CHAPTER 9: Early Childhood (Cognitive Development Flashcards by Ghaidaa Dakik

Preoperational intelligence _____.
A) allows children to think in symbols
B) includes logical reasoning
C) is characterized by reversibility of thought
D) relies on children’s motor skills and senses

A) allows children to think in symbols

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Piaget called the stage of human cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 \_\_\_\_\_ intelligence.
A) operational
B) egocentric
C) preoperational
D) sensorimotor

C) preoperational

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Piaget called the stage of human cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 "preoperational intelligence" because children do not yet \_\_\_\_\_.
A) have intelligence
B) use logical operations
C) understand language
D) produce language

B) use logical operations

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Piaget believed that until about age 6, it is difficult for children to think \_\_\_\_\_.
A) subjectively
B) egocentrically
C) logically
D) about animism

C) logically

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

One of the milestones of preoperational thought is the ability to \_\_\_\_\_.
A) use symbolic thought
B) understand reversibility
C) display conservation
D) think logically

A) use symbolic thought

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ivan was playing under the kitchen table when he stood up suddenly and bumped his head. He pointed at the table and sternly said, "Naughty table!" This is an example of \_\_\_\_\_.
A) egocentrism
B) operational thinking
C) centration
D) animism

D) animism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Preoperational thinking is \_\_\_\_\_.
A) rational
B) symbolic
C) logical
D) sophisticated

B) symbolic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all other aspects is called \_\_\_\_\_.
A) magical thinking
B) static reasoning
C) centration
D) animism

C) centration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A magician's goal is to get the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he manipulates another. This is easy to do with preoperational children, as they are fooled by their tendency to \_\_\_\_\_.
A) be logical thinkers
B) reverse things in their minds
C) demonstrate centration
D) equilibrate

C) demonstrate centration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old woman who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a babysitter. According to Piaget, this is because Bobby's thinking has moved beyond \_\_\_\_\_.
A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) overregularization
D) centration

D) centration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“You are your mom’s daughter, right?” Grandpa asked Beatriz.
“Yes!” Beatriz eagerly answered.
“Well, your mom is my daughter,” Grandpa replied.
“No! She’s my Mommy!” Beatriz exclaimed. Why did Beatriz make this error?
A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) overregularization
D) centration

D) centration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which a child thinks about the world only from his or her personal perspective is \_\_\_\_\_.
A) static reasoning
B) egocentrism
C) irreversibility
D) conservatism

B) egocentrism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Beverly and her mother were shopping for a birthday gift for Beverly's father. "How about this? Daddy would love it!" Beverly exclaimed, showing her mother a pink and purple toy horse with flowing mane and tail. Beverly's belief that her father would enjoy a toy that she herself would enjoy is an example of \_\_\_\_\_.
A) static reasoning
B) egocentrism
C) irreversibility
D) conservatism

B) egocentrism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A preschool child thinks that a tall 20-year-old man is older than a short 40-year-old man. This is an example of \_\_\_\_\_.
A) egocentrism
B) static thinking
C) focus on appearance
D) symbolic thinking

C) focus on appearance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

After her haircut was complete, Tania began crying inconsolably. "You turned me into a boy!" she cried. Which obstacle to logic was Tania demonstrating?
A) egocentrism
B) static thinking
C) focus on appearance
D) symbolic thinking

C) focus on appearance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Jennie sees her third-grade teacher in the grocery store and is shocked to see her outside of school. This shock is likely due to Jennie's \_\_\_\_\_.
A) static reasoning
B) abstract reasoning
C) concrete thinking
D) irreversibility

A) static reasoning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When children assume that the world is unchanging, they engage in \_\_\_\_\_.
A) magical thinking
B) static reasoning
C)centration 
D) a focus on appearance

B) static reasoning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes is called \_\_\_\_\_.
A) animism
B) conservation
C) static reasoning
D) centration

C) static reasoning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Evelyn dropped a tiny spot of ketchup on her pants during lunch. Even though her teacher was able to completely remove the spot, Evelyn is crying hysterically and says that she wants to go home because her outfit is ruined. Her behavior demonstrates the characteristic of preoperational thought known as \_\_\_\_\_.
A) irreversibility
B) centration
C) egocentrism
D) conservation

