Chapter 24: Late Adulthood - Cognitive Development Flashcards
Which of the following is true of how the brain changes with age?
A. Dendrites grow with new experiences.
B. It increases in size.
C. Processing speeds up.
D. Production of neurotransmitters increases.
A. Dendrites grow with new experiences.
The neurological evidence of major depression suggests that dendrite \_\_\_\_\_ in the adult brain \_\_\_\_\_ depression. A. growth; increases B. growth; reduces C. reduction; reduces D. reduction; increases
B. growth; reduces
Connections between which brain areas are particularly disturbed during the period of late adulthood?
A. parietal and frontal lobes
B. occipital and temporal lobes
C. occipital and frontal lobes
D. frontal lobes and somatosensory cortex
B. occipital and temporal lobes
Which of the following types of memory shows the least decline with age? A. explicit memory for things like names B. prospective memory C. working memory D. implicit memory
D. implicit memory
Brain diseases that affect a person’s ability to remember, analyze, plan, or interact with other people are known as \_\_\_\_\_. A. psychosomatic disorders B. neurocognitive disorders C. autism spectrum disorders D. mild cognitive impairment
B. neurocognitive disorders
_____ is a reversible condition that is most commonly mistaken for major neurocognitive disorder (NCD).
A. Lewy body disease B. Malnutrition
C. Depression
D. Polypharmacy
C. Depression
A neurocognitive disorder with symptoms that include visual hallucinations, loss of attention, falling, and fainting is \_\_\_\_\_. A. Parkinson’s disease B. vascular disease C. Alzheimer’s disease D. Lewy body disease
D. Lewy body disease
Which of the following activities is NOT associated with a reduced incidence of neurocognitive disorder in the elderly? A. education B. regular exercise C. taking Saint-John’s-wort every day D. healthy diet
C. taking Saint-John’s-wort every day
\_\_\_\_\_ is characterized by gradual deterioration of memory and personality and marked by the formation of plaques of beta-amyloid protein and tangles of tau in the brain. A. Vascular disease B. Parkinson’s disease C. Lewy body disease D. Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
D. Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, what stage characterized by aesthetic, creative, philosophical, and spiritual understanding, is reached by many older individuals? A. safety and security B. love and belonging C. esteem D. self-actualization
D. self-actualization
Stacy wants to use ecological validity when evaluating cognition in older adults. Which of the following approaches would you recommend?
A. giving a written assessment of vocabulary
B. administering a cognitive test assessing problem-solving skills
C. doing a verbal recall test of memory
D. observing ability to solve problems during daily life and realistic settings
D. observing ability to solve problems during daily life and realistic settings
Gina, who is 70, is engaging in a game that requires problem-solving skills. How is she likely to complete this exercise?
A. with slow analysis and forethought
B. with prior knowledge and rules of thumb
C. with a recently learned principle
D. quickly and logically
B. with prior knowledge and rules of thumb
Larissa had a series of small, minor strokes, which led to major neurocognitive disorder. Which of the following describes the primary cause of this disorder? A. Alzheimer’s disease B. vascular disease C. formation of plaques and tangles D. frontotemporal degeneration
B. vascular disease
Marian has been experiencing tremors and muscle rigidity, and recently she found herself unable to initiate movement. Which of the following is Marian likely to be diagnosed with? A. Alzheimer’s disease B. vasculardisease C. Parkinson’sdisease D. frontotemporal lobar degeneration
C. Parkinson’sdiseas
Jacob, an elderly individual, is writing an account of his personal lifelong journey; he tells stories of his personal experiences to the younger members of his family and community so they know their history. What is Jacob engaging in? A. life scrutiny B. life examination C. life evaluation D. life review
D. life review
an examination of one’s own role in the history of human life, engaged in by many elderly people
life review
the final stage in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, characterized by aesthetic, creative, philosophical, and spiritual understanding
self-actualization
Refers to a situation in which elderly people are prescribed several medications. The various side effects and interactions of those medications can result in dementia symptoms.
Polypharmacy
deterioration of the amygdala and frontal lobes that may be the cause of 15 percent of all major neurocognitive disorders
Frontotemporal NCDs
A chronic, progressive disease that is characterized by muscle tremor and rigidity and sometimes major NCD; caused by reduced dopamine production in the brain.
Parkinson’s disease
A form of major neurocognitive disorder characterized by an increase in Lewy body cells in the brain. Symptoms include visual hallucinations, momentary loss of attention, falling, and fainting.
Lewy body disease
Formerly called vascular or multi-infarct dementia, vascular disease is characterized by progressive loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated infarcts (strokes), or temporary obstructions of blood vessels.
vascular disease
The most common Cause of major NCD, characterized by gradual deterioration of memory and personality and marked by the formation of plaques of beta-amyloid protein and tangles of tau in the brain.
