CHAPTER 22: Adulthood - Psychosocial Development Flashcards
In which of Erikson’s stages of adulthood do adults seek to be productive in a caring way, often as parents?
A. identity versus role confusion
B. intimacy versus isolation
C. generativity versus stagnation
D. integrity versus despair
C. generativity versus stagnation
Which of the following is a hypothesis from Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A. Everyone has unique basic needs.
B. Self-actualization involves being respected by the wider community.
C. Basic needs like food and safety must be achieved before esteem.
D. People achieve needs in a variety of sequences.
C. Basic needs like food and safety must be achieved before esteem.
With regards to the Big Five theory of personality, adults gradually become \_\_\_\_\_ neurotic, and \_\_\_\_\_ conscientious. A. less; less B. more; more C. less; more D. more; less
C. less; more
Which of the following statements about personality in adulthood is FALSE?
A. Most adults become closer to their culture’s personality ideals.
B. Hobbies, health habits, and mates are all influenced by the Big Five dimensions.
C. Extroversion and neuroticism change slightly over time.
D. Personality traits change frequently.
D. Personality traits change frequently.
When two adults have separate residences but function as a couple — sexually faithful, vacationing together, recognized as a couple by other people — they are said to be \_\_\_\_\_. A. cohabitating B. living together apart C. living apart together D. contemplating divorce
A. cohabitating
In 1990 the rate of divorce among those over 50 was only one-sixth the rate of those under 40, but in 2015 it was almost _____ the younger-adult rate.
A. the same as
B. much less than
C. a quarter
D. half
D. half
A group of people who provide encouragement and guidance and meet one’s social needs throughout life is called a _____.
A. social crutch
B. social convoy
C. social companionship D. buddy system
B. social convoy
Laura and Shereese have been friends since they were young children, and Laura always introduces Shereese as her sister. Their relationship can be described as \_\_\_\_\_. A. a social convoy B. adoptive C. fictive kin D. self-actualization
C. fictive kin
_____ generation is a metaphor that refers to the generation of middle-aged people who are supposedly “squeezed” by the needs of the younger and older members of their families.
A. Sandwich
B. Wrapped
C. Squeezed
D. Juiced
A. Sandwich
Specific research data find that shift workers have \_\_\_\_\_ rates of obesity, illness, and death than those who work standard 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. jobs. A. lower B. much lower C. higher D. the same
C. higher
Albert helps keep his family connected
by arranging get-togethers and by calling members of the family whenever there is big news like a new pregnancy or an illness. Albert would be considered the family _____.
A. kinkeeper
B. organizer
C. patriarch
D. balancer
A. kinkeeper
Margie and Levon have recently seen their oldest child leave home for college, and they are now left with time to pursue their own lives, including reconnecting with each other. They are now experiencing the _____.
A. launching stage
B. senior period
C. empty nest
D. golden years
C. empty nest
After dating for three years, Karen and Lacy are getting married. How is their homosexual marriage likely to compare to heterosexual marriages?
A. It has the same chance of success or failure.
B. It will last for less time and involve more conflict than a heterosexual marriage.
C. They will abuse alcohol more due to their minority status.
D. They are more likely to have a long-lasting successful marriage than a heterosexual couple.
A. It has the same chance of success or failure.
Lola’s two favorite things about work are feeling like she’s put her best effort forward and her friendships with her coworkers. Lola gets a strong \_\_\_\_\_ from her job. A. social convoy B. intrinsic reward C. self-esteem D. extrinsic reward
B. intrinsic reward
The Swartz family is very large and has members who live in many different states. Albert, one of the elder family members, stays in touch with everyone, shares information about different family members with the rest of the family, and attempts to arrange get-togethers so that the family can stay connected. Albert would be considered the family:
A) balancer.
B) organizer.
C) kinkeeper.
D) patriarch.
C) kinkeeper.
Which of the following is true regarding divorce during adulthood?
A) Divorce often results in lost friendships, weaker relationships with children, and reduced income.
B) Divorce often leads to an increase in depression.
C) All of these.