A) irreversibility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Irreversibility refers to the preoperational child’s tendency to _____.
A focus on something other than appearances
B) use deductive reasoning to solve a problem
C) believe that what has been done cannot be undone
D) engage in centration when another solution is needed

C) believe that what has been done cannot be undone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Jake's father takes him to the barber for his first real haircut. At first, Jake is excited; but as soon as the barber makes the first cut in his hair, Jake becomes very upset and tells his father to make the barber stop. In spite of his father's efforts to assure him that his hair will grow back, Jake is devastated. Jake is exhibiting the characteristic known as \_\_\_\_\_.
A) animism
B) centration
C) egocentrism
D) irreversibility

D) irreversibility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A child's inability to understand that undoing a sequence of events will bring about the original situation is called \_\_\_\_\_.
A) concrete operations
B) conservation
C) irreversibility
D) symbolic thought

C) irreversibility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Four-year-old Jonathan is sitting at the lunch counter next to his sister Erin. They are having hot dogs for lunch. When his mom cuts Jonathan's hot dog into five pieces and Erin's into six pieces, Jonathan protests, "Erin has more than me!" Which ability does Jonathan not yet demonstrate?
A) animism
B) centration
C) egocentrism
D) conservation

D) conservation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly Putty into a thin “pancake.” When Daryl asks Mason if there is now more Silly Putty, Mason replies “Yes” because he has _____.
A) an understanding of scaffolding
B) not mastered the concept of conservation
C) an understanding of object permanence
D) demonstrated fast-mapping

B) not mastered the concept of conservation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

``` A child is shown two identical tall containers, both half-filled with water. The water from one container is then poured into a short, wide container. If the child states that both containers still have the same amount of water, then the child understands the concept of _____. A) classification B) conservation C)centration D) transformation ```

B) conservation

``` Researchers now believe that Piaget underestimated cognition in infancy and _____ cognition in early childhood. A) overestimated B) also underestimated C) correctly estimated D) failed to estimate ```

B) also underestimated

According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child _____. A) interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task B) be told instructions for a task only once C) discovers the solution to a task on his or her own D) be taught new skills by other children

A) interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task

``` According to Vygotsky, a child's first guided participation is provided by a guide who is likely a(n) _____. A) classmate B) teacher C) parent D) older sibling ```

C) parent

``` Each time Juan puts a puzzle together, his father gives him a little less help. Which theorist would be pleased with Juan's father? A) Piaget B) Vygotsky C) Skinner D) Freud ```

B) Vygotsky

``` Skills that the child can accomplish with assistance but can't yet perform independently are part of _____. A) private speech B) the gap between heredity and learning C) distal development D) the zone of proximal development ```

D) the zone of proximal development

A child who is unable to read a picture book independently gets help from an adult to accomplish the task. This assistance will only be effective if the _____. A) assistance is offered in a warm and gentle manner B) child is at least 6 years old C) child is in the period of preoperations D) skill is within the child's zone of proximal development

D) skill is within the child's zone of proximal development

One of Vygotsky's most famous concepts was the zone of proximal development, which asserts that _____. A) there is a certain place in a school where most learning occurs B) children can only reach a certain level of intelligence C) children can master some tasks with the help of others D) certain parts of the brain need to be activated

C) children can master some tasks with the help of others

``` Sydney helps her 2-year-old daughter to make hot chocolate. She helps the child to measure teaspoons of cocoa into a cup, add water, stir the contents, and then microwave the cup. Sydney is providing _____. A) scaffolding B) overstimulation C) conservation skills D) the zone of proximal development ```

A) scaffolding

``` According to Vygotsky, a teacher who carefully plans each child's participation in the learning process within the zone of proximal development uses _____. A) reinforcements for good behavior B) scaffolding C) peer mentoring D) skill construction ```

B) scaffolding

Which of the following is an example of scaffolding? A) David helps his son learn how to build a model airplane by assembling it while his son watches. B) Howard and Priscilla buy a Wii game system for their 5-year-old daughter, Rebecca. They set it up for her and then allow her to figure out how to turn it on and use it. C) Richard buys a do-it-yourself kite kit for his 6-year-old daughter, Angela. He lays all of the pieces out for her and then allows her to read the instructions and follow them herself. D) Miriam helps her son Ben to make cookies. She measures all of the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small bowls. She reads the recipe aloud as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon.

D) Miriam helps her son Ben to make cookies. She measures all of the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small bowls. She reads the recipe aloud as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon.

Juan is Mexican American, and Hui is Chinese American. The parents of both of these preschool boys have been reading books to them and making comments about the characters that are consistent with their own culture. Which values have the parents been teaching their sons? A) Juan has been taught to notice how misbehavior got the book's character into trouble. B) Hui has been taught to notice the emotions of the characters. C) Juan has been encouraged to become a well-behaved adult. D) Hui has been taught to notice how misbehavior got the book's character into trouble.

D) Hui has been taught to notice how misbehavior got the book's character into trouble.

