CHAPTER 16: Adolescence (Psychosocial Development)

Question 1

Psychosocial development during adolescence involves the search for a(n) _____.

A) soul mate
B) career
C) set of behaviors to please others
D) understanding of oneself

Answer 1

D) understanding of oneself

Question 2

Psychosocial development during adolescence is often seen as a quest to answer the question _____

A) “What am I going to do with my life?”
B) “Will I ever find someone to love?”
C) “Who am I?”
D) “Why don’t my parents understand me?”

Answer 2

C) “Who am I?”

Question 3

According to Erikson, adolescents are in the stage of _____.

A) identity versus role confusion
B) intimacy versus isolation
C) independence versus neediness
D) integration versus separation

Answer 3

A) identity versus role confusion

Question 4

According to Erikson, the goal of adolescence is to _____.

A) abandon parental goals
B) find one’s own identity
C) attain independence from one’s peer group
D) form an intimate relationship with a member of the opposite sex

Answer 4

B) find one’s own identity

Question 5

According to Erikson, the ultimate adolescent psychosocial goal is identity _____.

A) diffusion
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) moratorium

Answer 5

B) achievement

Question 6

Mary is an adolescent. According to Erikson, her new identity will be established by choosing _____.

A) an appropriate adult “hero figure”
B) values and goals opposite to the destructive identities of media stars
C) to embrace some parental and societal values while abandoning others
D) one sexual role and sticking with it, regardless of the consequences

Answer 6

C) to embrace some parental and societal values while abandoning others

Question 7

Following Erikson’s lead, _____ distinguished four specific ways in which young people cope with the identity crisis.

A) Baumrind
B) Freud
C) Marcia
D) Skinner

Answer 7

C) Marcia

Question 8

The identity status characterized by a lack of commitment to any goals or values was originally called identity _____.

A) achievement
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Answer 8

C) diffusion

Question 9

Role confusion refers to the identity status in which adolescents _____.

A) pause during their identity formation to explore alternatives
B) form their identity prematurely
C) do not commit to goals and fail to take on any role
D) understand who they are as connected to everything they have learned

Answer 9

C) do not commit to goals and fail to take on any role

Question 10

Role confusion is typically characterized by _____.

A) no focus on or concern about the future
B) foreclosure
C) following one’s heart
D) commitment to a cause

Answer 10

A) no focus on or concern about the future

Question 11

Which adolescent appears to be experiencing role confusion?

A) Jeannine, who runs away from a pressured home environment and joins a commune
B) Fred, who is pressured by his parents to become a doctor
C) Barbara, a college student who frequently changes majors
D) Zachary, who spends most of his time watching TV and hanging out with his friends

Answer 11

D) Zachary, who spends most of his time watching TV and hanging out with his friends

Question 12

Seventeen-year-old Andrew failed several classes, lost his job, and spends most of his time sleeping on the couch. When his parents voice their disapproval, he replies, “Whatever.” Andrew’s response indicates _____.

A) role confusion
B) identity achievement
C) identity foreclosure
D) moratorium

Answer 12

A) role confusion

Question 13

When a person adopts his or her parents’ or society’s roles and values without questioning and exploring a personal identity, it is referred to as identity _____.

A) moratorium
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) achievement

Answer 13

B) foreclosure

Question 14

An example of a behavior that demonstrates identity foreclosure is _____.

A) dropping out of high school
B) choosing a different career path than what parents wanted
C) being eager to vote
D) working in the family business because it is expected

Answer 14

D) working in the family business because it is expected

Question 15

Harold readily adopted his parent’s political beliefs without question. Happy and secure, he enjoys participating in political events with his parents. His identity status reflects _____.

A) diffusion
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) moratorium

Answer 15

C) foreclosure

Question 16

Without any thoughtful consideration, Sean took on an identity that is the opposite of what his parents want for him. Sean has adopted a(n) _____.

A) negative identity
B) positive identity
C) non-identity
D) over identity

Answer 16

A) negative identity

Question 17

Angel’s parents wanted him to be part of the family business-and Angel planned to do so. Then, at age 21, he decided to leave the business to study to be a lawyer. Angel resisted _____.

A) identity foreclosure
B) forced conversion
C) role repudiation
D) negative identity

Answer 17

A) identity foreclosure

Question 18

The term for a pause in identity formation, when alternatives are explored before final choices are made, is known as _____.

A) identity diffusion
B) role confusion
C) negative identity
D) moratorium

Answer 18

D) moratorium

Question 19

During an identity moratorium, adolescents typically _____.

