CHAPTER 16: Adolescence (Psychosocial Development) Flashcards by Ghaidaa Dakik

Psychosocial development during adolescence involves the search for a(n) _____.

A) soul mate
B) career
C) set of behaviors to please others
D) understanding of oneself

D) understanding of oneself

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Psychosocial development during adolescence is often seen as a quest to answer the question _____

A) “What am I going to do with my life?”
B) “Will I ever find someone to love?”
C) “Who am I?”
D) “Why don’t my parents understand me?”

C) “Who am I?”

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According to Erikson, adolescents are in the stage of _____.

A) identity versus role confusion
B) intimacy versus isolation
C) independence versus neediness
D) integration versus separation

A) identity versus role confusion

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According to Erikson, the goal of adolescence is to _____.

A) abandon parental goals
B) find one’s own identity
C) attain independence from one’s peer group
D) form an intimate relationship with a member of the opposite sex

B) find one’s own identity

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According to Erikson, the ultimate adolescent psychosocial goal is identity _____.

A) diffusion
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) moratorium

B) achievement

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Mary is an adolescent. According to Erikson, her new identity will be established by choosing _____.

A) an appropriate adult “hero figure”
B) values and goals opposite to the destructive identities of media stars
C) to embrace some parental and societal values while abandoning others
D) one sexual role and sticking with it, regardless of the consequences

C) to embrace some parental and societal values while abandoning others

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Following Erikson’s lead, _____ distinguished four specific ways in which young people cope with the identity crisis.

A) Baumrind
B) Freud
C) Marcia
D) Skinner

C) Marcia

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The identity status characterized by a lack of commitment to any goals or values was originally called identity _____.

A) achievement
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

C) diffusion

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Role confusion refers to the identity status in which adolescents _____.

A) pause during their identity formation to explore alternatives
B) form their identity prematurely
C) do not commit to goals and fail to take on any role
D) understand who they are as connected to everything they have learned

C) do not commit to goals and fail to take on any role

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Role confusion is typically characterized by _____.

A) no focus on or concern about the future
B) foreclosure
C) following one’s heart
D) commitment to a cause

A) no focus on or concern about the future

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Which adolescent appears to be experiencing role confusion?

A) Jeannine, who runs away from a pressured home environment and joins a commune
B) Fred, who is pressured by his parents to become a doctor
C) Barbara, a college student who frequently changes majors
D) Zachary, who spends most of his time watching TV and hanging out with his friends

D) Zachary, who spends most of his time watching TV and hanging out with his friends

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Seventeen-year-old Andrew failed several classes, lost his job, and spends most of his time sleeping on the couch. When his parents voice their disapproval, he replies, “Whatever.” Andrew’s response indicates _____.

A) role confusion
B) identity achievement
C) identity foreclosure
D) moratorium

A) role confusion

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When a person adopts his or her parents’ or society’s roles and values without questioning and exploring a personal identity, it is referred to as identity _____.

A) moratorium
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) achievement

B) foreclosure

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An example of a behavior that demonstrates identity foreclosure is _____.

A) dropping out of high school
B) choosing a different career path than what parents wanted
C) being eager to vote
D) working in the family business because it is expected

D) working in the family business because it is expected

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Harold readily adopted his parent’s political beliefs without question. Happy and secure, he enjoys participating in political events with his parents. His identity status reflects _____.

A) diffusion
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) moratorium

C) foreclosure

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Without any thoughtful consideration, Sean took on an identity that is the opposite of what his parents want for him. Sean has adopted a(n) _____.

A) negative identity
B) positive identity
C) non-identity
D) over identity

A) negative identity

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Angel’s parents wanted him to be part of the family business-and Angel planned to do so. Then, at age 21, he decided to leave the business to study to be a lawyer. Angel resisted _____.

A) identity foreclosure
B) forced conversion
C) role repudiation
D) negative identity

A) identity foreclosure

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The term for a pause in identity formation, when alternatives are explored before final choices are made, is known as _____.