Alzheimer’s disease
clumps of a protein called beta-amyloid, found in brain tissues surrounding the neurons
plaques
twisted masses of threads made of a protein called tau within the neurons of the brain
tangles
Irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease. Formerly called dementia, major NCD becomes more common with age, but it is abnormal and pathological even in the very old.
major neurocognitive disorder (major NCD)
Any of a number of brain diseases that affects a persons ability to remember, analyze, plan, or interact with other people.
neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)
the idea that cognition should be measured in settings that are as realistic as possible and that the abilities measured should be those needed in real life
ecological validity
The part of the information-processing system that regulates the analysis and flow of information. Memory and retrieval strategies, selective attention, and rules or strategies for problem solving are all useful control processes.
control processes
The ability to hold information in memory for a moment before evaluating, calculating, and inferring its significance is known as _____.
working memory
After seeings a specialist, Jack started taking a medicine for his heart that led to digestive problems. He saw a different doctor for that issue and was prescribed another drug, which lead to headaches. Yet another doctor prescribed another drug for his headaches. Jack has just experienced ____________.
A prescribing cascade
Compared to low-SES people, high-SES people tend to________.
Have better medical care
Which of the following is the most important nongenetic factor in preventing the onset of cognitive impairment?
physical exercise
Verna has dementia. Her motor control and memory have been impacted, though their impairment is not the most significant symptom of her condition. The most significant symptom is her loss of inhibition, evident in her chronic gambling. Verna most likely has:
Lewy body dementia
The idea that cognition should be measured in terms of everyday tasks and circumstances is _________.
ecological validity
The estimated number of U.S. residents living with a serious neurocognitive disorder is at around ___________ million
4
Travis, who played soccer in high school, college, and into his early 30’s, received at least 10 head injuries in his athletic career, with 8 causing severe concussions. Now, at age 57, Travis is experiencing memory loss and mood swings. Travis probably has_____________.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Otto, age 81, just relayed a news story to his friends over coffee, but cannot remember where he heard or read about the tale. Otto has:
source amnesia
Delores, age 75, believes her memory is fading with age, and the anxiety this causes her actually diminishes her memory. This is an example of _____.
stereotype threat
stereotype threat
The slowing down of the brain in primary aging may be attributed to:
reduced production of acetylcholine.
A common type of difficulty that older adults have due to brain shrinkage is that it interferes with:
being able to multitask.
Edward is 71 years old and is taking an adult-education Spanish class. He often finds himself in class having difficulty paying attention, daydreaming, and experiencing intrusive memories from his past. Edward did not have these issues when he was a college student in his 20s. Edward’s experience could be explained by which of the following?
inefficient control processes
Some older individuals take longer to perceive and process sensations, which reduces _____ because some items fade before they can be considered.
working memory
Cognitive decline in late adulthood:
has a greater degree of variability from one individual to another than is true for any other age group.
Ecological validity is:
a consideration of subjective variables
The presence of the gene _______ increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
ApoE4
Becky is 70 years old and has Alzheimer’s disease. She requires full-time care, does not recognize her family members, and cannot communicate well. Which stage is she in?
Stage 4
A measure to slow down the onset of major neurocognitive disorder is:
to improve circulation through regular exercise
Maria, age 70, is a self-actualized, gifted artist. In addition to her increased spirituality, Maslow would say that Maria is more likely to:
find life more amusing.
Supat is 86 years old and is examining his role in the history of human life. Some would say that this activity indicates:
life review.
life review.
Researchers have found that cognitive abilities can be improved:
by playing video games
by playing video games
Which of the following statements about the brain in adulthood is true?
New neurons form and new dendrites grow throughout adulthood
Which of the following statements is true about the problem-solving abilities of people in late adulthood?
People in late adulthood are more likely to use more areas of their brains than younger people.
An explanation for an older adult perceiving the words in the ear ants for the word interference is:
reduced sensory input
Susan, 71 years old, has been setting alarms on her cell phone so that she can remember to take her medicine on time. Which type of memory is she compensating for?
prospective memory
Individuals with Alzheimer’s disease show _____ cognitive decline compared to those with vascular major neurocognitive disorder, who have _____ decline.
gradual; sudden
With _____, symptoms may vanish quickly and go unnoticed.
transient ischemic attacks
Cases of Lewy body dementia make up _______ of neurocognitive disorders in the United States.
3 percent
Erik Erikson was interested in the _____ of the elderly.
perspective
Which of the following is important to the cognitive gains of older adults, although they do not exist in every nation?