D) People who were unhappy during their first marriage, are often unhappy during their second marriage.
C) All of these.
Veteran employees, who are older adults, may mentor new employees on workplace practices and policies. According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, these veteran employees are demonstrating _____.
A) autonomy
B) generativity
C) intimacy
D) initiative
B) generativity
David’s brother is suffering from his third relapse related to a problem with alcohol abuse. The concept of familism suggests that David should behave in which of the following ways?
A) David should show tough love for his brother by letting him recover without assistance.
B) David should support his brother even though they have been down this difficult road before.
C) David should stay out of the situation because it is his brother’s problem, not his own.
D) David’s primary responsibility should be to support his parents while they try to understand his brother’s problem.
B) David should support his brother even though they have been down this difficult road before.
A supposed period of unusual anxiety, radical self-reexamination, and sudden transformation that was once widely associated with middle age but that actually had more to developmental history than with chronological age
Midlife crisis
The five basic clusters of personality traits that remain quite stable throughout adulthood: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, & neuroticism
big five
The particular lifestyle and social context that adults settle into because it is compatible with their individual personality needs and interests
ecological niche
Collectively, the family members, friends, acquaintances, and even strangers who move through life beside each individual
social convoy
People who are not in a person’s closet friendship circle but nonetheless have an impact
Consequential strangers
Someone who becomes accepted as part of a family to which he or she has no blood relation
Fictive kin
The time in the lives of parents when their children have left the family home to pursue their own lives
Empty nest
The seventh of Erikson’s eight stages of development. Adults seek to be productive in a caring way, often as parents but, perhaps through art, caregiving, and employment
Generativity versus stagnation
A caregiver who takes responsibility for maintaining communication among family members
Kinkeeper
The tangible benefits, usually in the form of compensation, that one receives for doing a job
Extrinsic rewards of work
The intangible gratifications that come from oneself as a result of doing a job
Intrinsic rewards of work
Although Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development are sequential, the search for identity that begins in the stage of identity versus role confusion _____.
a) is ongoing throughout adulthood
b) ends with the stage of intimacy versus isolation
c) ends with the stage of generativity versus stagnation
d) comes to fruition only after the stage of integrity versus despair
a) is ongoing throughout adulthood
The primary form that generativity takes is _____.
a) being guided by the younger generation
b) Establishing and guiding the next generation
c) Belong to a religious organization
d) Volunteering in the community
a) being guided by the younger generation
People in Abraham Maslow’s third level on the hierarchy of needs seek _____.
a) self-actualization
b) safety
c) generativity
d) love and belonging
b) safety
Committed partners who maintain separate homes but function as a committed couple are said to be “_____.”
a) Living apart together
b) Residing in an empty nest
c) Avoiding marriage
d) Consequential strangers
a) Living apart together
Laura and Shereese have been friends since they were young children, and Laura always introduces Shereese as her sister. Their relationship can be described as:
a) a social convoy
b) adoptive
c) fictive kin
d) self-actualization
c) fictive kin
The economic recession of 2008 led to an increase in “_____,” young adults who live with their parents for a while.
a) Fictive kin networks
b) Social convoys
c) Boomerang children
d) Helicopter offspring
c) Boomerang children
According to research, which statement about the “sandwich generation” is TRUE?
a) Many adults do not feel burdened by their responsibilities.
b) It describes the reality of most middle-aged adult women’s lives.
c) It conveys the financial strain that adults often experience when caring for elderly parents.
d) It communicates the degree to which older adults care for their younger kin.
a) Many adults do not feel burdened by their responsibilities.
Lola’s two favorite things about work are feeling like she’s put her best effort forward and her friendships with her coworkers. Lola gets a strong _____ from her job.
a) social convoy
b) intrinsic reward
c) self-esteem
d) extrinsic reward
b) intrinsic reward
In the United States, about _____ of all workers have nonstandard schedules.
a) 1/4
b) 1/3
c) 1/2
d) three quarters
b) 1/3
A nation’s social clock influences the:
a. environment.
b. age of marriage and parenthood.
c. health of individuals.
d. size of cities.
b. age of marriage and parenthood.