A) ignore their future roles and responsibilities
B) take on a temporary role and postpone identity-achievement decisions
C) change their identity from that of their youth
D) adopt their parents’ views after having tested them on their own

Answer 19

B) take on a temporary role and postpone identity-achievement decisions

Question 20

In the United States, one way for some to legitimatize an identity moratorium is to _____.

A) go to college
B) get married
C) have a baby
D) smoke marijuana

Answer 20

A) go to college

Question 21

Barrett is serving a two-year mission for his church at the age of 19. When he returns home from his mission assignment, he will decide whether or not to attend college and will make decisions about career and family. Barrett’s current status is identity _____.

A) foreclosure
B) moratorium
C) diffusion
D) achievement

Answer 21

B) moratorium

Question 22

According to Erikson, what is one of the four aspects of identity?

A) physical
B) political
C) familial
D) economic

Answer 22

B) political

Question 23

_____ adolescents totally reject the religion in which they have grown up.

A) Few
B) About half of all
C) About three-fourths of all
D) Almost all

Answer 23

A) Few

Question 24

Today, vocational identity often takes _____ to establish, and most work demands very specific skills that cannot be learned except on the job.

A) days
B) months
C) years
D) decades

Answer 24

C) years

Question 25

Research indicates that adolescents who work 20 hours a week or more _____.

A) save more money for college
B) are more likely to love their work in adulthood
C) create a stronger vocational identity early on
D) tend to hate their jobs and achieve less in school

Answer 25

D) tend to hate their jobs and achieve less in school

Question 26

Gender refers to _____.

A) the cultural or social attributes of being male or female
B) the biological characteristics of being male or female
C) homophobia
D) one’s sexual orientation

Answer 26

A) the cultural or social attributes of being male or female

Question 27

People’s acceptance of the roles and behaviors that they define as male or female is referred to as their _____ identity.

A) gender
B) ethnic
C) heterosexual
D) foreclosed

Answer 27

A) gender

Question 28

Enrique believes that males should always be the ones to ask females out on dates. He thinks that if a man accepts an invitation for a date from a girl, it makes him a wimp. This is an example of Enrique’s _____.

A) sex
B) gender identity
C) sexual orientation
D) gender

Answer 28

B) gender identity

Question 29

Which statement is an example of a gender role?

A) A man should be the primary wage earner.
B) A baby is born with reproductive organs for both sexes.
C) A biological male decides to undergo an operation to become a woman.
D) A woman decides to try dating men and women.

Answer 29

A) A man should be the primary wage earner.

Question 30

At what point in development is fluidity and uncertainty regarding sex and gender most common?

A) early childhood
B) middle childhood
C) early adolescence
D) emerging adulthood

Answer 30

C) early adolescence

Question 31

In the United States, parent-child conflict is most common when children are in _____.

A) late childhood
B) early adolescence
C) late adolescence
D) emerging adulthood

Answer 31

B) early adolescence

Question 32

In typical relationships, one would expect the most bickering between _____.

A) grandparents and teens
B) adolescents and older siblings
C) mothers and daughters
D) fathers and sons

Answer 32

C) mothers and daughters

Question 33

Bickering between parents and adolescents is most likely to _____.

A) be about religious beliefs
B) signal pathology in the family
C) concern personal habits and dress
D) increase steadily between the ages of 13 and 19

Answer 33

C) concern personal habits and dress

Question 34

Sandra is in her bedroom with her mother. Sandra’s mother exclaims, “You need to get these clothes off the floor right now!” Sandra replies, “It’s my room and I will leave things where I want.” Sandra’s mother responds, “I am your mother and you will do what I say.” This is an example of _____.

A) bickering
B) open communication
C) parental monitoring
D) family bonds

Answer 34

A) bickering

Question 35

Some parent-child bickering during the adolescent years may indicate _____.

A) a disturbed parent-child relationship
B) poor parenting skills
C) teenage depression
D) a healthy family

Answer 35

D) a healthy family

Question 36

After a period of frequent bickering, Brittany and her parents are getting along much better. What is the best explanation for the new improvement in their relationship?

A) Brittany is showing less resistance and more placation.
B) Brittany’s parents have adjusted to her increasing needs for independence and egalitarianism.
C) Brittany has a more developed prefrontal cortex.
D) Brittany has engaged in more self-reflection and humility.

Answer 36

B) Brittany’s parents have adjusted to her increasing needs for independence and egalitarianism.

Question 37

The cultural norm of familism often _____.

