chapter 13-circulatory and respiratory system Flashcards
what type of blood and into what circulatory system does the R side pump
deoxygenated blood and pulmonary circulation
what type of blood and into what circulatory system does the L side pump
oxygenated blood and systemic circulation
flow of blood returning from the body
superiori and inferior vena cava–> into the R atrium–> through the tricuspid valve and into the R ventricle–> into the pulmonary semilunar valve–>the pulmonary arteries–>lungs
flow of blood returning from the lungs
pulmonary vein–> L atrium–> bicuspid –>L- ventricle–>aortic semilunar valve –> aorta–> systemic circulation
what valves prevent back flow of blood into the heart
AV valves
- tricuspid and bicuspid
how many cusps does the semilunar valve have?
3
what is the lub dub of the heart
the successive closing of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves
what period occurs when the ventricles contract forcing blood out of the heart into the pulmonary and systemic circulation
systole
what period of cardiac muscle relaxation during which blood drains into all 4 chambers
diastole
what does systolic blood pressure measure
the pressure in a patients blood vessels when the ventricles are contracting
what does diastolic blood pressure measure
pressure doing cardiac relation
what is defined as the total volume of blood the L ventricle can pump out per minute and how is it calculated
called cardiac output
- heart rate x stroke volume (vol of blood pumped out of the L ventricle per contraction)
an ordinary cardiac contraction originates in___ which is a small mass of specialized tissue located in the wall of the R atrium
sinoatrial (SA) node
what are thick walled muscular elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart and what is the exception
arteries
- pulmonary artery which pumps deoxygenated blood towards the heart
what are thin walled inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood towards the heart and what is the exception
veins
- pulmonary vein which pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
what type of vessels are very thin walls composed of a single layer of endothelial cells across which respiratory gas, nutrients and enzyme, hormones and waste can readily diffuse
capilarites
largest lymphatic vessel that collects fats in the form of chylomicrons from the villi in the small intestine and deliver them into the blood stream via the thoracic duct at the subclavian vein bypassing the liver
largest lymphatic vessel
what are cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation
platelets
what is erythropoietin and where is it made
made in the kidneys
- it is a hormone
- aids in the formation of erythrocytes
what are macromolecules that are foreign to the host organism and trigger an immune response
antigens
what does thromboplastin do
with the help of vitamin K and calcium it inactivates prothrombin to its active form thrombin
threads of what coat the damaged area and trap blood cells to form a clot
fibrin
what does warfarin do
it inhibits the recycling of vitamin K preventing clots
what is the pathway of air
nose–>pharynx–> larynx–> trachea–> bronchi–>bronchioles–> alveoli
where does gas exchange occur in the lungs
alveoli
what happens during inhalation
- diaphragm contracts and flattens
- external intercostal muscles contract pushing rib cage and chest wall up and out
- thoracic cavity increases in volume and that causes reduction in the pressure causing the lungs to expand and fill with air
what happens during exhalation
- chest and lungs recoil to original position
- diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
- chest wall pushes inwards
- decrease in thoracic cavity volume causes the pressure to increase which forces air out of the alveoli causing the lungs to deflate
what does surfactant do
keeps the lungs from collapsing by decreasing surface tension in the alveoli
what protein complex is secreted by lungs
surfactant
where is the respiratory centre located that regulates ventilation
medulla oblongata
does an increase in CO2 partial pressure in blood increase and H ions the rate or decrease the rate of ventilation via the medulla oblongata
increases
what do peripheral chemoreceptors monitor
oxygen in the blood