Universities for the Third Age
Which of the following is true about cognition in late adulthood?
Education and intellectual challenge will likely influence cognitive functioning in late adulthood.
Gray matter in the brain, which is reduced as we age, is responsible for:
processing new experiences.
Betty, 78 years old, is experiencing senescence. Which of the following is she most likely to demonstrate?
increased reaction time
Information must cross what in order to be perceived?
the sensory threshold
An older person’s saying “I know but I just can’t remember” indicates a problem with:
retrieval
A major threat to elderly cognition and learning is:
stereotype threat.
Cases of Lewy body dementia make up _______ of neurocognitive disorders in the United States.
3 percent
Medication, such as _____, is effective in slowing down the progression of neurocognitive disorder due to stroke.
those that reduce cholesterol levels
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
The rate of decline in neurocognitive disorders can be treated.
Which of the following is not an example of an elderly person engaging in a life review?
Barbara is reading a book about traveling the world.
Due to the shrinkage of the prefrontal cortex as we age, which of the following behaviors might you see in late adulthood?
occasional inappropriate responses
Which type of information is the most likely to decline with age?
recalling names and new words
recalling names and new words
If Hortensia expects to lose her intellectual power as she ages, she is demonstrating the influence of:
stereotype threat
A type of neurocognitive disorder that begins with impairments in motor control but not impaired thinking is:
stereotype threat
An autopsy that finds massive plaques and tangles proves that a person had Alzheimer’s disease. However, between 20 and 30 percent of cognitively typical elders have extensive plaques in their brains at autopsy. What of the following may explain this phenomenon?
Cognitive reserve enables some people to bypass the disconnections caused by plaques
Maslow believed that as people got older they were more likely to:
reach self-actualization
Which of the following is TRUE regarding wisdom?
Humor, perspective, and altruism increase over the decades
One research study described in the text had older adults play a video game for 20 hours to see whether training could improve their:
control processes
Which of the following is the possible intellectual ability that is expected to underlie all other aspects of intelligence and is a focus of studies on intelligence in late adulthood?
processing speed
Processing information in the conscious mind is to _____ memory as permanent knowledge is to _____ memory.
working; long-term
Which of the following is true about late adulthood and emotions?
Most elderly people are content with their lives.
The average elderly person:
sees a physician eight times a year.
What did Erik Erikson call the people he interviewed who were in their 90s to reflect their awareness of the interdependence of the generations and the human experience?
social witnesses
Researchers have found that it is possible to improve almost any specific cognitive ability in the young-old if:
the training process is targeted to the individual’s motivation and abilities.
Problems with laboratory research on cognition of the elderly include all of the following EXCEPT:
using a familiar setting and memory cues
When Rosemary viciously accused her daughter-in-law of stealing the spatula that she herself misplaced, she was exhibiting the _____ found in frontotemporal lobular degeneration.
impaired social behavior and emotional regulation
Greta is 81 years old and has been experiencing hallucinations. She has some motor difficulty, so she falls frequently. At times she loses attention and behaves inappropriately, as if she has no inhibitions. Which of the following is Greta most likely suffering from?
Lewy body dementia
Which of the following contributes to problems with polypharmacy in late adulthood?
A “prescribing cascade” is more likely in older adults who have more than one health condition.
Walter is 89 years old. He is deeply spiritual, has a surprising sense of humor, cares deeply about his family and community, and loves to spend time painting and writing. Maslow would likely describe Walter as:
self-actualized
Alice, age 75, is a gifted artist who feels that only her _____ has changed as a result of her being older.
ambition
Evidence of an impaired cognitive retrieval strategy is:
less accurate memory for names.
Rates of major neurocognitive disorder in the elderly are _____ percent in those aged 70 to 79 and about _____ percent in those over 90
5; 37
Blockage of a blood vessel in the brain that keeps sufficient oxygen from getting into the brain tissue is a result of:
transient ischemic attacks
One difference between stories told by people in late adulthood and younger people is that older adults often include:
more information about experiences of other family members and cohorts rather than just their own personal experiences.
____ adults are more likely to use more areas of their brains than _____ people.
older; younger
Input, storage, programming, and output are the components that make up the _____ approach.
information-processing
Gray matter in the brain, which is reduced as we age, is responsible for:
processing new experiences.
_____ memory holds information in the mind for a moment before processing.
working
_____ memory entails remembering to do something in the future.
prospective
All of the following are changes in cognitive abilities that are due to the shrinkage of the prefrontal cortex as we age EXCEPT:
reduced ability to smell.