A) demands that individual family members take care of themselves at a very early age
B) fails to provide family members with a cushion during stressful life experiences
C) requires family members to make sacrifices for the good of the whole family
D) undermines familial solidarity

Answer 37

C) requires family members to make sacrifices for the good of the whole family

Question 38

The cultural norm of familism leads some adolescents to allow their parents to make decisions for them. Most U.S. teenagers _____.

A) endorse the concept of familism
B) deliberately challenge their parents’ decisions and beliefs
C) agree with their parents’ decisions and therefore feel no need to challenge them
D) believe that their parents have their own best interests at heart, not their teen’s

Answer 38

B) deliberately challenge their parents’ decisions and beliefs

Question 39

Among teenagers who strongly endorse familism, _____.

A) rebellion and crime are higher
B) skipping school and poor school performance are higher
C) school attendance is higher and gang membership is lower
D) gang membership is higher, and carrying a weapon is more likely

Answer 39

C) school attendance is higher and gang membership is lower

Question 40

Alex has decided to pursue a career in music, even though his parents want him to study medicine. Alex has decided not to share his future career plans with his parents. Alex is most likely from _____.

A) the United States
B) Chile
C) the Philippines
D) Hong Kong

Answer 40

B) Chile

Question 41

Several researchers have compared parent-child relationships in various cultures and have found that parent-child communication and encouragement benefit adolescents, reducing the risk for _____.

A) depression
B) high self-esteem
C) low self-monitoring
D) obesity

Answer 41

D) obesity

Question 42

Which of the following names two of the aspects of family closeness during adolescence?

A) communication and autonomy
B) support and connectedness
C) connectedness and authority
D) openness and control

Answer 42

B) support and connectedness

Question 43

A father says to his son, “I want you home by 10:00 P.M.” This best represents which aspect of family closeness?

A) control
B) support
C) communication
D) connectedness

Answer 43

A) control

Question 44

Eva is about to become an adolescent mother. Based on recent research, if she is a typical American teen, she and her child will better handle the situation if her parents _____.

A) assume care for Eva and her child
B) adopt Eva’s child and raise the child as their own
C) encourage Eva to move out of the house to raise her baby alone
D) are supportive but do not assume complete care for her child

Answer 44

D) are supportive but do not assume complete care for her child

Question 45

Parents’ awareness of where their adolescents are, what they are doing, and with whom they are doing it is referred to as _____.

A) parental monitoring
B) generational stake
C) overcontrolling
D) connectedness

Answer 45

A) parental monitoring

Question 46

Abbie is aware of where her son is whenever he goes out, and she requires him to call if there is any change in plans. This is an example of _____.

A) generational stake
B) foreclosure for her son
C) parental monitoring
D) negative control

Answer 46

C) parental monitoring

Question 47

Parental monitoring is most likely to be effective and healthy when it is _____.

A) rigid and controlling
B) part of a warm, supportive relationship
C) relaxed and permissive
D) part of authoritarian parenting

Answer 47

B) part of a warm, supportive relationship

Question 48

Cold and controlling parenting practices are associated with _____.

A) a well-behaved adolescent
B) adolescent alcohol use
C) adolescent achievement
D) closeness with parents

Answer 48

B) adolescent alcohol use

Question 49

Nicholi’s parents are cold, strict, and punitive. Compared with his peers whose parents are less restrictive and controlling, Nicholi is more likely to be _____.

A) academically successful
B) closer with his parents
C) rebellious
D) happy

Answer 49

C) rebellious

Question 50

With respect to parental control over adolescents, control paired with _____ is best for adolescent emotional functioning.

A) suspicion
B) warmth
C) restrictions
D) disinterest

Answer 50

B) warmth

Question 51

An intervention study designed to improve family communication and cohesion between parents and their sons (Brody et al., 2009) revealed that the sons’ DNA was important to the outcome. Which statement was a finding from the study?

A) The intervention had an impact on boys with a long allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene.
B) The intervention had an impact on boys with a short allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene.
C) The control experience had an impact on boys with a long allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene.
D) The control experience had an impact on boys with a short allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene.

Answer 51

B) The intervention had an impact on boys with a short allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene.

Question 52

Healthy communication and support from parents make _____ peer relationships more likely.

A) constructive
B) destructive
C) opposite-sex
D) romantic

Answer 52

A) constructive

Question 53

The urge to conform to one’s peers in behavior, dress, and attitude is referred to as _____.