``` According to Vygotsky, which capability is demonstrated when young children imitate adult actions that are irrelevant, time-consuming, and inefficient? A) observing B) scaffolding C) modeling D) overimitation ```

D) overimitation

Benjy is a preschooler. He can put a dish into the microwave and press the "2" button to cook for two minutes. One day he sees his mother wipe the front of the microwave with a damp paper towel before she presses a number button. After that, Benjy rubs the front of the microwave with a napkin before he presses the number button. Why? A) He is overimitating his mom. B) He has forgotten how the microwave works. C) He is providing scaffolding for his mom. D) He is engaging in guided participation

A) He is overimitating his mom.

Aaliyah lies in her bed at night, talking out loud. Her parents listen from the hallway and hear her talking about her day as if she's talking to another person. What should her parents conclude about Aaliyah's behavior? A) She's engaging in private speech, and it is completely normal. B) She's engaging in private speech, and it is a sign of abnormal development. C) She thinks there is someone else in the room. D) Children who talk out loud when alone are usually experiencing bullying at school.

A) She's engaging in private speech, and it is completely normal.

What did Vygotsky say about preschoolers' use of private speech? A) It aids cognition and self-reflection. B) It is a sign of abnormal development. C) It occurs when the child thinks there is someone else in the room. D) It is a sign that the child is experiencing bullying at school.

A) It aids cognition and self-reflection.

What role does language play in guided participation? A) None - language is irrelevant. B) Minimal - language may be helpful or distracting. C) Vital - language serves the function of social mediation. D) Irrelevant - language and guided participation are independent of each other.

C) Vital - language serves the function of social mediation.

Which skill is known as one-to-one correspondence? A) carrying on a conversation with another person B) counting objects C) knowing which numbers are greater than others D) understanding sequence

B) counting objects

``` The ability to plan, remember, inhibit some impulses, and perform others is known as _____. A) executive function B) scaffolding C) overimitation D) guided participation ```

A) executive function

``` Which preschool factor is a better predictor of later learning in kindergarten? A) the child's age B) how advanced the child's language is C) executive function D) guided participation ```

C) executive function

Which kind of educational technology produced higher math scores? A) games that required rapid responses B) programs that were designed to be played alone C) apps that required parents and children to discuss math together D) programs with many attention-grabbing noises and animations

C) apps that required parents and children to discuss math together

``` Preschoolers try to construct a reason for the things that they see and hear. This tendency is known as _____. A) reversibility B) focus on appearance C) theory-theory D) logical reasoning ```

C) theory-theory

``` Humans seek reasons, causes, and underlying principles to explain the world around them. The research term for this tendency is _____. A) deductive reasoning B) conservation C) scaffolding D) theory-theory ```

D) theory-theory

``` A few days ago, Hester's parents disciplined her because she refused to eat her green beans. Today when her parents announced that they were going to get a divorce, Hester cried, "Is it because I was bad? I'll be good!" Hester's conclusion that her failure to eat her green beans is the reason her parents are getting divorced displays Hester's _____. A) deductive reasoning B) conservation C) scaffolding D) theory-theory ```

D) theory-theory

According to theory-theory, why do children imitate irrelevant adult behaviors? A) They mindlessly copy everything adults do. B) They theorize that the irrelevant behavior must be important. C) They theorize that the adult will reward them for correct imitation. D) They derive pleasure from correctly imitating behaviors of all sorts.

B) They theorize that the irrelevant behavior must be important.