In which of Erikson’s stages do adults feel the need to mentor and help younger people?
a. identity versus role diffusion
b. intimacy versus isolation
c. generativity versus stagnation
d. integrity versus despair
c. generativity versus stagnation
According to Maslow, people who do not receive ___________ cannot move on to __________.
a. acceptance; love
b. love; belonging
c. esteem; success
d. acceptance; esteem
d. acceptance; esteem
One’s personality is influenced by:
a. genes.
b. parental practices.
c. culture.
d. All of these answers are correct.
d. All of these answers are correct.
Some social scientists believe that __________ should be added to the Big Five.
a. adaptability
b. communication
c. diligence
d. dependence on others
d. dependence on others
A group of people who provide encouragement and guidance and meet one’s social needs throughout life is called a:
a. social crutch.
b. social convoy.
c. social companionship.
d. friendship.
b. social convoy.
Some of the most crucial members of a social convoy are:
a. friends.
b. parents.
c. spouses.
d. siblings.
a. friends.
The term “familism” means:
a. people who are like family.
b. family members often disagree.
c. a household of people who live together in the same dwelling, sharing all aspects of each other’s lives.
d. the idea that family members should sacrifice personal freedom and success to care for one another.
d. the idea that family members should sacrifice personal freedom and success to care for one another.
A characteristic of marriage today, compared to marriage in previous generations, is that:
a. people in the United States take longer to marry than do people in other countries.
b. people in every nation are taking longer to commit to one long-term sexual partner.
c. people in every nation are committing to one long-term sexual partner at earlier ages.
d. most adults today are not seeking committed sexual partnerships.
b. people in every nation are taking longer to commit to one long-term sexual partner.
Domestic violence is more likely to occur:
a. earlier in a marriage.
b. later in a marriage.
c. when the kids leave home.
d. if the couple did not cohabitate prior to marriage.
a. earlier in a marriage.
When comparing homosexual partners with heterosexual partners, research indicates that:
a. both types of relationship experience the same advantages and disadvantages.
b. there is an overcount of homosexual partners in the United States.
c. homosexual partners are usually accepted by their fathers.
d. there are more differences than similarities between homosexual partners and heterosexual partners.
a. both types of relationship experience the same advantages and disadvantages.
Divorce results in:
a. the loss of financial benefits.
b. weakened family ties.
c. severed relationships with friends.
d. All of these answers are correct.
d. All of these answers are correct.
A generative adult is one who:
a. is productive in an unselfish and loving, caring way.
b. displays maturity.
c. believes that he or she is fortunate.
d. All of these answers are correct.
d. All of these answers are correct.
Dr. Sullivan, a 79-year-old psychology professor, has been teaching at a college for more than 40 years. He vows that he is not ready to retire and that he loves teaching and helping prepare young adults for their careers. He is demonstrating:
a. unrealistic retirement plans.
b. generativity through caregiving.
c. generativity through employment.
d. stagnation in employment.
c. generativity through employment.
From a developmental perspective, the fact that today’s workers frequently change jobs is problematic for an older worker because:
a. seniority becomes a disadvantage when one must seek a new job.
b. relocation becomes more difficult with age.
c. many skills and types of knowledge required for a new job have not been learned by the older worker.
d. All of these answers are correct.
d. All of these answers are correct.
In which of Erikson’s stages do adults seek a reciprocal connection with another human being?
a. identity versus role diffusion
b. intimacy versus isolation
c. generativity versus stagnation
d. integrity versus despair
b. intimacy versus isolation
In which of Erikson’s stages do adults seek to connect their personal journeys with the cultural and historical purpose of human society?
a. identity versus role diffusion
b. intimacy versus isolation
c. generativity versus stagnation
d. integrity versus despair
d. integrity versus despair
Midlife crisis:
a. occurs only in men, not in women.
b. was confirmed by a large study conducted by Gail Sheehy.
c. has not been confirmed by a large research study.
d. is typical in both men and women.
c. has not been confirmed by a large research study.