A) conformation
B) adolescent burden
C) generation gap
D) peer pressure

Answer 53

D) peer pressure

Question 54

Callie called her friend Sue on Saturday to see whether Sue wanted to go to the movies. Sue told Callie that she was staying home to study for their upcoming history test. After the call, Callie decided to study instead of go to the movies. Callie was experiencing _____.

A) conformation
B) adolescent burden
C) generation gap
D) peer pressure

Answer 54

D) peer pressure

Question 55

Almost all social media is engaged in by adolescents who _____.

A) do not know each other beyond social media
B) are friends
C) are in a bully-victim relationship
D) do not have many friends

Answer 55

B) are friends

Question 56

The most influential peers are those who _____.

A) are nearby at the moment
B) are the most popular
C) are friends with one’s siblings
D) have access to modern technology

Answer 56

A) are nearby at the moment

Question 57

Isaac and Derek persuaded Robert to cut school and steal alcohol from a store. Isaac and Derek provided _____ to Robert.

A) criminal coaching
B) deviancy training
C) delinquent apprenticeship
D) offender initiation

Answer 57

B) deviancy training

Question 58

At age 17, Gage aspired to become a serious musician. His group of friends began to change as he grew closer to students with deep musical interests, and he drifted away from other friends who were more engaged in sports. This illustrates peer _____.

A) exclusion
B) facilitation
C) selection
D) focus

Answer 58

C) selection

Question 59

Several of Jamel’s friends agree to gather on Thursday evening to study for their physics exam, and they invite him to come along. Jamel’s friends are _____.

A) selecting destructive behaviors
B) facilitating constructive behaviors
C) providing deviancy training
D) being monitored by parents

Answer 59

B) facilitating constructive behaviors

Question 60

Mr. and Mrs. Cortina have discovered that their son has been skipping classes and cutting school with a group of boys. Which conclusion is most likely true?

A) The group has led their innocent son astray.
B) The behavior is nothing to worry about.
C) Their son is more rebellious than the group as a whole.
D) Their son chose this group because he shares their interests.

Answer 60

D) Their son chose this group because he shares their interests.

Question 61

When do teens’ first romances typically occur?

A) elementary school
B) middle school
C) high school
D) college

Answer 61

C) high school

Question 62

Many adolescent romances _____.

A) are stable and long term
B) do not include sexual intercourse
C) are exclusive commitments between partners
D) are free from strong emotional reactions

Answer 62

B) do not include sexual intercourse

Question 63

The term that describes one having erotic desires about the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes is _____.

A) sexual identity
B) sexual orientation
C) sexuality
D) gender identity

Answer 63

B) sexual orientation

Question 64

A recent study of teens in New York City found that the teens at highest risk for sexual violence and STIs had _____.

A) exclusively same-sex partners
B) exclusively opposite-sex partners
C) gender dysphoria
D) both same-sex and opposite-sex partners

Answer 64

D) both same-sex and opposite-sex partners

Question 65

Sexual content that appears on television rarely includes _____ sexual behaviors.

A) the negative consequences of
B) the pleasure associated with
C) the passion of partners engaging in
D) characters engaging in

Answer 65

A) the negative consequences of

Question 66

Many parents _____ their own adolescent child’s sexual activity.

A) ask appropriate questions about
B) overestimate
C) share advice about
D) underestimate

Answer 66

D) underestimate

Question 67

Which adolescent’s sexual behavior is likely to be most strongly influenced by peers?

A) Hannah, who has a warm relationship with her parents
B) Darrel, whose parents talk to him about sexual topics
C) Trista, whose parents speak specifically about sexual topics
D) Tom, who has parents who forbid sexual behavior

Answer 67

D) Tom, who has parents who forbid sexual behavior

Question 68

One reason that the teenage pregnancy rate in most European nations is less than half of that in the United States may be because _____.

A) of the European sex-education curriculum
B) European adolescents live at home longer
C) American parents are too permissive
D) European teens reach puberty later

Answer 68

A) of the European sex-education curriculum

Question 69

Compared to when they were children, many adolescents are _____.

A) happier
B) more carefree
C) less self-confident
D) more focused

Answer 69

C) less self-confident

Question 70

In general, as children experience puberty, their self-esteem _____.

A) rises
B) declines
C) rises then declines
D) remains stable

Answer 70

B) declines

Question 71

If they are all typical for their groups, which 15-year-old has the lowest self-esteem?