The final step in _____ is output.
information processing
Difficulty planning, reduced ability to multitask, and inattentive listening are behaviors that might be seen in late adulthood due to the shrinkage of the _____ cortex with age.
prefrontal
Late-adult cognition appears to decline because:
the senses miss some of the stimuli.
Which of the following is NOT a contributor to the slowing down of the brain in primary aging?
compensation
What must information cross in order to be perceived?
sensory thershold
Janine is 56 years old and has been told by doctors that she has white matter lesions. Which of the following is NOT true regarding these legions?
The time of transmission from one neuron to another will remain the same.
Sensory deficits:
can be difficult to notice.
Betty, 78 years old, feels rushed and has difficulty remembering how to use the automatic card-reader machine. She asks the clerk to repeat slowly the instructions on how to swipe her credit card. Betty is:
compensating for loss of cognitive speed.
Which choice correctly depicts the information-processing sequence?
sensation -> perception -> comprehension
Who would have the thinnest prefrontal cortex region and volume of gray matter?
35 year old
An aspect of impaired control processes is evidenced when an older adult:
relies on preconceived ideas rather than considering new evidence when making decisions.
All aspects of brain efficiency vary from individual to individual. However, studies have suggested that certain activities seem to correlate with less cognitive decline. Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to have cognitive deficits as part of brain senescence?
65-year-old Lui, a baker who spends a lot of time watching television and did not have a chance to complete high school
It appears that over the past decade, the risk of major neurocognitive disorder has _____ in wealthy countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom.
decreased
Maslow believed that as people gain more life experience as they get older, they are more likely to:
reach self-actualization.
A situation in which someone takes several medications at once is called:
A situation in which someone takes several medications at once is called:
polypharmacy
Erikson described people whose lives come together in a “re-synthesis of all the resilience and strengths already developed” as reaching:
integrity
Someone who has a larger than normal amount of plaques and tangles in the cerebral cortex may have:
Alzheimer’s disease.
Which statement regarding the definition of wisdom is FALSE?
Those who are wise never act foolishly.
An elderly person who displays surprise over memory losses is most likely suffering from:
Alzheimer’s disease.
Raul is 86 years old and has a strong belief in the interdependence of the human experience. Because of this, he has become very involved in his community during late adulthood, and he feels more connected to the arts, children, and all other humans. Erikson would describe Raul as reaching:
integrity
Vascular disease can occur in all of the following circumstances EXCEPT when a(n):
person has a brain tumor.
Walter is 89 years old. He is deeply spiritual, has a surprising sense of humor, cares deeply about his family and community, and loves to spend time painting and writing. Maslow would likely describe Walter as:
self-actualized.
self-actualized.
According to studies, Jaya, who is 89 years old and retired, has an advantage in developing wisdom for all of these reasons EXCEPT that:
she has friends who are wise, so she can learn from them.
she has friends who are wise, so she can learn from them.
Which of the following is the BEST example of an elderly person engaging in the life review?
Elsie is sharing stories with her grandchildren about her childhood and her cultural heritage.
Greta is 81 years old and has been experiencing vivid hallucinations and frequent falls, and at times she loses attention and behaves inappropriately, as if she has no inhibitions. Which of the following is Greta most likely suffering from?
Lewy body disease
An elderly person who displays excessive attention to minor memory losses is most likely suffering from:
depression
depression
Phyllis has experienced repeated TIAs, most of which she has not even been aware of. Phyllis will most likely develop:
vascular disease.
Kenneth has been found to have the ApoE4 gene. This means that he has about a 50/50 chance of developing:
Alzheimer’s disease.
Exaggerated attention to minor memory losses is to ________ as unawareness of or embarrassment over memory loss is to ________.
depression; Alzheimer’s disease
Researchers have found that it is possible to improve almost any specific cognitive ability in the young-old if:
the training process is targeted to the individual’s motivation and abilities.
Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by:
multiple plaques and tangles in the hippocampus.
The slowing down of the brain in primary aging may be attributed to:
reduced production of acetylcholine.
If a nursing home’s staff wants to slow down the impairment of cognitive functions in the residents, what is the single most important variable they should address?
exercise opportunities
In the research of 26 nations, which group was found to believe overall that the elderly are wise?
most people everywhere
The complete information-processing approach of cognition in late adulthood can be BEST described as consisting of:
sensing, memory, control processes, and output
Which of the following people would most likely experience a noticeable decline in cognitive functioning?
Rudy, who is 68 years old and has such severe arthritis that she has difficulty walking or moving about without assistance and has to take pain medication daily
What did Erik Erikson call the people he interviewed who were in their 90s to reflect their awareness of the interdependence of the generations and the human experience?
social witnesses
Which of the following statements about the brain in adulthood is true?