A) identity diffusion
B) role confusion
C) negative identity
D) moratorium

D) moratorium

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During an identity moratorium, adolescents typically _____.

A) ignore their future roles and responsibilities
B) take on a temporary role and postpone identity-achievement decisions
C) change their identity from that of their youth
D) adopt their parents’ views after having tested them on their own

B) take on a temporary role and postpone identity-achievement decisions

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In the United States, one way for some to legitimatize an identity moratorium is to _____.

A) go to college
B) get married
C) have a baby
D) smoke marijuana

A) go to college

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Barrett is serving a two-year mission for his church at the age of 19. When he returns home from his mission assignment, he will decide whether or not to attend college and will make decisions about career and family. Barrett’s current status is identity _____.

A) foreclosure
B) moratorium
C) diffusion
D) achievement

B) moratorium

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According to Erikson, what is one of the four aspects of identity?

A) physical
B) political
C) familial
D) economic

B) political

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_____ adolescents totally reject the religion in which they have grown up.

A) Few
B) About half of all
C) About three-fourths of all
D) Almost all

A) Few

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Today, vocational identity often takes _____ to establish, and most work demands very specific skills that cannot be learned except on the job.

A) days
B) months
C) years
D) decades

C) years

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Research indicates that adolescents who work 20 hours a week or more _____. A) save more money for college B) are more likely to love their work in adulthood C) create a stronger vocational identity early on D) tend to hate their jobs and achieve less in school

D) tend to hate their jobs and achieve less in school

Gender refers to _____. A) the cultural or social attributes of being male or female B) the biological characteristics of being male or female C) homophobia D) one's sexual orientation

A) the cultural or social attributes of being male or female

People's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that they define as male or female is referred to as their _____ identity. A) gender B) ethnic C) heterosexual D) foreclosed

A) gender

Enrique believes that males should always be the ones to ask females out on dates. He thinks that if a man accepts an invitation for a date from a girl, it makes him a wimp. This is an example of Enrique's _____. A) sex B) gender identity C) sexual orientation D) gender

B) gender identity

Which statement is an example of a gender role? A) A man should be the primary wage earner. B) A baby is born with reproductive organs for both sexes. C) A biological male decides to undergo an operation to become a woman. D) A woman decides to try dating men and women.

A) A man should be the primary wage earner.

At what point in development is fluidity and uncertainty regarding sex and gender most common? A) early childhood B) middle childhood C) early adolescence D) emerging adulthood

C) early adolescence

In the United States, parent-child conflict is most common when children are in _____. A) late childhood B) early adolescence C) late adolescence D) emerging adulthood

B) early adolescence

In typical relationships, one would expect the most bickering between _____. A) grandparents and teens B) adolescents and older siblings C) mothers and daughters D) fathers and sons

C) mothers and daughters

Bickering between parents and adolescents is most likely to _____. A) be about religious beliefs B) signal pathology in the family C) concern personal habits and dress D) increase steadily between the ages of 13 and 19

C) concern personal habits and dress

Sandra is in her bedroom with her mother. Sandra's mother exclaims, "You need to get these clothes off the floor right now!" Sandra replies, "It's my room and I will leave things where I want." Sandra's mother responds, "I am your mother and you will do what I say." This is an example of _____. A) bickering B) open communication C) parental monitoring D) family bonds

A) bickering

Some parent-child bickering during the adolescent years may indicate _____. A) a disturbed parent-child relationship B) poor parenting skills C) teenage depression D) a healthy family

D) a healthy family

After a period of frequent bickering, Brittany and her parents are getting along much better. What is the best explanation for the new improvement in their relationship? A) Brittany is showing less resistance and more placation. B) Brittany's parents have adjusted to her increasing needs for independence and egalitarianism. C) Brittany has a more developed prefrontal cortex. D) Brittany has engaged in more self-reflection and humility.

