CHAPTER 9: Early Childhood (Cognitive Development Flashcards
Preoperational intelligence _____.
A) allows children to think in symbols
B) includes logical reasoning
C) is characterized by reversibility of thought
D) relies on children’s motor skills and senses
A) allows children to think in symbols
Piaget called the stage of human cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 \_\_\_\_\_ intelligence. A) operational B) egocentric C) preoperational D) sensorimotor
C) preoperational
Piaget called the stage of human cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 "preoperational intelligence" because children do not yet \_\_\_\_\_. A) have intelligence B) use logical operations C) understand language D) produce language
B) use logical operations
Piaget believed that until about age 6, it is difficult for children to think \_\_\_\_\_. A) subjectively B) egocentrically C) logically D) about animism
C) logically
One of the milestones of preoperational thought is the ability to \_\_\_\_\_. A) use symbolic thought B) understand reversibility C) display conservation D) think logically
A) use symbolic thought
Ivan was playing under the kitchen table when he stood up suddenly and bumped his head. He pointed at the table and sternly said, "Naughty table!" This is an example of \_\_\_\_\_. A) egocentrism B) operational thinking C) centration D) animism
D) animism
Preoperational thinking is \_\_\_\_\_. A) rational B) symbolic C) logical D) sophisticated
B) symbolic
To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all other aspects is called \_\_\_\_\_. A) magical thinking B) static reasoning C) centration D) animism
C) centration
A magician's goal is to get the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he manipulates another. This is easy to do with preoperational children, as they are fooled by their tendency to \_\_\_\_\_. A) be logical thinkers B) reverse things in their minds C) demonstrate centration D) equilibrate
C) demonstrate centration
Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old woman who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a babysitter. According to Piaget, this is because Bobby's thinking has moved beyond \_\_\_\_\_. A) conservation B) object permanence C) overregularization D) centration
D) centration
“You are your mom’s daughter, right?” Grandpa asked Beatriz.
“Yes!” Beatriz eagerly answered.
“Well, your mom is my daughter,” Grandpa replied.
“No! She’s my Mommy!” Beatriz exclaimed. Why did Beatriz make this error?
A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) overregularization
D) centration
D) centration
The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which a child thinks about the world only from his or her personal perspective is \_\_\_\_\_. A) static reasoning B) egocentrism C) irreversibility D) conservatism
B) egocentrism
Beverly and her mother were shopping for a birthday gift for Beverly's father. "How about this? Daddy would love it!" Beverly exclaimed, showing her mother a pink and purple toy horse with flowing mane and tail. Beverly's belief that her father would enjoy a toy that she herself would enjoy is an example of \_\_\_\_\_. A) static reasoning B) egocentrism C) irreversibility D) conservatism
B) egocentrism
A preschool child thinks that a tall 20-year-old man is older than a short 40-year-old man. This is an example of \_\_\_\_\_. A) egocentrism B) static thinking C) focus on appearance D) symbolic thinking
C) focus on appearance
After her haircut was complete, Tania began crying inconsolably. "You turned me into a boy!" she cried. Which obstacle to logic was Tania demonstrating? A) egocentrism B) static thinking C) focus on appearance D) symbolic thinking
C) focus on appearance
Jennie sees her third-grade teacher in the grocery store and is shocked to see her outside of school. This shock is likely due to Jennie's \_\_\_\_\_. A) static reasoning B) abstract reasoning C) concrete thinking D) irreversibility
A) static reasoning
When children assume that the world is unchanging, they engage in \_\_\_\_\_. A) magical thinking B) static reasoning C)centration D) a focus on appearance
B) static reasoning
The characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes is called \_\_\_\_\_. A) animism B) conservation C) static reasoning D) centration
C) static reasoning
Evelyn dropped a tiny spot of ketchup on her pants during lunch. Even though her teacher was able to completely remove the spot, Evelyn is crying hysterically and says that she wants to go home because her outfit is ruined. Her behavior demonstrates the characteristic of preoperational thought known as \_\_\_\_\_. A) irreversibility B) centration C) egocentrism D) conservation
A) irreversibility
Irreversibility refers to the preoperational child’s tendency to _____.
