chapter 13-circulatory and respiratory system

Question 1

what type of blood and into what circulatory system does the R side pump

Answer 1

deoxygenated blood and pulmonary circulation

Question 2

what type of blood and into what circulatory system does the L side pump

Answer 2

oxygenated blood and systemic circulation

Question 3

flow of blood returning from the body

Answer 3

superiori and inferior vena cava–> into the R atrium–> through the tricuspid valve and into the R ventricle–> into the pulmonary semilunar valve–>the pulmonary arteries–>lungs

Question 4

flow of blood returning from the lungs

Answer 4

pulmonary vein–> L atrium–> bicuspid –>L- ventricle–>aortic semilunar valve –> aorta–> systemic circulation

Question 5

what valves prevent back flow of blood into the heart

Answer 5

AV valves

- tricuspid and bicuspid

Question 6

how many cusps does the semilunar valve have?

Answer 6

3

Question 7

what is the lub dub of the heart

Answer 7

the successive closing of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves

Question 8

what period occurs when the ventricles contract forcing blood out of the heart into the pulmonary and systemic circulation

Answer 8

systole

Question 9

what period of cardiac muscle relaxation during which blood drains into all 4 chambers

Answer 9

diastole

Question 10

what does systolic blood pressure measure

Answer 10

the pressure in a patients blood vessels when the ventricles are contracting

Question 11

what does diastolic blood pressure measure

Answer 11

pressure doing cardiac relation

Question 12

what is defined as the total volume of blood the L ventricle can pump out per minute and how is it calculated

Answer 12

called cardiac output

- heart rate x stroke volume (vol of blood pumped out of the L ventricle per contraction)

Question 13

an ordinary cardiac contraction originates in___ which is a small mass of specialized tissue located in the wall of the R atrium

Answer 13

sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 14

what are thick walled muscular elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart and what is the exception

Answer 14

arteries

- pulmonary artery which pumps deoxygenated blood towards the heart

Question 15

what are thin walled inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood towards the heart and what is the exception

Answer 15

veins

- pulmonary vein which pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Question 16

what type of vessels are very thin walls composed of a single layer of endothelial cells across which respiratory gas, nutrients and enzyme, hormones and waste can readily diffuse

Answer 16

capilarites

Question 17

largest lymphatic vessel that collects fats in the form of chylomicrons from the villi in the small intestine and deliver them into the blood stream via the thoracic duct at the subclavian vein bypassing the liver

Answer 17

largest lymphatic vessel

Question 18

what are cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation

Answer 18

platelets

Question 19

what is erythropoietin and where is it made

Answer 19

made in the kidneys

• it is a hormone
• aids in the formation of erythrocytes

Question 20

what are macromolecules that are foreign to the host organism and trigger an immune response

Answer 20

antigens

Question 21

what does thromboplastin do

Answer 21

with the help of vitamin K and calcium it inactivates prothrombin to its active form thrombin

Question 22

threads of what coat the damaged area and trap blood cells to form a clot

Answer 22

fibrin

Question 23

what does warfarin do

Answer 23

it inhibits the recycling of vitamin K preventing clots

Question 24

what is the pathway of air

Answer 24

nose–>pharynx–> larynx–> trachea–> bronchi–>bronchioles–> alveoli

Question 25

where does gas exchange occur in the lungs

Answer 25

alveoli

Question 26

what happens during inhalation

Answer 26

• diaphragm contracts and flattens
• external intercostal muscles contract pushing rib cage and chest wall up and out
• thoracic cavity increases in volume and that causes reduction in the pressure causing the lungs to expand and fill with air

Question 27

what happens during exhalation

Answer 27

• chest and lungs recoil to original position
• diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
• chest wall pushes inwards
• decrease in thoracic cavity volume causes the pressure to increase which forces air out of the alveoli causing the lungs to deflate

Question 28

what does surfactant do

Answer 28

keeps the lungs from collapsing by decreasing surface tension in the alveoli

Question 29

what protein complex is secreted by lungs

Answer 29

surfactant

Question 30

where is the respiratory centre located that regulates ventilation

Answer 30

medulla oblongata

Question 31

does an increase in CO2 partial pressure in blood increase and H ions the rate or decrease the rate of ventilation via the medulla oblongata

Answer 31

increases

Question 32

what do peripheral chemoreceptors monitor

Answer 32

oxygen in the blood