B) Brittany's parents have adjusted to her increasing needs for independence and egalitarianism.

The cultural norm of familism often _____. A) demands that individual family members take care of themselves at a very early age B) fails to provide family members with a cushion during stressful life experiences C) requires family members to make sacrifices for the good of the whole family D) undermines familial solidarity

C) requires family members to make sacrifices for the good of the whole family

The cultural norm of familism leads some adolescents to allow their parents to make decisions for them. Most U.S. teenagers _____. A) endorse the concept of familism B) deliberately challenge their parents' decisions and beliefs C) agree with their parents' decisions and therefore feel no need to challenge them D) believe that their parents have their own best interests at heart, not their teen's

B) deliberately challenge their parents' decisions and beliefs

Among teenagers who strongly endorse familism, _____. A) rebellion and crime are higher B) skipping school and poor school performance are higher C) school attendance is higher and gang membership is lower D) gang membership is higher, and carrying a weapon is more likely

C) school attendance is higher and gang membership is lower

Alex has decided to pursue a career in music, even though his parents want him to study medicine. Alex has decided not to share his future career plans with his parents. Alex is most likely from _____. A) the United States B) Chile C) the Philippines D) Hong Kong

B) Chile

Several researchers have compared parent-child relationships in various cultures and have found that parent-child communication and encouragement benefit adolescents, reducing the risk for _____. A) depression B) high self-esteem C) low self-monitoring D) obesity

D) obesity

Which of the following names two of the aspects of family closeness during adolescence? A) communication and autonomy B) support and connectedness C) connectedness and authority D) openness and control

B) support and connectedness

A father says to his son, "I want you home by 10:00 P.M." This best represents which aspect of family closeness? A) control B) support C) communication D) connectedness

A) control

Eva is about to become an adolescent mother. Based on recent research, if she is a typical American teen, she and her child will better handle the situation if her parents _____. A) assume care for Eva and her child B) adopt Eva's child and raise the child as their own C) encourage Eva to move out of the house to raise her baby alone D) are supportive but do not assume complete care for her child

D) are supportive but do not assume complete care for her child

Parents' awareness of where their adolescents are, what they are doing, and with whom they are doing it is referred to as _____. A) parental monitoring B) generational stake C) overcontrolling D) connectedness

A) parental monitoring

Abbie is aware of where her son is whenever he goes out, and she requires him to call if there is any change in plans. This is an example of _____. A) generational stake B) foreclosure for her son C) parental monitoring D) negative control

C) parental monitoring

Parental monitoring is most likely to be effective and healthy when it is _____. A) rigid and controlling B) part of a warm, supportive relationship C) relaxed and permissive D) part of authoritarian parenting

B) part of a warm, supportive relationship

Cold and controlling parenting practices are associated with _____. A) a well-behaved adolescent B) adolescent alcohol use C) adolescent achievement D) closeness with parents

B) adolescent alcohol use

Nicholi's parents are cold, strict, and punitive. Compared with his peers whose parents are less restrictive and controlling, Nicholi is more likely to be _____. A) academically successful B) closer with his parents C) rebellious D) happy

C) rebellious

With respect to parental control over adolescents, control paired with _____ is best for adolescent emotional functioning. A) suspicion B) warmth C) restrictions D) disinterest

B) warmth

An intervention study designed to improve family communication and cohesion between parents and their sons (Brody et al., 2009) revealed that the sons' DNA was important to the outcome. Which statement was a finding from the study? A) The intervention had an impact on boys with a long allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene. B) The intervention had an impact on boys with a short allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene. C) The control experience had an impact on boys with a long allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene. D) The control experience had an impact on boys with a short allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene.

B) The intervention had an impact on boys with a short allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene.