A focus on something other than appearances
B) use deductive reasoning to solve a problem
C) believe that what has been done cannot be undone
D) engage in centration when another solution is needed
C) believe that what has been done cannot be undone
Jake's father takes him to the barber for his first real haircut. At first, Jake is excited; but as soon as the barber makes the first cut in his hair, Jake becomes very upset and tells his father to make the barber stop. In spite of his father's efforts to assure him that his hair will grow back, Jake is devastated. Jake is exhibiting the characteristic known as \_\_\_\_\_. A) animism B) centration C) egocentrism D) irreversibility
D) irreversibility
A child's inability to understand that undoing a sequence of events will bring about the original situation is called \_\_\_\_\_. A) concrete operations B) conservation C) irreversibility D) symbolic thought
C) irreversibility
Four-year-old Jonathan is sitting at the lunch counter next to his sister Erin. They are having hot dogs for lunch. When his mom cuts Jonathan's hot dog into five pieces and Erin's into six pieces, Jonathan protests, "Erin has more than me!" Which ability does Jonathan not yet demonstrate? A) animism B) centration C) egocentrism D) conservation
D) conservation
Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly Putty into a thin “pancake.” When Daryl asks Mason if there is now more Silly Putty, Mason replies “Yes” because he has _____.
A) an understanding of scaffolding
B) not mastered the concept of conservation
C) an understanding of object permanence
D) demonstrated fast-mapping
B) not mastered the concept of conservation
A child is shown two identical tall containers, both half-filled with water. The water from one container is then poured into a short, wide container. If the child states that both containers still have the same amount of water, then the child understands the concept of \_\_\_\_\_. A) classification B) conservation C)centration D) transformation
B) conservation
Researchers now believe that Piaget underestimated cognition in infancy and \_\_\_\_\_ cognition in early childhood. A) overestimated B) also underestimated C) correctly estimated D) failed to estimate
B) also underestimated
According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child _____.
A) interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task
B) be told instructions for a task only once
C) discovers the solution to a task on his or her own
D) be taught new skills by other children
A) interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task
According to Vygotsky, a child's first guided participation is provided by a guide who is likely a(n) \_\_\_\_\_. A) classmate B) teacher C) parent D) older sibling
C) parent
Each time Juan puts a puzzle together, his father gives him a little less help. Which theorist would be pleased with Juan's father? A) Piaget B) Vygotsky C) Skinner D) Freud
B) Vygotsky
Skills that the child can accomplish with assistance but can't yet perform independently are part of \_\_\_\_\_. A) private speech B) the gap between heredity and learning C) distal development D) the zone of proximal development
D) the zone of proximal development
A child who is unable to read a picture book independently gets help from an adult to accomplish the task. This assistance will only be effective if the _____.
A) assistance is offered in a warm and gentle manner
B) child is at least 6 years old
C) child is in the period of preoperations
D) skill is within the child’s zone of proximal development
D) skill is within the child’s zone of proximal development
One of Vygotsky’s most famous concepts was the zone of proximal development, which asserts that _____.
A) there is a certain place in a school where most learning occurs
B) children can only reach a certain level of intelligence
C) children can master some tasks with the help of others
D) certain parts of the brain need to be activated
C) children can master some tasks with the help of others
Sydney helps her 2-year-old daughter to make hot chocolate. She helps the child to measure teaspoons of cocoa into a cup, add water, stir the contents, and then microwave the cup. Sydney is providing \_\_\_\_\_. A) scaffolding B) overstimulation C) conservation skills D) the zone of proximal development
A) scaffolding
According to Vygotsky, a teacher who carefully plans each child's participation in the learning process within the zone of proximal development uses \_\_\_\_\_. A) reinforcements for good behavior B) scaffolding C) peer mentoring D) skill construction
B) scaffolding
Which of the following is an example of scaffolding?
A) David helps his son learn how to build a model airplane by assembling it while his son watches.
B) Howard and Priscilla buy a Wii game system for their 5-year-old daughter, Rebecca. They set it up for her and then allow her to figure out how to turn it on and use it.
C) Richard buys a do-it-yourself kite kit for his 6-year-old daughter, Angela. He lays all of the pieces out for her and then allows her to read the instructions and follow them herself.
D) Miriam helps her son Ben to make cookies. She measures all of the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small bowls. She reads the recipe aloud as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon.
D) Miriam helps her son Ben to make cookies. She measures all of the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small bowls. She reads the recipe aloud as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon.
Juan is Mexican American, and Hui is Chinese American. The parents of both of these preschool boys have been reading books to them and making comments about the characters that are consistent with their own culture. Which values have the parents been teaching their sons?
A) Juan has been taught to notice how misbehavior got the book’s character into trouble.
B) Hui has been taught to notice the emotions of the characters.
C) Juan has been encouraged to become a well-behaved adult.
D) Hui has been taught to notice how misbehavior got the book’s character into trouble.
D) Hui has been taught to notice how misbehavior got the book’s character into trouble.