``` A person's understanding of the thoughts of other people is called _____. A) intuitive psychology B) psychological schemata C) theory of mind D) self-schemes ```

C) theory of mind

``` At what age do most children develop theory of mind? A) 1 year B) 2 years C) 3 years D) 4 years ```

D) 4 years

``` Only after a child has developed theory of mind can he or she _____. A) offer comfort to a crying playmate B) tell a lie C) feel anger D) take turns sharing ```

B) tell a lie

``` Britney understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Britney has developed _____. A) egocentrism B) a script for crying C) theory of mind D) conservation ```

C) theory of mind

``` Researchers have discovered that _____ helps a child to develop theory of mind months ahead of a child who does not. A) learning the alphabet B) going to day care C) having a religious faith D) living with older siblings ```

D) living with older siblings

The underlying factor allowing the development of theory of mind is _____. A) the simultaneous development of magical thinking B) maturation of the prefrontal cortex C) static reasoning D) centration

B) maturation of the prefrontal cortex

``` According to Vygotsky, within the context of thought, language is a tool _____. A) to make oneself understood B) to regulate behavior C) to advance cognition D) of self-expression ```

C) to advance cognition

``` According to Vygotsky, the internal dialogue that people have with themselves either silently or aloud is referred to as _____. A) theory of mind B) guided participation C) private speech D) apprenticeship ```

C) private speech

``` Studies of children solving the day-night test reveal that _____ correlates with maturation of the prefrontal cortex. A) correct solution of the test B) telling plausible lies C) frustration level D) ability to understand instructions ```

B) telling plausible lies

Which child is likely to have the most advanced theory of mind? A) Dewei, who is 6 years old B) Carter, who is deaf C) Faakhir, who has autism spectrum disorder D) Jacob, who is 4 years old

D) Jacob, who is 4 years old

``` A key factor that strengthens a preschooler's cognition is _____. A) having an older sibling B) whether or not the child is adopted C) body weight D) knowledge of the alphabet ```

A) having an older sibling

Which child is apt to have the most well-developed theory of mind? A) Nanette, age 3, who is the oldest of three children B) Brianna, age 4, who is an only child C) Boris, age 3, who has a twin sister D) Reginald, age 3, who has two older siblings

D) Reginald, age 3, who has two older siblings

``` Research has shown that the development of a theory of mind varies according to _____. A) outdoor playtime B) time watching TV C) social interactions D) diet and exercise ```

C) social interactions

``` When Renee was 11 months old, she was injured in a car crash. She was in a coma for almost a year and then spent many months of recovery from a brain injury. Now at her third birthday, although she is making good progress, she has not yet spoken, and her parents are fearful that she will never speak. The doctors, however, feel confident that Renee will learn to speak. This is because language learning in the first four years is a _____. A) sensitive period B) critical period C) developmental task D) dynamic system ```

A) sensitive period

``` By age 2, a child will typically have a vocabulary of 500 words; by age 6, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words. A) 2,000 B) 5,000 C) 10,000 D) 40,000 ```

C) 10,000

``` A child's ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called _____. A) fast-mapping B) word mapping C) mental language D) word charting ```

A) fast-mapping

``` When children hear a new word in a familiar context, they can simply add the word to the general category without fully understanding the word. This is called _____. A) lexical addition B) categorical embellishment C) vocabulary expansion D) fast-mapping ```

D) fast-mapping

``` Christopher's mother is considering different wallpapers for decorating Christopher's room. She asks him, "Which one do you like better, the striped or the plaid?" Christopher's vocabulary doesn't include the word plaid, but he's able to figure out what the word must mean based on the context. Christopher is using _____ to add a new word to his vocabulary. A) lexical addition B) categorical embellishment C) vocabulary expansion D) fast-mapping ```

D) fast-mapping

``` Four-year-old Faisal and his mother were visiting Faisal's older sister's kindergarten classroom. Faisal pointed at his sister's teacher and asked his mother, "What's that mom's name?" Faisal's apparent assumption that all women are mothers is evidence of his use of _____. A) lexical addition B) categorical embellishment C) vocabulary expansion D) fast-mapping ```

D) fast-mapping

Logical extension involves _____. A) using a newly learned word to describe other objects in the same category B) mentally charting new words C) applying a new concept to a preexisting category D) equilibration

A) using a newly learned word to describe other objects in the same category

``` Caitlin, age 4, visited the city zoo, pointed to a zebra, and exclaimed, "Look at the horse with stripes!" In describing the zebra, she used _____. A) logical extension B) fast-mapping C) over regularization D) theory of mind ```

A) logical extension

While attending a carnival at Jia's preschool, Jia's mother told her, "Stay here while I get us some cookies over there." Instead of waiting where she was, Jia followed her mother to the cookie table. What is the best explanation for Jia's behavior? A) Jia must be a defiant child who didn't want to wait. B) The cookies were too tempting for Jia, so she had to go after them. C) Jia didn't understand what her mother meant by "here" and "there." D) Jia was too afraid to stay behind and wait for her mother.

