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DAT-biology > chapter 11-Nervous system > Flashcards

chapter 11-Nervous system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

dendrites

A

cytoplasmic extension that receive information and transmit it towards the cell body

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2
Q

soma

A

contains the nucleus and controls the metabolic activity of the neuron

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3
Q

axon

A

transmits AP away from the cell body

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4
Q

synaptic terminal

A

where the axon terminates

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5
Q

saltatory conduction

A

at the nodes of ranvier where the AP propagate

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6
Q

which cells produce myelin

A

glia cells ( oligodendrocytes ) in CNS and schwann cells in PNS

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7
Q

what is the resting potential

A

-70mV

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8
Q

what is the threshold potential

A

-55mV

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9
Q

what is the depolarization potation

A

+35mV

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10
Q

what channels open after depolarization and what happens

A

Na channels and Na come in

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11
Q

what channels open during repolarization and what happens

A

K channels K leaves

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12
Q

what is refractory period

A

hyperpolarization

- a period of time after the AP in which new AP are very difficult to initiate

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13
Q

what do things makes an AP travel faster

A

increased diameter of neuron and myelination

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14
Q

effector cells

A

cells other than neurons that neurons can communicate with

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15
Q

steps of NT release

A

1) AP arrives at axon terminal
2) depolarizes it
3) synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release NT into the synapse
4) NT diffuses across synapse and acton receptor proteins embedded i the postsynaptic membrane
5) release of NT=depolariztion of post synaptic cell and consequent firing of AP

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16
Q

neurons that carry sensory information about the external or internal environment to the brain or spinal cord are called

A

afferent neurones

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17
Q

neurons that carry motor commands from the brain or spinal cord to various parts of the body are called

A

efferent neurons

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18
Q

network of nerve fibres

A

plexus

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19
Q

neuronal cell bodies often cluster together into clusters called

A

ganglia

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20
Q

what cells support and protect specialized neuronal cells

A

neuroglia

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21
Q

what cell maintains the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, regulate nutrient and dissolved gas [ ], and absorb the recycle NT

A

astrocytes

-CNS

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22
Q

what cell myelinated CNS as well as provide structural framework for the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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23
Q

in the CNS which cell removes debris and pathogens

A

microglia

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24
Q

in the PNS which cells surround the neuron cell bodies in the ganglia

A

satellite cells

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25
Q

in the PNS which cells enclose the axons in the PNS and aid in the myelination of some peripheral axons

A

schewann cells

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26
Q

which cell in the CNS line the brain ventricles and aid in the production, circulation and monitoring of cerebral spinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells

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27
Q

what part of the part processes and integrates sensory inputted motor responses and is important for memory and creative thought

A

cerebral cortex

28
Q

what part of the brain forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain consist of the telencephalon (cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb) and diencephalon ( thalamus and hypothalamus)

A

forebrain

29
Q

what part of the brain forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain relay centre for visual and auditory impulses

A

midbrain

30
Q

what part of the brain forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain consists of the cerebellum, the pons, and the medulla

A

hindbrain

31
Q

what part of the brain is a relay and integration centre for the spinal cord and cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

32
Q

what part of the brain controls visceral functions like hunger, thirst, sex drive, water balance blood pressure and temperature regulation

A

hypothalamus

33
Q

what helps modulate motor impulses initiated by the cerebral cortex and is important in the maintenance of balance, hand-eye coordination and the timing of rapid movement

A

cerebellum

34
Q

what part of the hindbrain is to act as a relay centre to allow the cortex to communicate with the cerebellum

A

pons

35
Q

what part of the hindbrain is to control many vital functions such as breathing, heart rate and GI activity

A

medulla

36
Q

what parts of the brain make up the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

37
Q

somatic nervous system

A

innervates skeletal muscle and is responsible for voluntary movement as well as reflex arcs (pathways that control motor reflexes)

38
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates the boys internal environment without the aid of conscious control

39
Q

synaptic nervous system

A

flight or fight that ready the body for action in an emergency situation

40
Q

sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic nervous system: decrease bp, hr, increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, decrease gut motility, dilates the bronchioles to increases gas exchanges

A

sympathetic nervous system

41
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest or digest

- conserve energy and restore the body to resting activity after exertion

42
Q

what is the primary NT of the sympathetic nervous system

A

norepinephrine

43
Q

sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic nervous system: lower heart rate and increase gut motility

A

parasympathetic nervous system

44
Q

what is a very important parasympathetic nerve that innervates many of the thoracic and abdominal viscera

A

vagus nerve

45
Q

what is the primary NT of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

acetylcholine

46
Q

thick opaque layer that covers the eyeball

A

sclera

47
Q

what part of the eye helps to supply the retina with the blood

A

choroid

48
Q

dark pigmented area that reduces reflection in the eye

A

choroid

49
Q

what part of the eye bends and focuses light rays

A

cornea

50
Q

what part of the eye responds to intensity of light in the surrounding

A

iris

51
Q

what part of the eye focuses the image onto the retina

A

retina

52
Q

what part of the eye helps maintain its shape and optical properties and is a jelly like material

A

vitreous humour

53
Q

a water jelly like substance that fills the space between the lens and the cornea

A

aqueous humour

54
Q

what photoreceptors respond to high-intensity illumination and are sensitive to colour

A

cones

55
Q

what photoreceptors detect low-intensity illumination and are important in night vision

A

rods

56
Q

what colour pigment wavelength do cones have?

A

red, green, blue

57
Q

what is rhodopsin

A

rodes pigment

58
Q

what is myopia

A

nearsightedness- occurs when the image is focused in front of the retina

59
Q

what is hyperopia

A

farsightedness- occurs when the image is focused behind the retina

60
Q

what is astigmatism

A

caused by an irregularly shaped cornea

61
Q

what is cataracts

A

develop when the lens becomes opaque; light cannot enter the eye and blindness results

62
Q

is an increase of pressure in the eye bc of blocking of the outflow of the aq humour which results in optic nerve damage

A

glaucoma

63
Q

what is the visible part of the ear

A

pinna

64
Q

what part of the ear focuses the sound wave toward the tympanic membrane

A

external auditory canal

65
Q

what are the 3 bones in the middle ear

A

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes ( stirrup) =ossicles

66
Q

what part of the ear contains the cochlea and vestibules

A

oval window

DAT-biology (16 decks)

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