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DAT-biology > chapter 19 -Animal behaviour > Flashcards

chapter 19 -Animal behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a reflex

A

are automatic responses to simple stimuli and are recognized as reliable behavior responses following a given environments stimulus

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2
Q

what is a simplex reflex controlled at

A

is controlled at the spinal chord connecting a two-neuron pathway from the receptor ( afferent neuron) to the motor chord ( efferent neuron)

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3
Q

what does complex reflex involve

A

neural integration at a higher level of the brainstem or even the cerebrum

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4
Q

what type of reflex is a startle response

A

complex reflex

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5
Q

what is the startle response

A

alters an animal to a significant stimulus

  • It can occur in response to potential danger or to hearing ones name called
  • Involves the integration of many neurons in a system termed the reticular activating system which is responsible for sleep-wake transitions and behavior motivation
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6
Q

what are fixed action patterns

A

complex innate behavioral responses to specific patterns of stimulation in the environment

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7
Q

can fixed action patterns be modified

A
  • They are unlikely to be modified by learning and the animal has a repertoire of fixed action patterns and only a limited ability to develop new ones
  • The stimulus that triggers a fixed action pattern are more readily modified provided certain cues or elements of stimuli are maintained
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8
Q

what is the releaser

A

the stimulus that elicits the behavior

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9
Q

what is Circadian rhythms

A

daily cycles of behavior

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10
Q

what kind of behaviour is sleep and weakness

A

Cyclical behavior

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11
Q

what are internal controls

A

are the natural bodily rhythms of eating and satiation

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12
Q

what are external controls

A

External modulators include the elements of the environment that occur in familiar cycle pattern such as dinner bells and clocks

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13
Q

what are environmental rhythms

A
  • Patterns of behavior are established and maintained mainly by periodic environmental stimuli
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14
Q

what does learning behaviour involve

A

adaptive responses to the environment

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15
Q

what are the predominant determinants of behaviors patterns in both lower animals

A

instinctual or inmate behaviors

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16
Q

what part of the brain ( nervous system) plays a large role in learning

A
  • the cerebral cortex for flexibility and plasticity

- The capacity for learning adaptive responses is closely correlated with the degree of neurologic development

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17
Q

what is habituation

A
  • is one of the simplest learning patterns involving the suppression of the normal start response to stimuli
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18
Q

for habituation what does repeated stimulus result in

A

decreased responsiveness to that stimulus

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19
Q

what is spontaneous recovery

A

If the stimulus is no longer regularly applied the response tends to recover over time

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20
Q

what does classical conditioning involve

A

the association of a normally autonomic or visceral response with an environmental stimulus

21
Q

what is replaced by the experimenter in Pavilion condition

A

the normal, innate stimulus for a reflex is replaced by one chosen by the experimenter

22
Q

what is the salivation reflex

A
  • studied by Ian Pavlov
  • Found that if a dog was presented with an arbitrary stimulus ( a bell) and then present with food it would eventually salivate on hearing the bell along
  • The food elicited the uncontrolled reponse of salivation
  • The uncontrolled (innate) response would occur with the selected stimulus
23
Q

what is an established reflex ( innate)

A

consists of an unconditioned stimulus and the response that is naturally elicited ( unconditioned response)

24
Q

what is a natural stimulus

A

a stimulus that will not by itself elicit the response ( prior to conditioning)

25
Q

what is a conditioned stimulus

A

the neutral stimulus is able to elicit the response in the absence of the uncontrolled stimulus

26
Q

what are conditioned reflexes

A
  • salivation

- the product of the conditioning experience

27
Q

what is conditioning

A
  • the establishment of a new reflex (association of stimulus with response) by the addition of a new previously neutral stimulus to the set of stimulus that are already capable of triggering the response
28
Q

what is a critical test for conditioning

A

is the determination of whether the conditioning process is actually necessary for the production of a response by a previously “neutral” stimulus
- In many cases the neutral stimulus is able to elicit the response even before conditioning and hence is not a neutral stimulus

29
Q

what is habit family hierarchy

A

reward strengthens a specific behavioral response and raises its order in the hierarchy

30
Q

what is extinction

A

is the gradual elimination of conditioned responses in the absence of reinforcement
-In instrumental and operant conditioning the response is diminished and finally eliminated in the absence of reinforcement

31
Q

when does extinction occur in classical conditioning

A

when the unconditioned stimulus is removed or was never sufficiently paired with the conditioned stimulus

32
Q

what is spontaneous recovery

A

the recovery of the conditioned response after extinction

33
Q

what is stimulus generalization

A

is the ability of a conditioned organism to respond to stimuli that are similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus

34
Q

what is stimulus discrimination

A

involves the ability of the learning organism to respond differentially to slightly different stimuli

35
Q

what is stimulus generalization gradient

A

is established after the organism has been conditioned whereby stimuli further and further away from the original conditioned stimulus elicit responses with decreasing magnitude

36
Q

what is imprinting

A

is a process in which environmental patterns or objects presented to a developing organism during a brief critical period in early life bc accepted permanently as an element of its behavioral environment

37
Q

what is visual critical period

A

if light is not present during this period visual effectors will not develop properly

38
Q

what is a display

A

an innate behavior that has evolve as a signal for communication between members of the same species

39
Q

what are the 2 toes of displays

A

reproductive and agonistic displays

40
Q

what is an agonistic display

A

specific behaviors that function to reduce physical harm to the animal
-Ex. Some species of birds puff up their chest and raise their feathers to look larger and thus scare away predators

41
Q

what is a reproductive display

A

: specific behaviors found in all animals including humans

Many animals have evolved a variety of complex actions that function as signals in preparation for mating

42
Q

what is pecking order and what does it do

A

Social hierarchy

-Minimizes violent intraspecific aggressions by defining stable relationships among members of the group

43
Q

larger the population the larger the territories are likely to be–> True or false

A

False

Larger the population the smaller the territories are likely to be

44
Q

what are pheromones and what do they do

A

substances that animals secrete and they influence the behavior of other members of the same species

45
Q

what are the 2 types of pheromones

A

releaser and primer pheromones

46
Q

what is a releaser pheromone

A

pheromones trigger a reversible behavior change in the recipient

47
Q

is a sex attractant pheromone a releaser or primer pheromone

A

releaser

48
Q

what is a primer pheromone

A

produce long term behavior and physiological alternations in receiving animals

DAT-biology (16 decks)

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