C) Jia didn't understand what her mother meant by "here" and "there."

``` Which early-childhood method has been found to boost reading several years later in elementary school? A) code-focused teaching B) teacher-directed programs C) the "Hooked on Phonics" program D) the "My Baby Can Read" program ```

A) code-focused teaching

Jessica is reading a storybook aloud to her 3-year-old daughter, Abigail. Abigail's father says, "Why are you bothering? It's not like she's going to learn to read from that." What would you tell Abigail's father about reading to preschoolers? A) He's right; it doesn't matter whether parents read to their preschoolers. B) He's right; children whose parents read aloud to them too early lose interest in books. C) He's wrong; children whose parents read to them as preschoolers tend to be better readers in elementary school. D) He's wrong; children whose parents read to them by age 3 learn to read by age 4.

C) He's wrong; children whose parents read to them as preschoolers tend to be better readers in elementary school.

Children typically understand the basics of grammar _____. A) when they are toddlers B) when their vocabulary is about 300 words C) when their vocabulary is about 600 words D) after age 5

A) when they are toddlers

``` The structures, rules, and techniques used to communicate meaning in language are called _____. A) inflections B) logical extensions C) grammar D) theory-theory ```

C) grammar

``` Knowing which words, tones, and grammatical forms to use with whom constitutes _____. A) overregularization B) grammar C) pragmatics D) fast-mapping ```

C) pragmatics

Overregularization in a child's speech patterns indicates that _____. A) the child is entering a sensitive period of language development B) the child can apply grammatical rules to vocalizations C) logical extension is now possible D) fast-mapping has occurred

B) the child can apply grammatical rules to vocalizations

``` "I catched two mouses in a trap" is an example of _____. A) egocentric speech B) overregularization C) literal translation D) past imperfect tense ```

B) overregularization

Overregularization occurs because children _____. A) tend to regress briefly before progressing to new forms of language B) have no understanding of past, present, and future verb tenses C) assume that the language is less regular than it actually is D) assume that their language always follows the rules they already know

D) assume that their language always follows the rules they already know

``` When shown a novel object and told that it is called a "wug," preschoolers know that two of those objects would be two "wugs." This ability to correctly add an -s when pluralizing is evidence of their proper use of _____. A) inflections B) logical extensions C) grammar D) theory-theory ```

C) grammar

``` When is the best time to learn a language? A) early childhood B) late childhood C) adolescence D) adulthood ```

A) early childhood

One of the benefits of being bilingual is _____. A) resistance to Alzheimer's disease in old age B) the tendency to experience language shift C) reduced plasticity D) improved hearing

A) resistance to Alzheimer's disease in old age

Neuroscience has proven which statement about bilingual adults who mastered both languages before age 6? A) Both languages reside in the same area of the brain with no detriment to the cortex structure. B) Different languages reside in different areas of the brain, thus allowing a bilingual individual to activate only one area at a time. C) Bilingual individuals of any age have difficulty keeping the two languages totally separate when speaking. D) Since both languages reside in the same area of the brain, bilingual individuals consciously inhibit one language while speaking the other.

A) Both languages reside in the same area of the brain with no detriment to the cortex structure.

``` Demetrius's family recently immigrated to the United States from the Ukraine. After he attended kindergarten, his parents noticed that his English was more fluent than his native language. Demetrius was exhibiting _____. A) a language shift B) accelerated bilingualism C) a vocabulary explosion D) linguistic egocentrism ```

C) a vocabulary explosion

Four-year-old Graciela is a fluent bilingual, which means that she _____. A) speaks her native language fluently but has limitations when speaking her second language B) understands her native language and her second language but speaks only in her native language C) is fluent in both her native language and her second language D) understands her native language but speaks her second language more fluently

C) is fluent in both her native language and her second language

Why does a language shift typically occur? A) As children begin attending school, they talk to their parents less and therefore lose motivation to use the minority language. B) Children slowly forget the minority language as they acquire the majority language. C) Theory-theory leads children to conclude that the minority language is inferior to the majority language. D) Schools prohibit the use of the minority language.

C) Theory-theory leads children to conclude that the minority language is inferior to the majority language.