Healthy communication and support from parents make _____ peer relationships more likely. A) constructive B) destructive C) opposite-sex D) romantic

A) constructive

The urge to conform to one's peers in behavior, dress, and attitude is referred to as _____. A) conformation B) adolescent burden C) generation gap D) peer pressure

D) peer pressure

Callie called her friend Sue on Saturday to see whether Sue wanted to go to the movies. Sue told Callie that she was staying home to study for their upcoming history test. After the call, Callie decided to study instead of go to the movies. Callie was experiencing _____. A) conformation B) adolescent burden C) generation gap D) peer pressure

D) peer pressure

Almost all social media is engaged in by adolescents who _____. A) do not know each other beyond social media B) are friends C) are in a bully-victim relationship D) do not have many friends

B) are friends

The most influential peers are those who _____. A) are nearby at the moment B) are the most popular C) are friends with one's siblings D) have access to modern technology

A) are nearby at the moment

Isaac and Derek persuaded Robert to cut school and steal alcohol from a store. Isaac and Derek provided _____ to Robert. A) criminal coaching B) deviancy training C) delinquent apprenticeship D) offender initiation

B) deviancy training

At age 17, Gage aspired to become a serious musician. His group of friends began to change as he grew closer to students with deep musical interests, and he drifted away from other friends who were more engaged in sports. This illustrates peer _____. A) exclusion B) facilitation C) selection D) focus

C) selection

Several of Jamel's friends agree to gather on Thursday evening to study for their physics exam, and they invite him to come along. Jamel's friends are _____. A) selecting destructive behaviors B) facilitating constructive behaviors C) providing deviancy training D) being monitored by parents

B) facilitating constructive behaviors

Mr. and Mrs. Cortina have discovered that their son has been skipping classes and cutting school with a group of boys. Which conclusion is most likely true? A) The group has led their innocent son astray. B) The behavior is nothing to worry about. C) Their son is more rebellious than the group as a whole. D) Their son chose this group because he shares their interests.

D) Their son chose this group because he shares their interests.

When do teens' first romances typically occur? A) elementary school B) middle school C) high school D) college

C) high school

Many adolescent romances _____. A) are stable and long term B) do not include sexual intercourse C) are exclusive commitments between partners D) are free from strong emotional reactions

B) do not include sexual intercourse

The term that describes one having erotic desires about the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes is _____. A) sexual identity B) sexual orientation C) sexuality D) gender identity

B) sexual orientation

A recent study of teens in New York City found that the teens at highest risk for sexual violence and STIs had _____. A) exclusively same-sex partners B) exclusively opposite-sex partners C) gender dysphoria D) both same-sex and opposite-sex partners

D) both same-sex and opposite-sex partners

Sexual content that appears on television rarely includes _____ sexual behaviors. A) the negative consequences of B) the pleasure associated with C) the passion of partners engaging in D) characters engaging in

A) the negative consequences of

Many parents _____ their own adolescent child's sexual activity. A) ask appropriate questions about B) overestimate C) share advice about D) underestimate

D) underestimate

Which adolescent's sexual behavior is likely to be most strongly influenced by peers? A) Hannah, who has a warm relationship with her parents B) Darrel, whose parents talk to him about sexual topics C) Trista, whose parents speak specifically about sexual topics D) Tom, who has parents who forbid sexual behavior

D) Tom, who has parents who forbid sexual behavior

One reason that the teenage pregnancy rate in most European nations is less than half of that in the United States may be because _____. A) of the European sex-education curriculum B) European adolescents live at home longer C) American parents are too permissive D) European teens reach puberty later

A) of the European sex-education curriculum

Compared to when they were children, many adolescents are _____. A) happier B) more carefree C) less self-confident D) more focused

C) less self-confident

In general, as children experience puberty, their self-esteem _____. A) rises B) declines C) rises then declines D) remains stable

B) declines

If they are all typical for their groups, which 15-year-old has the lowest self-esteem? A) Jake, a European American male B) Chaundrise, an African American female C) Jessica, a European American female D) Genji, an Asian American female

D) Genji, an Asian American female

Approximately 1 in _____ adolescent girls is affected by serious depression. A) 2 B) 5 C) 10 D) 100