New neurons form and new dendrites grow throughout adulthood.
Cognitive decline in late adulthood:
has a greater degree of variability from one individual to another than is true for any other age group.
A common type of difficulty that older adults have due to brain shrinkage is that it interferes with:
being able to multitask.
Greta is 81 years old and has been experiencing hallucinations. She has some motor difficulty, so she falls frequently. At times she loses attention and behaves inappropriately, as if she has no inhibitions. Which of the following is Greta most likely suffering from?
Lewy body dementia
Betty, 78 years old, is experiencing senescence. Which of the following is she most likely to demonstrate?
increased reaction time
Maslow believed that as people got older they were more likely to:
reach self-actualization.
Researchers need to consider _________ when measuring memory.
ecological validity
Recent research indicates that long-term memory for vocabulary:
remains unimpaired.
Which of the following is important to the cognitive gains of older adults, although they do not exist in every nation?
Universities for the Third Age
Which of the following statements is true about the problem-solving abilities of people in late adulthood?
People in late adulthood are more likely to use more areas of their brains than younger people.
When would a person with Parkinson’s disease typically need full-time care?
late adulthood
Cases of Lewy body dementia make up _______ of neurocognitive disorders in the United States.
3%
Wisdom seems to reflect:
an understanding of life.
The research study cited in the text found that people in all age groups have greater difficulty performing which of the following at the same time?
a motor task and a cognitive task
If Hortensia expects to lose her intellectual power as she ages, she is demonstrating the influence of:
stereotype threat.
Which type of information is the most likely to decline with age?
recalling names and new words
An older person’s saying “I know but I just can’t remember” indicates a problem with:
retrieval.
retrieval.
An important aspect of the life review is:
that it improves the emotional well-being of the storyteller.
A type of neurocognitive disorder that begins with impairments in motor control but not impaired thinking is:
Parkinson’s disease.
Wisdom:
increases for some individuals with age.
Individuals with Alzheimer’s disease show _____ cognitive decline compared to those with vascular major neurocognitive disorder, who have _____ decline.
gradual; sudden
One research study described in the text had older adults play a video game for 20 hours to see whether training could improve their:
control processes.
An explanation for an older adult perceiving the words in the ear ants for the word interference is:
reduced sensory input.
Researchers have found that older adults who have _____ showed little or no impairment when asked to perform certain working-memory tasks.
time and the ability to concentrate
Edward is 71 years old and is taking an adult-education Spanish class. He often finds himself in class having difficulty paying attention, daydreaming, and experiencing intrusive memories from his past. Edward did not have these issues when he was a college student in his 20s. Edward’s experience could be explained by which of the following?
inefficient control processes
Which of the following is true about cognition in late adulthood?
Education and intellectual challenge will likely influence cognitive functioning in late adulthood.
Research suggests that time of day and location (home versus lab) should be considered when measuring memory. This is referred to as:
ecological validity.
Late-adulthood cognition appears to decline because:
information does not cross the sensory threshold.
A series of ministrokes is called:
TIA
Supat is 86 years old and is examining his role in the history of human life. Some would say that this activity indicates:
life review
With _____, symptoms may vanish quickly and go unnoticed.
TIA
Which of the following is true about late adulthood and emotions?
Most elderly people are content with their lives.
Ecological validity is:
a consideration of subjective variables.
The result of repeated TIAs is:
vascular dementia
_____ is the information that the brain holds at a given moment.
working memory
The second most common cause of major neurocognitive disorder is:
stroke
Which of the following is true of how the brain changes with age?
It grows with new experiences.
Which of the following types of memory shows the least decline with age?
Implicit memory
Larissa had a series of small, minor strokes, which led to major neurocognitive disorder. Which of the following describes the primary cause of this disorder?
Vascular
_____ is a neurocognitive disorder with symptoms that include visual hallucinations, loss of attention, falling, and fainting.
Lewy Body Disease
Stacy wants to use ecological validity when evaluating cognition in older adults. Which of the following approaches would you recommend?
observing ability to solve problems during daily life
Gina, who is 70, is engaging in a game that requires problem-solving skills. How is she likely to complete this exercise?
with prior knowledge and rules of thumb
Marian has been experiencing tremors and muscle rigidity, and recently she found herself unable to initiate movement. Which of the following is Marian likely to be diagnosed with?
Parkinson’s Disease
The Swartz family is very large and has members who live in many different states. Albert,
one of the elder family members, stays in touch with everyone, shares information about
different family members with the rest of the family, and attempts to arrange get-togethers so
that the family can stay connected. Albert would be considered the family:
kinkeeper
which therapist developed the hierarchy of need?