``` Joachim lives in the United States. His mother speaks to him in Spanish. His father speaks to him in German. His parents hope that Joachim will _____. A) speak English with an accent B) become a fluent trilingual C) experience a language shift D) not learn English ```

B) become a fluent trilingua

In terms of early-childhood learning, research has found that if the home educational quality is poor, then _____. A) a quality preschool is especially beneficial B) attendance at preschool is detrimental C) a day care will be more beneficial than a preschool D) a child-centered program will be more beneficial than another approach

A) a quality preschool is especially beneficial

``` If you want to find reliably high-quality group care for your preschooler, what type of program should you look for? A) child-directed B) preschool C) teacher-directed D) one that matches your child's needs ```

D) one that matches your child's needs

``` Preschool programs are called "child-centered" when they stress each child's _____. A) gross motor skills B) fine motor skills C) development and growth D) language development ```

C) development and growth

``` Child-centered programs are often influenced by the theories of Piaget and _____. A) Freud B) Vygotsky C) Skinner D) Erikson ```

B) Vygotsky

``` Sunnymont Preschool has plenty of opportunities for children to play dress-up, dance, build with blocks, finger-paint, and be creative. Sunnymont is most likely a _____ program. A) home-based B) child-centered C) teacher-directed D) bilingual ```

B) child-centered

``` Learning Circle Preschool emphasizes individual pride and achievement while focusing on teaching young children literacy-related tasks. Learning Circle's approach seems to most closely resemble a(n) _____ program. A) intervention B) Montessori C) Reggio Emilia D) bilingual ```

B) Montessori

``` Maria Montessori believed that children needed _____. A) rigorous academic training B) nursery rhymes and quiet activities C) writing and using tools D) structured, individualized projects ```

D) structured, individualized projects

``` What was Maria Montessori's objective when she created her preschool? A) individual achievement B) the development of math skills C) creative expression D) obedience to a teacher ```

A) individual achievement

The Reggio Emilia early-childhood program focuses on _____. A) reinforcement for academic accomplishments B) assimilation and accommodation skills C) children's creativity and artistic talent D) self-esteem and self-concept

C) children's creativity and artistic talent

``` Micah attends a preschool where there is a low child/adult ratio and ample opportunity for creative expression. He is engaged in a long-term art project that he chose, in which he is making dinosaurs out of clay. Which child-centered approach does Micah's preschool most closely resemble? A) Reggio Emilia B) Montessori C) Head Start D) teacher-directed ```

A) Reggio Emilia

``` Most teacher-directed preschool programs stress _____. A) academics B) arts and music C) social skills D) dual languages ```

A) academics

The goal of most teacher-directed preschools is _____. A) promoting individual achievement B) encouraging informal social interaction C) to make all children "ready to learn" D) teaching children to read by the end of the year

C) to make all children "ready to learn"

Salim is in a teacher-directed preschool. Which activity would his parents expect him to be doing? A) listening to a story read aloud during circle time B) forming shapes and textures in a tray filled with shaving cream C) gluing pieces of macaroni on a paper plate and adding color and glitter D) practicing forming letters

D) practicing forming letters

In the United States, low-income children are offered a free preschool education through _____. A) the War on Poverty B) the Public Broadcasting System C) the Women, Infants, and Children program D) Head Start

D) Head Start

``` An evaluation of Head Start found that benefits were apparent for children _____. A) without disabilities B) with the lowest family income C) living in urban areas D) living in suburban areas ```