B) 5

Approximately 1 in _____ adolescent boys is affected by serious depression. A) 2 B) 5 C) 10 D) 100

C) 10

One study found that the short allele of the serotonin transporter promoter gene (5-HTTLPR) contributes to increased rates of depression in all girls, but only in boys who _____. A) ruminate B) are suicidal C) come from high-SES communities D) come from low-SES communities

D) come from low-SES communities

Elyse broke up with her boyfriend after a fight. She has spent the last week repeatedly going over the fight in her mind, which has caused her to sink into depression. Her continual reliving of the fight is known as _____. A) rumination B) reminiscence C) obsession D) fixation

A) rumination

Suicidal ideation refers to _____. A) a deliberate act of self-destruction that does not end in death B) serious, distressing thoughts about killing oneself C) the belief that suicide is an effective way of getting back at one's parents or peers D) feelings of sadness or hopelessness

B) serious, distressing thoughts about killing oneself

Suicidal ideation is most common around age _____. A) 9 B) 12 C) 15 D) 18

C) 15

Lydia finds that she often thinks about killing herself. This is called _____. A) parasuicide B) self-destructive behavior C) deliberate suicide D) suicidal ideation

D) suicidal ideation

Parasuicide refers to _____. A) a suicide attempt that does not end in death B) helping someone else to commit suicide C) several people in a group committing suicide D) the serious consideration of suicide

A) a suicide attempt that does not end in death

Alisha took an overdose of prescription pills, but before she lost consciousness she called her mom for help. Alisha was rushed to the hospital for medical attention. Alisha's behavior is defined as _____. A) parasuicide B) self-destructive behavior C) deliberate suicide D) suicidal ideation

A) parasuicide

Several suicides within the same group of people in a brief period are called _____ suicides. A) cult B) pact C) planned D) cluster

D) cluster

With respect to suicide, what is more common in adolescent boys than in adolescent girls? A) serious consideration of suicide B) parasuicide C) completed suicide D) cluster suicide

C) completed suicide

Which statement about adolescent crime is accurate? A) The majority of adolescent lawbreakers are caught. B) Most adolescents have broken a law by the age of 20. C) Chronic offenders tend to be teens convicted of many violent offenses. D) Teen girls tend to commit more crimes than teen boys.

B) Most adolescents have broken a law by the age of 20.

Pete has been shoplifting for the past year. Unless he experiences an intervention, his shoplifting behavior is most likely to lead to _____. A) defiance, which can lead to running away B) assault, rape, and murder C) burglary D) aggression

C) burglary

According to the text, which factor is a possible reason for the decrease in juvenile criminal behavior? A) more school dropouts B) lenient drug laws C) larger families D) less lead poisoning

D) less lead poisoning

Life-course-persistent offenders _____. A) may show signs of neurological impairment B) have after-school jobs they dislike C) tend to be involved in school activities D) are unlikely to end up in prison

A) may show signs of neurological impairment

Ty started to behave aggressively at age 5, and by age 8 he was caught shoplifting several times. Ty is now age 25 and has committed armed robbery. Ty would be considered to be a(n) _____. A) hostile offender B) dual offender C) life-course-persistent offender D) adolescence-limited offender

C) life-course-persistent offender

An adolescence-limited offender refers to someone who _____. A) attacks only other adolescents B) stops committing crimes by age 21 C) is never arrested D) is a juvenile delinquent

B) stops committing crimes by age 21

An individual who commits crimes during adolescence but stops by the age of 21 is considered a(n) _____. A) repeat offender B) career criminal C) life-course-persistent offender D) adolescence-limited offender

D) adolescence-limited offender

Many longitudinal studies have shown that increased anger during adolescence is normal and that most adolescents express their anger in _____ ways. A) acceptable B) unacceptable C) illegal D) troubling