________ is to easygoing as ________ is to moody.
a. Neuroticism; extroversion
b. Agreeableness; neuroticism
c. Openness; artistic
d. Artistic; critical
b. Agreeableness; neuroticism
Fiona, an artist, loves to travel to new places, try new foods, and wear flashy clothes. Her personality structure would best be classified as:
a. openness.
b. extroversion.
c. agreeableness.
d. conscientiousness.
a. openness.
In the United States, the Big Five scores differ for people living in different states. New Yorkers are highest in __________, whereas North Dakotans are highest in ___________.
a. openness; extroversion
b. agreeableness; openness
c. extroversion; neuroticism
d. conscientiousness; agreeableness
a. openness; extroversion
An advantage of having close friends is that they:
a. give advice and help analyze problems.
b. help one get through personal losses.
c. help with one’s physical and psychological health.
d. All of these answers are correct.
d. All of these answers are correct.
Marco, from El Salvador, lives in the United States and rarely sees his family. He has become very close to his roommate’s family; the family includes him in all the family events. Marco is viewed by this family as a:
a. family member.
b. fictive kin.
c. linked member.
d. member of the household.
b. fictive kin.
International research indicates that married people have:
a. much higher levels of happiness than single persons have.
b. lower levels of happiness than single persons have.
c. the same level of happiness that single persons have.
d. slightly higher levels of happiness than single persons have.
d. slightly higher levels of happiness than single persons have.
Comparing marriages in recent decades with marriages of previous decades reveals that:
a. husbands today do more housework, and more wives are employed outside the home.
b. women are taking on more responsibility for employment and child rearing.
c. husbands are happier now that they do more housework.
d. husbands and wives are more dependent than they were in the past.
a. husbands today do more housework, and more wives are employed outside the home.
In the United States, the number of declared homosexual couples:
a. has increased 35 percent.
b. has leveled as a result of the current political climate.
c. has increased probably because of homosexuals’ greater willingness to declare themselves in official U.S. statistics.
d. has increased, but the number of heterosexual unmarried partners has increased more.
c. has increased probably because of homosexuals’ greater willingness to declare themselves in official U.S. statistics.
Children of divorce:
a. often develop academic or social problems.
b. are generally happier.
c. become better conflict managers.
d. become better at anger management.
a. often develop academic or social problems.
Responding to the emotions of others is an important task of:
a. kinkeeping.
b. work.
c. caregiving.
d. one’s personality.
c. caregiving.
Anthony most values receiving a good salary and benefits at his job, while Henry most values his workmanship pride and employee relationships. Most likely, Anthony is ______ and Henry is _________.
a. younger; older
b. older; younger
c. young; young
d. old; old
a. younger; older
A positive solution for potential conflicts between work and family roles is to:
a. work shift hours.
b. change jobs.
c. telecommute.
d. quit working.
c. telecommute.
The need for teenagers to fit into their peer group is best related to:
the imaginary audience
which of the following statements is true of adolescence?
sensation seeking typically persists through adulthood
When a teenager speeds down the freeway under the influence of alcohol, he is demonstrating which aspect of adolescent egocentrism?
invincibility fable
________________- has been increasing in recent cohorts
vaping / e cig use
The new wave of research on substance use emphasizes the __________ relationships between the known risk and protective factors of substance use and substance use problems.
complex
which of the following is NOT a clinical symptom of alcohol use disorder
drinking more than 4-5 drinks in one sitting
When Lucius is too warm, his body perspires to vent heat. When he is cold, he shivers to generate heat. These processes are an attempt to maintain:
homeostasis
Depression runs in Rachel’s family. She’s never had an issue with it until recently, when she moved away and started college. Which of the following is the best explanation for this recent emergence?
diathesis stress model
Jim is in his 60’s and has started experiencing a gradual decline in his physical health. This is referred to as:
senescence
senescence
which of the following changes is a result of the brain aging
reaction time lengthens
Infertility is defined as failure to conceive after what amount of time?
12 months
Which of the following is NOT true of hormone replacement therapy (HRT)?
it reduces the risk of heart disease
how many adults in the United States are obese?
over a third