B) with the lowest family income

``` In which area do Head Start students continue to outperform non-Head Start students in elementary school? A) vocabulary B) science C) social skills D) math ```

A) vocabulary

Many Head Start graduates begin elementary school with improved literacy and math skills but also with more reported behavioral problems by first grade. Why? A) Head Start programs may foster behavioral issues in its graduates. B) Improved academic skills often trigger behavioral problems. C) Elementary school teachers may misinterpret the independence of Head Start children as behavioral problems. D) Parents received inadequate support from Head Start on how to be more responsive to their children.

C) Elementary school teachers may misinterpret the independence of Head Start children as behavioral problems.

Compared to children who did not attend an intensive early-intervention program, longitudinal studies showed that the children who did participate _____. A) were less likely to need special education and more likely to attend college B) had higher IQ scores in high school and were more likely to attend college C) had higher IQ scores in high school but were less likely to attend college D)had higher math and reading achievement at age 10 and higher IQ scores in high school

A) were less likely to need special education and more likely to attend college

Longitudinal studies of the effects of intensive preschool programs has shown that _____. A) the benefits are minimal B) the programs are more expensive than necessary C) children who complete these programs are no different as adults than those who did not D) the benefits to society are worth much more than the cost of the programs

D) the benefits to society are worth much more than the cost of the programs

``` What is Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6? A) concrete operational B) formal operational C) preoperational intelligence D) sensorimotor ```

C) preoperational intelligence

According to Piaget, one of the reasons that logic is beyond young children is that _____. A) young children are not capable of fast-mapping B) young children tend to engage in cognitive reversal processes C) young children assume that the world is always changing D) young children contemplate the world exclusively from their own personal perspective

D) young children contemplate the world exclusively from their own personal perspective

``` Vygotsky proposed that an important role of language is to _____. A) communicate feelings B) assist with cognitive development C) assist with socialization D) increase neural connections ```

B) assist with cognitive development

How has Vygotsky's theory concerning language and cognition been associated with the development of math skills? A) If adults count and show children written examples of the numbers, the children will learn math more quickly. B) The use of number words in sentences such as "One, two three, takeoff," enhance children's understanding of math in first grade. C) When adults count for children, if they point to items being counted it will help children make the association to other math skills. D) If babies are exposed to counting and shapes, they will develop skills quickly.

B) The use of number words in sentences such as "One, two three, takeoff," enhance children's understanding of math in first grade.

``` The understanding that other people can have thoughts and ideas unlike one's own describes _____. A) neurological maturation B) linguistic competence C) theory of mind D) scaffolding ```

C) theory of mind

``` Though studies comparing preschool children from various countries found some variations, what did they identify as the primary factor in development of theory of mind? A) neurology B) culture C) language ability D) social interaction ```

A) neurology

``` The term for the time when language learning is most easily and readily accomplished is a _____. A) zone of proximal development B) sensitive period C) critical period D) preoperational period ```

B) sensitive period

``` The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called _____. A) scaffolding B) fast-mapping C) guided participation D) conservation ```

B) fast-mapping

According to your text, it benefits children's intellectual flexibility when they _____. A) become equally fluent in two languages B) become more fluent in a new, dominant language than in their home language C) understand their parents' language but speak only the dominant language D) act as interpreter when their parents don't speak the dominant language

A) become equally fluent in two languages

``` Preschools that reliably benefit early-childhood learning share a _____ approach. A) child-centered B) teacher-directed C) home-based D) high-quality ```

D) high-quality

Since the early days of its operation, Head Start has emphasized _____. A) better health and cognition before first grade B) adherence to the standard curriculum categories that the program provides C) the implementation of a teacher-directed program approach D) that all staff members must have an early-education degree