A) acceptable

Drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes before the age of 15 _____. A) is rare because it is illegal B) is statistically lower than drug use at age 10 C) is worrisome because early use escalates D) usually only involves experimentation with alcohol

C) is worrisome because early use escalates

Inhalants, which are used more by younger adolescents to get high, include _____. A) marijuana B) cocaine C) tobacco D) aerosols

D) aerosols

The most frequently abused drug in North America is _____. A) inhalants B) tobacco C) marijuana D) alcohol

D) alcohol

When Sherri was 13 years old, she and her friend snuck some alcohol from her parents' alcohol cabinet and had her first taste. Two years later, she would swipe alcohol and get drunk before every school dance. Two years after that, she was drinking to the point of blacking out at least once a month. Nonetheless, Sherri insists that she's just having fun and doesn't have a drinking problem. Her experience illustrates that _____. A) girls get addicted to alcohol very easily B) teens often do not notice as they move past use, to abuse, to addiction C) she is a typical teenager, as most teens become addicted to alcohol if they have an opportunity D) once teenagers experiment with alcohol, they will inevitably become addicted

B) teens often do not notice as they move past use, to abuse, to addiction

Heavy drinking impairs memory and self-control by _____. A) damaging the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex B) damaging the heart and lungs C) increasing blood pressure D) causing strokes in the brain

A) damaging the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

Marijuana use that begins in adolescence has been associated with _____. A) improved cognitive functioning B) lower levels of depression C) higher rates of school dropouts D) continuous employment

C) higher rates of school dropouts

The invincibility fallacy plays a role in adolescent drug use by _____. A) making adolescents feel like they are exceptions to dire warnings B) eliciting fear in adolescents that they might shorten their lives with drug use C) illustrating the risks of addiction D) highlighting the peer disapproval that accompanies drug use

A) making adolescents feel like they are exceptions to dire warnings

When applied to the discussion of drug abuse, the term generational forgetting means that _____. A) adults turn a blind eye to youthful experimentation B) youth seek to get high and forget their age C) adolescents gather with others of their cohort to experiment with drugs D) each new cohort forgets what the previous cohort learned

D) each new cohort forgets what the previous cohort learned

Which factor has contributed to a decline in the number of young adolescent smokers in the United States? A) lower cigarette prices B) the legal smoking age C) educational advertisements featuring clean-cut young people D) better law enforcement of tobacco sales

D) better law enforcement of tobacco sales

During the fifth stage of psychosocial development, an adolescent who is exploring the many possible roles to adopt is said to be _____. A) in foreclosure B) in moratorium C) experiencing a crisis of identity versus role confusion D) in a search for compatibility

C) experiencing a crisis of identity versus role confusion

Erikson described four aspects of identity as being the religious, the sexual, the vocational, and the _____. A) ethnic B) cognitive C) political D) linguistic

C) political

Parent and adolescent conflicts _____. A) rarely occur in the early teen years B) arise when a parent demands excellence in his or her child C) occur when a child's drive for independence clashes with the parent's supervision and control D) arise only when the child is in late adolescence

C) occur when a child's drive for independence clashes with the parent's supervision and control

When parents are warm and supportive, their use of _____ can lead their adolescent children to develop into confident adults. A) sexual orientation B) temperament C) rumination D) parental monitoring

D) parental monitoring

_____ provide support for adjustment to the physical changes of adolescence. A) Pets B) Peers C) Television characters D) Chores

B) Peers

In teen friendships, _____. A) peers are typically more harmful than helpful B) friends lure each other into self-destructive behavior C) teens often have close, nonsexual friendships with teens from the other gender D) a well-behaved teen is often friends with a deviant teen

C) teens often have close, nonsexual friendships with teens from the other gender

Destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms is referred to as _____. A) deviancy training B) hoodlum apprenticeship C) peer pressure D) delinquent apprenticeship

A) deviancy training

The direction of someone's erotic desires is referred to as _____. A) gender orientation B) sexual orientation C) sexual role development D) sexual identity