Maslow
A group of people who provide encouragement and guidance and meet one’s social needs throughout life is called a:
social convoy.
Margie and Lewis have recently seen their oldest child leave home for college, and they are now left with time to pursue their own lives, including reconnecting with each other. Margie and Lewis are now experiencing the:
C. empty nest
Karen and Lyndsey have been dating romantically and monogamously for over three years now. They have made a commitment to each other and have opted to make their relationship permanent. How will their homosexual relationship compare with heterosexual relationships?
A. Same-sex relationships tend to work in the same way that heterosexual relationships work, with some relationships being supportive and warm and others conflicted and difficult
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
D. self-centeredness
Margie suffers from _____, which involve(s) a thickening of the lens that interrupts her vision.
D. cataracts
Which of the following is NOT an example of secondary aging?
D. reeducation of synapses in the brain
. Thirty-year-old Angela meets 75-year-old Margaret. Angela introduces herself by speaking in short simple sentences, using exaggerated emphasis, and speaking slowly. Angela is using:
A. elderspeak
Which of the following is an example of the wear-and-tear theory of aging?
A. Martha, a former concert violinist, has severe arthritis in her fingers.
Larissa has had a series of small, minor strokes. The additive effect, of each stroke, however, is leading to a major neurocognitive disorder. What type of neurocognitive disorder might she be diagnosed with?
D. major neurocognitive disorder due to vascular disease
Which activity is NOT associated with a reduced incidence of neurocognitive disorder in the elderly?
D. taking Saint John’s wort every day
Which statement is a viable explanation of increased creativity in older adults?
A. logical parts of the brain may become weaker, allowing creative parts to become stronger
Marian has been diagnosed with a form of neurocognitive disorder that began with impaired motor control. Which of the following might be her specific diagnosis?
C. major neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson disease
Janet knows that her favorite department store has a sale on jackets, but she cannot recall where she learned the information. She is experiencing:
A. source amnesia.
Marvin spends his elder years focusing on developing his own identity, taking the time to learn things about himself that he never knew. This is an example of:
D. self theory.
LaShelle is 84 years old, and each day before she goes out she carefully plans her chores so that she can get them done efficiently. Her planning is an example of:
A. an instrumental activity of daily life (IADL).
Those over the age of 65 who are physically or cognitively ill are referred to as the _____ elderly.
A. frail
A preference of the elderly to remain in the same home and community, adjusting but not leaving when health fades, is called:
D. aging in place.
Which older individual is likely to have the longest and happiest life, according to research?
A. Darla, who was divorced at the age of 45 and never remarried
Anna and Charles live near their grandchildren, see them daily, and participate in their upbringing. They would be classified as _____ grandparents.
remote
Ting is a 79-year-old widow living in Beijing, China. She has three grown children—two daughters and one son. It is MOST likely that Ting lives:
With her son and his family
What is the FINAL stage of Erik Erikson’s developmental sequence?
C. generativity versus stagnation
People’s tendency to recount with pride their past experiences of getting away with something like skipping school is called:
People’s tendency to recount with pride their past experiences of getting away with something like skipping school is called:
B. the “sucker to saint” phenomenon.
The tendency for the elderly to perceive, prefer, and remember pleasant images and experiences more than unpleasant ones is called the _____ effect.
D. positivity
The idea that aging makes a person’s social sphere increasingly narrow, resulting in relinquishing of roles, withdrawing from others, and becoming passive is called _____ theory.
D. disengagement
According to Colbert and colleagues (2009), the rate of suicide among European American men over the age of 65 is approximately _____ that of African American women.
50 times
As _____ theory of development would predict, volunteer work tends to attract older adults who were always strongly committed to their communities and who have more social contacts.
D. self
A characteristic of involved grandparenting is that the grandparents:
D. usually see their grandchildren daily and provide substantial care.
As generations have _____ members, it is predicted that intergenerational relationships will become _____ important.
B. fewer; more
The cost of a private room in a nursing home was just over $200,000 per year in the state of _____ in 2015.
B. Alaska
_____ care involves cooperative actions by professionals, family members, and the care receiver to achieve optimal caregiving.
D. Integrated
Forgetting names and places appears in stage _____ of Alzheimer’s disease.
3
A measure to slow down the onset of major NCD is:
A. to improve circulation through regular exercise
Blockage of a blood vessel in the brain that keeps sufficient oxygen from getting into the brain tissue is a result of:
a stroke
Wisdom:
A. can be seen in both older and younger people.
Abraham Maslow did not feel that _____ was necessarily exclusive to older adults, but he did note that it is related to life experiences that help people move forward.