A) Jake, a European American male
B) Chaundrise, an African American female
C) Jessica, a European American female
D) Genji, an Asian American female

Answer 71

D) Genji, an Asian American female

Question 72

Approximately 1 in _____ adolescent girls is affected by serious depression.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 100

Answer 72

B) 5

Question 73

Approximately 1 in _____ adolescent boys is affected by serious depression.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 100

Answer 73

C) 10

Question 74

One study found that the short allele of the serotonin transporter promoter gene (5-HTTLPR) contributes to increased rates of depression in all girls, but only in boys who _____.

A) ruminate
B) are suicidal
C) come from high-SES communities
D) come from low-SES communities

Answer 74

D) come from low-SES communities

Question 75

Elyse broke up with her boyfriend after a fight. She has spent the last week repeatedly going over the fight in her mind, which has caused her to sink into depression. Her continual reliving of the fight is known as _____.

A) rumination
B) reminiscence
C) obsession
D) fixation

Answer 75

A) rumination

Question 76

Suicidal ideation refers to _____.

A) a deliberate act of self-destruction that does not end in death
B) serious, distressing thoughts about killing oneself
C) the belief that suicide is an effective way of getting back at one’s parents or peers
D) feelings of sadness or hopelessness

Answer 76

B) serious, distressing thoughts about killing oneself

Question 77

Suicidal ideation is most common around age _____.

A) 9
B) 12
C) 15
D) 18

Answer 77

C) 15

Question 78

Lydia finds that she often thinks about killing herself. This is called _____.

A) parasuicide
B) self-destructive behavior
C) deliberate suicide
D) suicidal ideation

Answer 78

D) suicidal ideation

Question 79

Parasuicide refers to _____.

A) a suicide attempt that does not end in death
B) helping someone else to commit suicide
C) several people in a group committing suicide
D) the serious consideration of suicide

Answer 79

A) a suicide attempt that does not end in death

Question 80

Alisha took an overdose of prescription pills, but before she lost consciousness she called her mom for help. Alisha was rushed to the hospital for medical attention. Alisha’s behavior is defined as _____.

A) parasuicide
B) self-destructive behavior
C) deliberate suicide
D) suicidal ideation

Answer 80

A) parasuicide

Question 81

Several suicides within the same group of people in a brief period are called _____ suicides.

A) cult
B) pact
C) planned
D) cluster

Answer 81

D) cluster

Question 82

With respect to suicide, what is more common in adolescent boys than in adolescent girls?

A) serious consideration of suicide
B) parasuicide
C) completed suicide
D) cluster suicide

Answer 82

C) completed suicide

Question 83

Which statement about adolescent crime is accurate?

A) The majority of adolescent lawbreakers are caught.
B) Most adolescents have broken a law by the age of 20.
C) Chronic offenders tend to be teens convicted of many violent offenses.
D) Teen girls tend to commit more crimes than teen boys.

Answer 83

B) Most adolescents have broken a law by the age of 20.

Question 84

Pete has been shoplifting for the past year. Unless he experiences an intervention, his shoplifting behavior is most likely to lead to _____.

A) defiance, which can lead to running away
B) assault, rape, and murder
C) burglary
D) aggression

Answer 84

C) burglary

Question 85

According to the text, which factor is a possible reason for the decrease in juvenile criminal behavior?

A) more school dropouts
B) lenient drug laws
C) larger families
D) less lead poisoning

Answer 85

D) less lead poisoning

Question 86

Life-course-persistent offenders _____.

A) may show signs of neurological impairment
B) have after-school jobs they dislike
C) tend to be involved in school activities
D) are unlikely to end up in prison

Answer 86

A) may show signs of neurological impairment

Question 87

Ty started to behave aggressively at age 5, and by age 8 he was caught shoplifting several times. Ty is now age 25 and has committed armed robbery. Ty would be considered to be a(n) _____.

A) hostile offender
B) dual offender
C) life-course-persistent offender
D) adolescence-limited offender

Answer 87

C) life-course-persistent offender

Question 88

An adolescence-limited offender refers to someone who _____.

A) attacks only other adolescents
B) stops committing crimes by age 21
C) is never arrested
D) is a juvenile delinquent

Answer 88

B) stops committing crimes by age 21

Question 89

An individual who commits crimes during adolescence but stops by the age of 21 is considered a(n) _____.

A) repeat offender
B) career criminal
C) life-course-persistent offender
D) adolescence-limited offender

Answer 89

D) adolescence-limited offender

Question 90

Many longitudinal studies have shown that increased anger during adolescence is normal and that most adolescents express their anger in _____ ways.

A) acceptable
B) unacceptable
C) illegal
D) troubling

Answer 90

A) acceptable

Question 91

Drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes before the age of 15 _____.