According to Vygotsky, which capability is demonstrated when young children imitate adult actions that are irrelevant, time-consuming, and inefficient? A) observing B) scaffolding C) modeling D) overimitation
D) overimitation
Benjy is a preschooler. He can put a dish into the microwave and press the “2” button to cook for two minutes. One day he sees his mother wipe the front of the microwave with a damp paper towel before she presses a number button. After that, Benjy rubs the front of the microwave with a napkin before he presses the number button. Why?
A) He is overimitating his mom.
B) He has forgotten how the microwave works.
C) He is providing scaffolding for his mom.
D) He is engaging in guided participation
A) He is overimitating his mom.
Aaliyah lies in her bed at night, talking out loud. Her parents listen from the hallway and hear her talking about her day as if she’s talking to another person. What should her parents conclude about Aaliyah’s behavior?
A) She’s engaging in private speech, and it is completely normal.
B) She’s engaging in private speech, and it is a sign of abnormal development.
C) She thinks there is someone else in the room.
D) Children who talk out loud when alone are usually experiencing bullying at school.
A) She’s engaging in private speech, and it is completely normal.
What did Vygotsky say about preschoolers’ use of private speech?
A) It aids cognition and self-reflection.
B) It is a sign of abnormal development.
C) It occurs when the child thinks there is someone else in the room.
D) It is a sign that the child is experiencing bullying at school.
A) It aids cognition and self-reflection.
What role does language play in guided participation?
A) None - language is irrelevant.
B) Minimal - language may be helpful or distracting.
C) Vital - language serves the function of social mediation.
D) Irrelevant - language and guided participation are independent of each other.
C) Vital - language serves the function of social mediation.
Which skill is known as one-to-one correspondence?
A) carrying on a conversation with another person
B) counting objects
C) knowing which numbers are greater than others
D) understanding sequence
B) counting objects
The ability to plan, remember, inhibit some impulses, and perform others is known as \_\_\_\_\_. A) executive function B) scaffolding C) overimitation D) guided participation
A) executive function
Which preschool factor is a better predictor of later learning in kindergarten? A) the child's age B) how advanced the child's language is C) executive function D) guided participation
C) executive function
Which kind of educational technology produced higher math scores?
A) games that required rapid responses
B) programs that were designed to be played alone
C) apps that required parents and children to discuss math together
D) programs with many attention-grabbing noises and animations
C) apps that required parents and children to discuss math together
Preschoolers try to construct a reason for the things that they see and hear. This tendency is known as \_\_\_\_\_. A) reversibility B) focus on appearance C) theory-theory D) logical reasoning
C) theory-theory
Humans seek reasons, causes, and underlying principles to explain the world around them. The research term for this tendency is \_\_\_\_\_. A) deductive reasoning B) conservation C) scaffolding D) theory-theory
D) theory-theory
A few days ago, Hester's parents disciplined her because she refused to eat her green beans. Today when her parents announced that they were going to get a divorce, Hester cried, "Is it because I was bad? I'll be good!" Hester's conclusion that her failure to eat her green beans is the reason her parents are getting divorced displays Hester's \_\_\_\_\_. A) deductive reasoning B) conservation C) scaffolding D) theory-theory
D) theory-theory
According to theory-theory, why do children imitate irrelevant adult behaviors?
A) They mindlessly copy everything adults do.
B) They theorize that the irrelevant behavior must be important.
C) They theorize that the adult will reward them for correct imitation.
D) They derive pleasure from correctly imitating behaviors of all sorts.
B) They theorize that the irrelevant behavior must be important.
A person's understanding of the thoughts of other people is called \_\_\_\_\_. A) intuitive psychology B) psychological schemata C) theory of mind D) self-schemes
C) theory of mind
At what age do most children develop theory of mind? A) 1 year B) 2 years C) 3 years D) 4 years
D) 4 years
Only after a child has developed theory of mind can he or she \_\_\_\_\_. A) offer comfort to a crying playmate B) tell a lie C) feel anger D) take turns sharing
B) tell a lie
Britney understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Britney has developed \_\_\_\_\_. A) egocentrism B) a script for crying C) theory of mind D) conservation
C) theory of mind
Researchers have discovered that \_\_\_\_\_ helps a child to develop theory of mind months ahead of a child who does not. A) learning the alphabet B) going to day care C) having a religious faith D) living with older siblings
D) living with older siblings
The underlying factor allowing the development of theory of mind is _____.
A) the simultaneous development of magical thinking
B) maturation of the prefrontal cortex
C) static reasoning
D) centration
B) maturation of the prefrontal cortex