D. self-actualization
A common type of difficulty that older adults have with their working memory involves:
C. being able to perform only two tasks at the same time instead of three.
Cardiovascular disease is _____ aging because it _____.
D. secondary; may not be age-related
According to the National Center for Health Statistics (2014), cardiovascular deaths in 2013 were less than _____ the rate in 1960.
1/4
Which of the following is true about cognitive development during late adulthood?
A) new neurons do not develop beyond age 65
B) new neurons develop more rapidly during late adulthood
C) new neurons do not develop beyond adolescence
D) new neurons continue to develop during late adulthood
D) new neurons continue to develop during late adulthood
Which of these individuals is engaging in life review?
A) Caleb, who writes an editorial column in the newspaper.
B) Jacob, who is reviewing his financial history with an accountant.
C) Natalie, who is thinking about having children.
D) Ruth, who enjoys telling her grandchildren stories about her childhood.
D) Ruth, who enjoys telling her grandchildren stories about her childhood.
According to Erikson’s 8th stage of psychosocial development (Integrity vs. Despair), successful individuals:
A) Reflect on past experiences of changes in employment.
B) Reflect on past experiences of consummate love.
C) Reflect on past experiences of adversity and financial insecurity.
D) Reflect on past experiences of challenge and resilience.
D) Reflect on past experiences of challenge and resilience.
Many elderly individuals use familiar concepts, prior knowledge, or rules of thumb in decision making instead of learning new concepts. This demonstrates _______ processing.
A) senescent
B) inductive (intuition)
C) bottom-up (inductive reasoning)
D) top-down (deductive reasoning)
D) top-down (deductive reasoning)
Which disease of cognitive processing during late adulthood involves the development of plaques and tangles in the cerebral cortex?
A) Alzheimer’s disease
B) Parkinson’s disease
C) Vascular dementia
D) Depression
A) Alzheimer’s disease
Which of the following is NOT a natural change in sleep patterns that occurs with age?
A.It is common to wake more frequently at night.
B.It is easier to fall asleep.
C.Napping becomes more common.
D.The day-night circadian rhythm decreases.
B.It is easier to fall asleep.
Which of the following has contributed to changing the shape of the demographic pyramid?
A.a decrease in birth rates
B.an increase in serious fatal illnesses
C.an increase in deaths of young children
D.a decrease in the use of cancer-causing agents
A.a decrease in birth rates
The disease associated with deterioration of bone tissue leading to a greater risk of breaks or fractures is: A.vascular disease. B.hypertension. C.osteoporosis. D.glaucoma.
C. osteroporosis
Which of the following is NOT an example of secondary aging? A.loss of flexibility due to inactivity B.cardiovascular disease C.diabetes D.reduction of synapses in the brain
D.reduction of synapses in the brain
Which of the following assumes that longevity depends on the combined effect of DNA with epigenetic and environmental factors? A.centenarian theory B.genetic theories of aging C.wear-and-tear theory D.cellular theories of aging
B.genetic theories of aging
Edward just turned 67, but he has severe mental deficits due to a stroke and depends entirely on his wife to care for him. Which age group would he be classified in? A.young-old B.old-old C.oldest-old D.none of the above
C.oldest-old
When Angela visits her grandmother, she communicates by speaking in short simple sentences, using exaggerated emphasis, and speaking slowly. Angela is demonstrating:
A.a good method of helping her grandmother’s comprehension.
B.destructive protection.
C.warranted concern for her aging grandmother.
D.ageism through elderspeak.
D.ageism through elderspeak.
Which of the following is an example of the wear-and-tear theory of aging?
A.Martha, a former concert violinist, has severe arthritis in her fingers.
B.Julius, an engineer, suffers from severe astigmatism in both eyes.
C.Warren, a teacher, suffers from severe asthma.
D.Elizabeth, a social worker, has to use a cane because she broke her ankle when she fell down some stairs.
A.Martha, a former concert violinist, has severe arthritis in her fingers.
Which of the following is true of how the brain changes with age?
A.It grows with new experiences.
B.It increases in size.
C.Processing speeds up.
D.Production of neurotransmitters increases.
A.It grows with new experiences.
