chapter 11-Nervous system

Question 1

dendrites

Answer 1

cytoplasmic extension that receive information and transmit it towards the cell body

Question 2

soma

Answer 2

contains the nucleus and controls the metabolic activity of the neuron

Question 3

axon

Answer 3

transmits AP away from the cell body

Question 4

synaptic terminal

Answer 4

where the axon terminates

Question 5

saltatory conduction

Answer 5

at the nodes of ranvier where the AP propagate

Question 6

which cells produce myelin

Answer 6

glia cells ( oligodendrocytes ) in CNS and schwann cells in PNS

Question 7

what is the resting potential

Answer 7

-70mV

Question 8

what is the threshold potential

Answer 8

-55mV

Question 9

what is the depolarization potation

Answer 9

+35mV

Question 10

what channels open after depolarization and what happens

Answer 10

Na channels and Na come in

Question 11

what channels open during repolarization and what happens

Answer 11

K channels K leaves

Question 12

what is refractory period

Answer 12

hyperpolarization

- a period of time after the AP in which new AP are very difficult to initiate

Question 13

what do things makes an AP travel faster

Answer 13

increased diameter of neuron and myelination

Question 14

effector cells

Answer 14

cells other than neurons that neurons can communicate with

Question 15

steps of NT release

Answer 15

1) AP arrives at axon terminal
2) depolarizes it
3) synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release NT into the synapse
4) NT diffuses across synapse and acton receptor proteins embedded i the postsynaptic membrane
5) release of NT=depolariztion of post synaptic cell and consequent firing of AP

Question 16

neurons that carry sensory information about the external or internal environment to the brain or spinal cord are called

Answer 16

afferent neurones

Question 17

neurons that carry motor commands from the brain or spinal cord to various parts of the body are called

Answer 17

efferent neurons

Question 18

network of nerve fibres

Answer 18

plexus

Question 19

neuronal cell bodies often cluster together into clusters called

Answer 19

ganglia

Question 20

what cells support and protect specialized neuronal cells

Answer 20

neuroglia

Question 21

what cell maintains the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, regulate nutrient and dissolved gas [ ], and absorb the recycle NT

Answer 21

astrocytes

-CNS

Question 22

what cell myelinated CNS as well as provide structural framework for the CNS

Answer 22

oligodendrocytes

Question 23

in the CNS which cell removes debris and pathogens

Answer 23

microglia

Question 24

in the PNS which cells surround the neuron cell bodies in the ganglia

Answer 24

satellite cells

Question 25

in the PNS which cells enclose the axons in the PNS and aid in the myelination of some peripheral axons

Answer 25

schewann cells

Question 26

which cell in the CNS line the brain ventricles and aid in the production, circulation and monitoring of cerebral spinal fluid

Answer 26

Ependymal cells

Question 27

what part of the part processes and integrates sensory inputted motor responses and is important for memory and creative thought

Answer 27

cerebral cortex

Question 28

what part of the brain forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain consist of the telencephalon (cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb) and diencephalon ( thalamus and hypothalamus)

Answer 28

forebrain

Question 29

what part of the brain forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain relay centre for visual and auditory impulses

Answer 29

midbrain

Question 30

what part of the brain forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain consists of the cerebellum, the pons, and the medulla

Answer 30

hindbrain

Question 31

what part of the brain is a relay and integration centre for the spinal cord and cerebral cortex

Answer 31

thalamus

Question 32

what part of the brain controls visceral functions like hunger, thirst, sex drive, water balance blood pressure and temperature regulation

Answer 32

hypothalamus

Question 33

what helps modulate motor impulses initiated by the cerebral cortex and is important in the maintenance of balance, hand-eye coordination and the timing of rapid movement

Answer 33

cerebellum

Question 34

what part of the hindbrain is to act as a relay centre to allow the cortex to communicate with the cerebellum

Answer 34

pons

Question 35

what part of the hindbrain is to control many vital functions such as breathing, heart rate and GI activity

Answer 35

medulla

Question 36

what parts of the brain make up the brainstem

Answer 36

midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 37

somatic nervous system

Answer 37

innervates skeletal muscle and is responsible for voluntary movement as well as reflex arcs (pathways that control motor reflexes)

Question 38

autonomic nervous system

Answer 38

regulates the boys internal environment without the aid of conscious control

Question 39

synaptic nervous system

Answer 39

flight or fight that ready the body for action in an emergency situation

Question 40

sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic nervous system: decrease bp, hr, increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, decrease gut motility, dilates the bronchioles to increases gas exchanges

Answer 40

sympathetic nervous system

Question 41

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 41

rest or digest | - conserve energy and restore the body to resting activity after exertion

Question 42

what is the primary NT of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 42

norepinephrine

Question 43

sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic nervous system: lower heart rate and increase gut motility

Answer 43

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 44

what is a very important parasympathetic nerve that innervates many of the thoracic and abdominal viscera

Answer 44

vagus nerve

Question 45

what is the primary NT of the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 45

acetylcholine

Question 46

thick opaque layer that covers the eyeball

Answer 46

sclera

Question 47

what part of the eye helps to supply the retina with the blood

Answer 47

choroid

Question 48

dark pigmented area that reduces reflection in the eye

Answer 48

choroid

Question 49

what part of the eye bends and focuses light rays

Answer 49

cornea

Question 50

what part of the eye responds to intensity of light in the surrounding

Answer 50

iris

Question 51

what part of the eye focuses the image onto the retina

Answer 51

retina

Question 52

what part of the eye helps maintain its shape and optical properties and is a jelly like material

Answer 52

vitreous humour

Question 53

a water jelly like substance that fills the space between the lens and the cornea

Answer 53

aqueous humour

Question 54

what photoreceptors respond to high-intensity illumination and are sensitive to colour

Answer 54

cones

Question 55

what photoreceptors detect low-intensity illumination and are important in night vision

Answer 55

rods

Question 56

what colour pigment wavelength do cones have?

Answer 56

red, green, blue

Question 57

what is rhodopsin

Answer 57

rodes pigment

Question 58

what is myopia

Answer 58

nearsightedness- occurs when the image is focused in front of the retina

Question 59

what is hyperopia

Answer 59

farsightedness- occurs when the image is focused behind the retina

Question 60

what is astigmatism

Answer 60

caused by an irregularly shaped cornea

Question 61

what is cataracts

Answer 61

develop when the lens becomes opaque; light cannot enter the eye and blindness results

Question 62

is an increase of pressure in the eye bc of blocking of the outflow of the aq humour which results in optic nerve damage

Answer 62

glaucoma

Question 63

what is the visible part of the ear

Answer 63

pinna

Question 64

what part of the ear focuses the sound wave toward the tympanic membrane

Answer 64

external auditory canal

Question 65

what are the 3 bones in the middle ear

Answer 65

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes ( stirrup) =ossicles

Question 66

what part of the ear contains the cochlea and vestibules

Answer 66

oval window