A) is rare because it is illegal
B) is statistically lower than drug use at age 10
C) is worrisome because early use escalates
D) usually only involves experimentation with alcohol

Answer 91

C) is worrisome because early use escalates

Question 92

Inhalants, which are used more by younger adolescents to get high, include _____.

A) marijuana
B) cocaine
C) tobacco
D) aerosols

Answer 92

D) aerosols

Question 93

The most frequently abused drug in North America is _____.

A) inhalants
B) tobacco
C) marijuana
D) alcohol

Answer 93

D) alcohol

Question 94

When Sherri was 13 years old, she and her friend snuck some alcohol from her parents’ alcohol cabinet and had her first taste. Two years later, she would swipe alcohol and get drunk before every school dance. Two years after that, she was drinking to the point of blacking out at least once a month. Nonetheless, Sherri insists that she’s just having fun and doesn’t have a drinking problem. Her experience illustrates that _____.

A) girls get addicted to alcohol very easily
B) teens often do not notice as they move past use, to abuse, to addiction
C) she is a typical teenager, as most teens become addicted to alcohol if they have an opportunity
D) once teenagers experiment with alcohol, they will inevitably become addicted

Answer 94

B) teens often do not notice as they move past use, to abuse, to addiction

Question 95

Heavy drinking impairs memory and self-control by _____.

A) damaging the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
B) damaging the heart and lungs
C) increasing blood pressure
D) causing strokes in the brain

Answer 95

A) damaging the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

Question 96

Marijuana use that begins in adolescence has been associated with _____.

A) improved cognitive functioning
B) lower levels of depression
C) higher rates of school dropouts
D) continuous employment

Answer 96

C) higher rates of school dropouts

Question 97

The invincibility fallacy plays a role in adolescent drug use by _____.

A) making adolescents feel like they are exceptions to dire warnings
B) eliciting fear in adolescents that they might shorten their lives with drug use
C) illustrating the risks of addiction
D) highlighting the peer disapproval that accompanies drug use

Answer 97

A) making adolescents feel like they are exceptions to dire warnings

Question 98

When applied to the discussion of drug abuse, the term generational forgetting means that _____.

A) adults turn a blind eye to youthful experimentation
B) youth seek to get high and forget their age
C) adolescents gather with others of their cohort to experiment with drugs
D) each new cohort forgets what the previous cohort learned

Answer 98

D) each new cohort forgets what the previous cohort learned

Question 99

Which factor has contributed to a decline in the number of young adolescent smokers in the United States?

A) lower cigarette prices
B) the legal smoking age
C) educational advertisements featuring clean-cut young people
D) better law enforcement of tobacco sales

Answer 99

D) better law enforcement of tobacco sales

Question 100

During the fifth stage of psychosocial development, an adolescent who is exploring the many possible roles to adopt is said to be _____.

A) in foreclosure
B) in moratorium
C) experiencing a crisis of identity versus role confusion
D) in a search for compatibility

Answer 100

C) experiencing a crisis of identity versus role confusion

Question 101

Erikson described four aspects of identity as being the religious, the sexual, the vocational, and the _____.

A) ethnic
B) cognitive
C) political
D) linguistic

Answer 101

C) political

Question 102

Parent and adolescent conflicts _____.

A) rarely occur in the early teen years
B) arise when a parent demands excellence in his or her child
C) occur when a child’s drive for independence clashes with the parent’s supervision and control
D) arise only when the child is in late adolescence

Answer 102

C) occur when a child’s drive for independence clashes with the parent’s supervision and control

Question 103

When parents are warm and supportive, their use of _____ can lead their adolescent children to develop into confident adults.

A) sexual orientation
B) temperament
C) rumination
D) parental monitoring

Answer 103

D) parental monitoring

Question 104

_____ provide support for adjustment to the physical changes of adolescence.

A) Pets
B) Peers
C) Television characters
D) Chores

Answer 104

B) Peers

Question 105

In teen friendships, _____.

A) peers are typically more harmful than helpful
B) friends lure each other into self-destructive behavior
C) teens often have close, nonsexual friendships with teens from the other gender
D) a well-behaved teen is often friends with a deviant teen

Answer 105

C) teens often have close, nonsexual friendships with teens from the other gender

Question 106

Destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms is referred to as _____.

A) deviancy training
B) hoodlum apprenticeship
C) peer pressure
D) delinquent apprenticeship

Answer 106

A) deviancy training

Question 107

The direction of someone’s erotic desires is referred to as _____.