A) better health and cognition before first grade

``` Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth through _____. A) academics B) following adult directions C) self-direction and discovery D) making children "read to learn" ```

C) self-direction and discovery

The goal of teacher-directed early-education programs is to _____. A) ensure that all children have the same basic ability level B) engage children in long-term projects C) foster individual pride and accomplishment D) help get all children "ready to learn"

D) help get all children "ready to learn"

Which factor is one of the long-term benefits found in the intensive, early-intervention programs described in the text? A) more likely to need special education B) higher IQ scores in high school C) less likely to attend college D) higher math and reading achievement at age 10

D) higher math and reading achievement at age 10

What was the curricular approach in the three early-intervention programs described in the text? A) child-centered B) teacher-directed C) a combination of child-centered and teacher-directed D) Piaget-focused

C) a combination of child-centered and teacher-directed

Balor, 2 1/2, watches his father read the paper every morning at breakfast. Yesterday, Balor's mom observed him climbing into a chair and rapidly scrunching pages of the newspaper as he tried to turn the pages. When he say his mother looking, Baylor exclaimed, "like daddy!" Baylor's behaviour illustrates the concept of "_____" A) modelling B) overimitaton C) scaffolding D) exaggerated expression

B) overimitaton

Maturation of the ____ is crucial to the development of theory of mind. A) hypothalamus B) amygdala C) prefrontal cortex D) limbic system

C) prefrontal cortex

While working on a coloring worksheet, 5-year-old Aaliyah can be heard whispering, "Color this one blue. Stay in the lines. Oh, yellow would be pretty." According to Vygotsky, Aaliyah's utterances are _____. A) egocentric B) indicative of emotional problems C) called private speech D) undermining her learning

C) called private speech

____ is the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive, moving around, and having sensations and abilities that are human-like. A) Egocentrism B) Animism C) Centration D) Static reasoning

B) Animism

Four-year-old Collard thinks a tall 20-year-old man is older than a short 40-year-old man. Which Piagetian error characterizes Collard's thinking? A) egocentrism B) static thinking C) a focus on appearance D) symbolic thinking

C) a focus on appearance

Yuri is the mother of 3-year-old Decha. Yuri shows Decha two equal balls of Play-Doh and determines that he views them as both the same. She then rolls one of the balls into a long 'snake' and asks Decha if the amounts of clay are still the same or if one is different. Decha replies, "The snake has more Play-Doh now!" Decha's reply indicates that he does not yet understand _____. A) animism B) conservation C) centration D) symbolic language

B) conservation

Which is an example of scaffolding? A) David helps his son build a model airplane by assembling it while his son watches. B) Howard and Priscilla buy an Xbox game system for their 5-year-old daughter Rebecca. They set it up for her and then allow her to figure out how to turn it on and use it. C) Richard buys a do-it-yourself kite kit for his 6-year-old daughter Angela. He lays all of the pieces out for her and then allows her to read the instructions and follow them herself. D) Miriam helps her son Ben to make cookies. She measures all of the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small bowls. She reads the recipe aloud as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon.

Speech serves a _____ function, as mentors guide mentees in their zone of proximal development, learning numbers, recalling memories, and following routines. A) preoperational B) sociobiological C) bidirectional D) social mediation

D) social mediation

Executive functioning involves three components: _______. A) working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control B) short-term memory, habituation, and theory of mind C) information processing, emotional reactivity, and social awareness D) perspective taking, concrete thinking, and cognitive flexibility

A) working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control

Which child is MOST likely to have the best-developed theory of mind? A) Nanette, age 3, who is the oldest of three children B) Brianna, age 4, who is an only child C) Boris, age 3 1/2, who has a twin sister D) Reginald, age 3 1/2, who has two older siblings

D) Reginald, age 3 1/2, who has two older siblings

Cloe is a young child. She has a vocabulary of roughly 700 words. Recently, Cloe has started asking "What's that?" questions. For example, at the zoo, she pointed to every animal, asking, "What's that?" While reading books with her parents, Cloe continually asks, "What's that?" even when she is familiar with the pictures. Based on this information, Cloe is probably ____ years old. A) 2 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6

A) 2

Knowledge of _____ is essential for learning how to speak, read, and write. A) pragmatics B) code-switching C) social gestures D) grammar

D) grammar

Jobe told his grandma, "I catched two mouses in a trap." Jobe's speech errors are an example of _____. A) egocentric speech B) overregularization C) literal translation D) past imperfect tense

B) overregularization

The bilingual brain may provide some resistance to _____. A) learning disabilities like dyslexia B) autism spectrum disorders C) neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease D) depression and anxiety

C) neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease

Language shift occurs everywhere when _____ leads children to conclude that their first language is inferior to another one. A) a differentiated self-concept B) adult scaffolding C) theory-theory D) pragmatic development

C) theory-theory

Which of the following strategies predicts reading achievement in children from all income levels, languages, and ethnicities? A) code-focused teaching B) teacher-directed programs C) daily exposure to the "Hooked on Phonics" program D) use of digital media apps

A) code-focused teaching

Most developmentalists advocate _____ preschool programs. A) private B) public C) child-centered D) teacher-directed

C) child-centered