B) sexual orientation

Parents often avoid providing sex education to their children because _____. A) they are embarrassed B) they assume that their children are already sexually active C) children think that their parents know a lot about sex D) they want to maintain a cold relationship with their child

A) they are embarrassed

Clinical depression among adolescents is _____. A) more common in females than in males B) social, not genetic, in origin C) less frequent than in childhood D) typical of the majority of teens

A) more common in females than in males

Adolescence-limited offenders tend to _____. A) continue criminal behavior into adulthood B) outgrow their criminal behavior C) commit more violent crimes than other offenders D) be more likely to attend college than non-offenders

B) outgrow their criminal behavior

Which statement about adolescent anger is true? A) Most adolescents express their anger by hurting others. B) Bouts of anger are common during adolescence. C) Most adolescents do not experience any increased anger. D) Children who have been aggressive throughout their childhood typically experience decreased anger by the time they become adolescents.

B) Bouts of anger are common during adolescence.

The best predictor of later drug abuse is _____. A) drug use before age 15 B) drug use after age 15 C) parental drug use D) ethnicity

A) drug use before age 15

Which psychoactive drug used during adolescence is known to affect memory, language proficiency, and motivation? A) alcohol B) amphetamines C) cocaine D) marijuana

D) marijuana

The most effective drug prevention strategy includes _____. A) less stringent enforcement of drug laws B) ads in which a clean-cut young person advises viewers to think before they use C) parents setting good examples D) having an adult forbid adolescents to try drugs

C) parents setting good examples

During adolescence the crisis of role confusion is resolved with _____. A. identity achievement B. identity foreclosure C. negative identity D. identity moratorium

A. identity achievement

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding identity achievement? A. Identity statuses include positive identity, achievement, moratorium, and negative identity. B. An adolescent can be at various identity statuses simultaneously. C. Four aspects of identity include vocational, sexual, religious, and political identity. D. Vocational identity now occurs earlier than it used to.

C. Four aspects of identity include vocational, sexual, religious, and political identity.

Parent–child communication and encouragement _____ teenage depression, suicide, and low self-esteem, and _____ motivation and achievement. A. increase; increase B. decrease; decrease C. increase; decrease D. decrease; increase

D. decrease; increase

Adults often have a negative attitude toward, and sometimes a fear of, their child’s peers because of the negative social pressure from peers. Parents who have this attitude may overlook the important fact that _____. A. pressure to conform to peers is short-lived (declining after age 14) B. peers ease the transition from childhood to adulthood C. peers generally encourage socially desirable behavior D. peers always exert a positive influence

B. peers ease the transition from childhood to adulthood | C. peers generally

_____ is the destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms. A. Peer pressure B. Deviancy facilitation C. Deviancy training D. Coercive joining

C. Deviancy training

_____ are serious, distressing thoughts about killing oneself, most common at about age 15. A. Parasuicides B. Suicides C. Suicidal ideations D. Failed suicides

C. Suicidal ideations

Juvenile delinquents whose criminal activity stops by age 21 are known as _____. A. adolescence-limited offenders B. teenage-extended offenders C. life-course-persistent offenders D. adolescence-persistent offenders

A. adolescence-limited offenders

_____ is the most frequently abused drug in North America and impairs memory and self- control by damaging the _____. A. Alcohol; hippocampus B. Tobacco; reticular activating system C. Marijuana; prefrontal cortex D. Alcohol; nervous system

A. Alcohol; hippocampus

Which of the following statements about teen romance is true? A. Forty percent of teens are still virgins when they graduate high school. B. Sexual orientation is extremely stable in the teen years. C. Seventy-five percent of teens have had sex by the time they graduate high school. D. It is unlikely for teens to spend time with the opposite sex unless they are dating.