A) gender orientation
B) sexual orientation
C) sexual role development
D) sexual identity

Answer 107

B) sexual orientation

Question 108

Parents often avoid providing sex education to their children because _____.

A) they are embarrassed
B) they assume that their children are already sexually active
C) children think that their parents know a lot about sex
D) they want to maintain a cold relationship with their child

Answer 108

A) they are embarrassed

Question 109

Clinical depression among adolescents is _____.

A) more common in females than in males
B) social, not genetic, in origin
C) less frequent than in childhood
D) typical of the majority of teens

Answer 109

A) more common in females than in males

Question 110

Adolescence-limited offenders tend to _____.

A) continue criminal behavior into adulthood
B) outgrow their criminal behavior
C) commit more violent crimes than other offenders
D) be more likely to attend college than non-offenders

Answer 110

B) outgrow their criminal behavior

Question 111

Which statement about adolescent anger is true?

A) Most adolescents express their anger by hurting others.
B) Bouts of anger are common during adolescence.
C) Most adolescents do not experience any increased anger.
D) Children who have been aggressive throughout their childhood typically experience decreased anger by the time they become adolescents.

Answer 111

B) Bouts of anger are common during adolescence.

Question 112

The best predictor of later drug abuse is _____.

A) drug use before age 15
B) drug use after age 15
C) parental drug use
D) ethnicity

Answer 112

A) drug use before age 15

Question 113

Which psychoactive drug used during adolescence is known to affect memory, language proficiency, and motivation?

A) alcohol
B) amphetamines
C) cocaine
D) marijuana

Answer 113

D) marijuana

Question 114

The most effective drug prevention strategy includes _____.

A) less stringent enforcement of drug laws
B) ads in which a clean-cut young person advises viewers to think before they use
C) parents setting good examples
D) having an adult forbid adolescents to try drugs

Answer 114

C) parents setting good examples

Question 115

During adolescence the crisis of role confusion is resolved with _____.

A. identity achievement
B. identity foreclosure
C. negative identity
D. identity moratorium

Answer 115

A. identity achievement

Question 116

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding identity achievement?

A. Identity statuses include positive identity, achievement, moratorium, and negative identity.
B. An adolescent can be at various identity statuses simultaneously.
C. Four aspects of identity include vocational, sexual, religious, and political identity.
D. Vocational identity now occurs earlier than it used to.

Answer 116

C. Four aspects of identity include vocational, sexual, religious, and political identity.

Question 117

Parent–child communication and encouragement _____ teenage depression, suicide, and low self-esteem, and _____ motivation and achievement.

A. increase; increase
B. decrease; decrease
C. increase; decrease
D. decrease; increase

Answer 117

D. decrease; increase

Question 118

Adults often have a negative attitude toward, and sometimes a fear of, their child’s peers because of the negative social pressure from peers. Parents who have this attitude may overlook the important fact that _____.

A. pressure to conform to peers is short-lived (declining after age 14)
B. peers ease the transition from childhood to adulthood
C. peers generally encourage socially desirable behavior
D. peers always exert a positive influence

Answer 118

B. peers ease the transition from childhood to adulthood

C. peers generally

Question 119

_____ is the destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms.

A. Peer pressure
B. Deviancy facilitation
C. Deviancy training
D. Coercive joining

Answer 119

C. Deviancy training

Question 120

_____ are serious, distressing thoughts about killing oneself, most common at about age 15.

A. Parasuicides
B. Suicides
C. Suicidal ideations
D. Failed suicides

Answer 120

C. Suicidal ideations

Question 121

Juvenile delinquents whose criminal activity stops by age 21 are known as _____.

A. adolescence-limited offenders
B. teenage-extended offenders
C. life-course-persistent offenders
D. adolescence-persistent offenders

Answer 121

A. adolescence-limited offenders

Question 122

_____ is the most frequently abused drug in North America and impairs memory and self- control by damaging the _____.

A. Alcohol; hippocampus
B. Tobacco; reticular activating system
C. Marijuana; prefrontal cortex
D. Alcohol; nervous system

Answer 122

A. Alcohol; hippocampus

Question 123

Which of the following statements about teen romance is true?

A. Forty percent of teens are still virgins when they graduate high school.
B. Sexual orientation is extremely stable in the teen years.
C. Seventy-five percent of teens have had sex by the time they graduate high school.
D. It is unlikely for teens to spend time with the opposite sex unless they are dating.

Answer 123

A. Forty percent of teens are still virgins when they graduate high school.

Question 124

Which of the following is an accurate statement about teen drug use?

