between them are those adaptive to a distinct lifestyle or niche
  • Ex Galapagos finches
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28
Q

what is a population

A

-all members of a particular species inhabiting a given location

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29
Q

what is a gene pool

A

Is the sum total of all the alleles for any given trait in the population

30
Q

what is gene frequency

A

the decimal fraction representing the presence of an allele for all members of a population that have this particular gene
- The relative frequency of a gene

31
Q

what does p and q stand for in population genetics and what is their formula

A
  • P= frequency of the dominant allel for a particular gene
  • q=the frequency of the recessive allele
  • p+q=1
32
Q

what is the Hary-Weinberg principles

A

1) the population is very large
2) no mutation affect the gene pool
3) mating between individuals in the population is random
4) there is no net migration of individuals into or out of the population
5) the genes in the population are all equally successful at reproducing

33
Q

what are the 5 deviations of the Hardy-Weinberg population

A

natural selection, mutation, assortive mating, genetic drift and gene flow

34
Q

explain the Hardy-weinberg equation and its parts

A

P2+ 2pq+2q=1

  • p2 is the frequency of the dominant homozygous
  • q2 is the frequency of the recessive homozygous
  • 2pq is the frequency of the heterozygous
35
Q

deviations of the 5 conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg population

A

natural selection, mutation, assortive mating, genetic drift and gene flow

36
Q

explain natural selection interms of gene frequencies

A

genotypes with favorable variation are selected through natural selection and the frequency of favorable genes increases within the gene pool
-genotypes with low adaptive values tend to disappear

37
Q

explain mutation in terms of gene frequencies

A

gene mutations change allel frequencies in a population shifting gene equilibria by introducing additional alleles
-these gene mutations can either be determintal or favorable to offspring

38
Q

explain assoritive mating

A

if mates are not randomly chosen but rather selected according to criteria such as phenotype and proximity ( sexual selection) the relative genotype ratios will be affected and will depart from the prediditon of the Hardy-weinberg principle

39
Q

explain genetic drift

A

refers to changes in the composition of the gene pool due to chance

40
Q

what is founder effect

A

tends to be mor pronounced in small populatios or new population

41
Q

what is bottle neck

A

large die off events can also cause genetic drift

42
Q

explain gene flow

A

migration of individuals between populations will result in a loss or gain of genes thus changing the composition of a population gene pool

43
Q

what is the evidence of evolution

A

fossil record

44
Q

what is the fossil record

A

fossils are distinct evidence of evolutionary change

-they represent the preserved remains of an organisms

45
Q

where are fossils generally found

A

in sedimentary rock

rock tar pits ice and amber

46
Q

what is petrification

A

he process by which minerals replace the cells of an organisms

47
Q

what are imprints

A

are impressions left by an organisms ( ex. Footprints)

48
Q

what are holds

A

form hallow spaces in rocks as the organisms within decay

49
Q

what are casts

A

formed by minerals deposited in molds

50
Q

what are some evidence of the fossil records

A
  • trilobite: a primitive arthropod was a dominant form of the early Paleozoic era
  • Dinosaurs: ancient animals related to both reptiles and birds were dominant forms of the Mesozoic era
  • Eohippus the dawn horsewas a primitive horse the size of a fox with 4 toes and short teeth with point cusps
  • Woolly mammoth was a hairy elephant found in the Siberian ice
  • Saber tooth tigers have been preserved in asphalt tar pits
  • Insects have been discovered in amber
  • Archaeopteryx is a link between reptiles and birds
51
Q

what is comparative anatomy

A

homologous structure & analogous structure

52
Q

what is homologous structures

A

have the same basic anatomical features and evolutionary origins
-Demonstrate similar evolutionary patterns with late divergence of form due to difference in exposure to evolutionary forces

53
Q

what is an example of homologous structure

A

Ex wings of a fat, the flipper of a whale, the forelegs of horses and the arms of humans

54
Q

are the functions similar in homologous structures

A

no

55
Q

what are analogous structure

A
  • have similar function but different evolutionary origins and entirely different pattern of development
  • These structures demonstrate a superficial resemblance that cannot be used as a basis for classification
56
Q

example of analogous structures

A
  • Ex the wings of a fly and wings of a bird
57
Q

do analogous structures have similar functions

A

yes

58
Q

what is Comparative embryology

A

Stages of development: of the embryo resemble the stages in an organisms evolutionary history

59
Q

the 2 layer gastrula in humans is similar to what organisms

A

is similar to the structure of the hydra, a cnidarian

60
Q

then 3 layer gastrula in humans is similar to what organisms

A

is similar in structure to the flatworm

61
Q

what is comparative biochemistry (physiology)

A
  • most organisms demonstrate the same basic needs and metabolic process
  • they require the same nutrients and contain similar cellular organelles and energy storage forms (ATP)
62
Q

what does the similarities in the enzymes of the respiratory system suggests

A

o similarities of the enzymes involved in these processes suggests that all organisms must contain some DNA sequences in common

63
Q

what is an acoelomates

A

no body cavity

64
Q

what is a pseudocoelomates

A

process a body cavity

65
Q

what is a Coelomates

A

body cavity enclosed by mesoderm

66
Q

what are the taxa from increasing specificity

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

67
Q

what is the binomial nomenclature

A

system used to name organisms

- Genus and species

68
Q

what is a cladogram

A

demonstrate similarities between organisms due to a common ancestor

  • Don’t represent the amount of change between ancestor and descendant
  • Organisms on the same branch are more closely related than organisms on different branches
69
Q

what are anagenetic changes

A

evolutionary events without speciation

70
Q

what are cladogenetic changes

A

evolutionary events that lead to speciation

DAT-biology (16 decks)

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