A. Forty percent of teens are still virgins when they graduate high school.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about teen drug use? A. Drug use is typically caused by anxiety disorders and depression. B. Marijuana has no negative impacts. C. Heavy drinking has immediate impacts but no long- term consequences. D. Tobacco impairs digestion and nutrition, and it slows growth.

D. Tobacco impairs digestion and nutrition, and it slows growth.

Martha, an adolescent, is unsure what she wants to do with her life despite her parents pushing her to do something. Which of the following actions would lead Martha to a moratorium? A. leave home and move out of state so that she feels less parental pressure B. enroll at the local junior college C. work for her father in his store D. take a full-time job

B. enroll at the local junior college

Nila and Ted have three children and have knowledge about each child’s whereabouts, activities, and companions. This ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom is known as _____. A. parental policing B. parental spying C. parental scouting D. parental monitoring

D. parental monitoring

John is 16 and was caught shoplifting. His girlfriend, Darla, was with him and was in on the crime. Statistically speaking, which of the following is true? A. This is likely the first serious offense for both John and Darla. B. Darla is more likely than John to be arrested for the act. C. John is more likely than Darla to be arrested for the act. D. John is very likely to have committed his first serious crime before the age of 10.

C. John is more likely than Darla to be arrested for the act.

What is a potential reason for adolescent males outnumbering adolescent females in suicide? A. Females are not really serious about suicide. B. Females are more likely to have social support from friends. C. Males have a higher rate of depression than females. D. Males are more likely to act out of self-hatred.

B. Females are more likely to have social support from friends.

Sheila has deep sadness and hopelessness that disrupts all normal regular activities, indicating that she suffers from _____. A. major depression B. anxiety C. bipolar disorder D. manic disorder

A. major depression

The opposite of identity achievement is A.Role confusion B. identity foreclosure C. Negative identity D. identity moratorium

A.Role confusion

Zora and her mom constantly have small arguments about relatively unimportant matters. This normal interaction between parents and children is called A. the generation gap B. a generational stake C. Bicultural conflict D. Bickering

D. Bickering

Adults often have a negative attitude toward, and sometimes a fear of, their child's peers because of the negative social pressure from peers. Parents who have this attitude may overlook the important fact that A.presure to conform to peers is short lived( declining after the age 14) B. Peers ease the transition from childhood to adulthood C. peers generally encourage socially desirable behavior D. all the above

B. Peers ease the transition from childhood to adulthood

Which of the following statements about teen romance is true ? A. Forty percent of teens are still virgins when they graduate high school B. Sexual orientation is extremely stable in the teen years C. Seventy -five of teens have had sex by the time they graduate high school D. It is unlikely for teens to spend time with opposite sex unless they are dating

A. Forty percent of teens are still virgins when they graduate high school

Which of the following is an accurate statement about teen drug use? A. Drug use is typically caused by anxiety disorders and depression B. Marijuana has no negative impacts C. heavy drinking has immediate impacts but no long-term consequences D. Tobacco impairs digestion and nutrition and it slows growth

D. Tobacco impairs digestion and nutrition and it slows growth

Adolescent males outnumber females in suicide. What is one potential reason A. Females are not really serious about suicide B. Females are more likely to have more social support from friends C. Males have a higher rate of depression than females D males are more likely to act out of self-hatred

B. Females are more likely to have more social support from friends

Eli is 16 and was caught shoplifting. His girlfriend, Darla , was with him and was in on the crime. Statistically speaking, which of the following is true? A. This is likely the first serious offense for both of them B. Darla is more likely than Eli to be arrested for the act C. Eli is more likely than Darla to be arrested for the act D. John is very likely to have committed his first serious crime before the age of 10

C. Eli is more likely than Darla to be arrested for the act

which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding identity achievement? A. identity statuses include positive identity achievement, moratorium, and negative identity B. an adolescent can be at various identity statuses simultaneously C. Four aspects of identity include vocational sexual, religious, and political identity. D. Vocational identity now occurs earlier than it used to

C. Four aspects of identity include vocational sexual, religious, and political identity.