A. Drug use is typically caused by anxiety disorders and depression.
B. Marijuana has no negative impacts.
C. Heavy drinking has immediate impacts but no long- term consequences.
D. Tobacco impairs digestion and nutrition, and it slows growth.

Answer 124

D. Tobacco impairs digestion and nutrition, and it slows growth.

Question 125

Martha, an adolescent, is unsure what she wants to do with her life despite her parents pushing her to do something. Which of the following actions would lead Martha to a moratorium?

A. leave home and move out of state so that she feels less parental pressure
B. enroll at the local junior college
C. work for her father in his store
D. take a full-time job

Answer 125

B. enroll at the local junior college

Question 126

Nila and Ted have three children and have knowledge about each child’s whereabouts, activities, and companions. This ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom is known as _____.

A. parental policing
B. parental spying
C. parental scouting
D. parental monitoring

Answer 126

D. parental monitoring

Question 127

John is 16 and was caught shoplifting. His girlfriend, Darla, was with him and was in on the crime. Statistically speaking, which of the following is true?

A. This is likely the first serious offense for both John and Darla.
B. Darla is more likely than John to be arrested for the act.
C. John is more likely than Darla to be arrested for the act.
D. John is very likely to have committed his first serious crime before the age of 10.

Answer 127

C. John is more likely than Darla to be arrested for the act.

Question 128

What is a potential reason for adolescent males outnumbering adolescent females in suicide?

A. Females are not really serious about suicide.
B. Females are more likely to have social support from friends.
C. Males have a higher rate of depression than females.
D. Males are more likely to act out of self-hatred.

Answer 128

B. Females are more likely to have social support from friends.

Question 129

Sheila has deep sadness and hopelessness that disrupts all normal regular activities, indicating that she suffers from _____.

A. major depression
B. anxiety
C. bipolar disorder
D. manic disorder

Answer 129

A. major depression

Question 130

The opposite of identity achievement is

A.Role confusion
B. identity foreclosure
C. Negative identity
D. identity moratorium

Answer 130

A.Role confusion

Question 131

Zora and her mom constantly have small arguments about relatively unimportant matters. This normal interaction between parents and children is called

A. the generation gap
B. a generational stake
C. Bicultural conflict
D. Bickering

Answer 131

D. Bickering

Question 132

Adults often have a negative attitude toward, and sometimes a fear of, their child’s peers because of the negative social pressure from peers. Parents who have this attitude may overlook the important fact that

A.presure to conform to peers is short lived( declining after the age 14)
B. Peers ease the transition from childhood to adulthood
C. peers generally encourage socially desirable behavior
D. all the above

Answer 132

B. Peers ease the transition from childhood to adulthood

Question 133

Which of the following statements about teen romance is true ?

A. Forty percent of teens are still virgins when they graduate high school
B. Sexual orientation is extremely stable in the teen years
C. Seventy -five of teens have had sex by the time they graduate high school
D. It is unlikely for teens to spend time with opposite sex unless they are dating

Answer 133

A. Forty percent of teens are still virgins when they graduate high school

Question 134

Which of the following is an accurate statement about teen drug use?

A. Drug use is typically caused by anxiety disorders and depression
B. Marijuana has no negative impacts
C. heavy drinking has immediate impacts but no long-term consequences
D. Tobacco impairs digestion and nutrition and it slows growth

Answer 134

D. Tobacco impairs digestion and nutrition and it slows growth

Question 135

Adolescent males outnumber females in suicide. What is one potential reason
A. Females are not really serious about suicide
B. Females are more likely to have more social support from friends
C. Males have a higher rate of depression than females
D males are more likely to act out of self-hatred

Answer 135

B. Females are more likely to have more social support from friends

Question 136

Eli is 16 and was caught shoplifting. His girlfriend, Darla , was with him and was in on the crime. Statistically speaking, which of the following is true?
A. This is likely the first serious offense for both of them
B. Darla is more likely than Eli to be arrested for the act
C. Eli is more likely than Darla to be arrested for the act
D. John is very likely to have committed his first serious crime before the age of 10

Answer 136

C. Eli is more likely than Darla to be arrested for the act

Question 137

which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding identity achievement?

A. identity statuses include positive identity achievement, moratorium, and negative identity
B. an adolescent can be at various identity statuses simultaneously
C. Four aspects of identity include vocational sexual, religious, and political identity.
D. Vocational identity now occurs earlier than it used to

Answer 137

C. Four aspects of identity include vocational sexual, religious, and political identity.