Which of the following types of memory shows the least decline with age? A.explicit memory for things like names B.prospective memory C.working memory D.implicit memory
D.implicit memory
Larissa had a series of small, minor strokes, which led to major neurocognitive disorder. Which of the following describes the primary cause of this disorder? A.Alzheimer's disease B.vascular disease C.formation of plaques and tangles D.frontotemporal degeneration
B.vascular disease
Which of the following activities is NOT associated with a reduced incidence of neurocognitive disorder in the elderly? A.education B.regular exercise C.taking Saint-John's-wort every day D.healthy diet
C.taking Saint-John’s-wort every day
Which of the following is NOT a reversible condition that may cause neurocognitive impairment? A.SES B.malnutrition C.depression D.polypharmacy
A.SES
\_\_\_\_\_ is a neurocognitive disorder with symptoms that include visual hallucinations, loss of attention, falling, and fainting. A.Parkinson's disease B.Vascular disease C.Alzheimer's disease D.Lewy body disease
D.Lewy body disease
Stacy wants to use ecological validity when evaluating cognition in older adults. Which of the following approaches would you recommend?
A.giving a written assessment of vocabulary
B.administering a cognitive test assessing problem-solving skills
C.doing a verbal recall test of memory
D.observing ability to solve problems during daily life
D.observing ability to solve problems during daily life
Gina, who is 70, is engaging in a game that requires problem-solving skills. How is she likely to complete this exercise?
A.with slow analysis and forethought
B.with prior knowledge and rules of thumb
C.with a recently learned principle
D.quickly and logically
B.with prior knowledge and rules of thumb
Marian has been experiencing tremors and muscle rigidity, and recently she found herself unable to initiate movement. Which of the following is Marian likely to be diagnosed with? A.Alzheimer's disease B.vascular disease C.Parkinson's disease D.frontotemporal lobar degeneration
C.Parkinson’s disease
Marvin spends his elder years focusing on developing his own identity, taking the time to learn things about himself that he never knew. This is an example of:
A.selective optimization with compensation.
B.terminal-drop hypothesis.
C.psychodynamic theory.
D.self theory.
D. self theory.
LaShelle is 84 years old, and each day before she goes out she carefully plans her chores so that she can get them done efficiently. Her planning is an example of:
A.an instrumental activity of daily life (IADL).
B.an activity of daily life (ADL).
C.organizational aptitude.
D.decreased ability to be spontaneous.
A.an instrumental activity of daily life (IADL).
Which of the following is a major U.S. organization that represents the needs and concerns of the elderly? A.PETA B.AARP C.APA D.IRS
B. AARP
Those over the age of 65 who are physically or cognitively ill are referred to as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ elderly. A.frail B.infirm C.respite D.oldest
A.frail
A preference of the elderly to remain in the same home and community, adjusting but not leaving when health fades, is called: A.a natural retirement arrangement. B.aging at home. C.home rigidity. D.aging in place.
D.aging in place.
Justin is an elderly man who has lived a very hard life. Regardless, he always reflects on fun experiences with family and friends rather than hard times. He is demonstrating: A. integrity versus despair. B. disengagement theory. C. the positivity effect. D. age stratification.
C. the positivity effect.
Which of these older individuals is likely to have the longest and happiest life, according to research?
A.Darla, who divorced at age 45 and never remarried
B. Brad, who never married but has several lady friends with whom he spends time
C. Jessica, who lost both her first husband and her second husband to cancer
D. Orlando, who has been married to the same woman for 45 years
D. Orlando, who has been married to the same woman for 45 years
Anna and Charles live near their grandchildren, see them daily, and participate in their upbringing. They would be classified as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ grandparents. A.surrogate B.involved C.remote D.companionate
B.involved
Ting is a 79-year-old widow living in Beijing, China. She has three grown children—two daughters and one son. It is most likely that Ting lives:
A.in a state-run nursing home.
B.with one of her daughters and her family.
C.with her son and his family.
D.on her own at her home.
C.with her son and his family.
C.with her son and his family.
at what age does late adulthood ‘start’
65
prejudice whereby people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age
ageism
ageism is a __________
self fulfilling prophecy (if we treat old people like they are frail/confused, they may become more dependent….if older people think their age makes them feeble, they may stop taking care of themselves/avoid social interaction…etc)
changes in _____ cause the older adult to wake up before dawn, nap during the day and wake more frequently
circadian rhythm
talking to older individuals in short sentences, a slower and high pitched voice at a louder volume, frequently repeating things, and using names like “honey” is called
elderspeak
only 35% of older adults over age 65 meet guidelines about _____ while only 11% engage in ______
exercise; muscle strengthening
what percent of the world’s aging population is over age 65? over age 100?
8%; 2%
generally those aged 75-85; suffer some losses in body, mind, or social support, but take pride in self care
old old
generally those aged 65-75; healthy, active, financially secure, and independent
young old
generally those aged 85 and older; are dependent and most noticeable
oldest old
the oldest possible age to which members of a species can live, under ideal circumstances; for humans, that age is approximately 122 years
maximum life expectancy
four ways in which centenarians lifestyles were similar
diet, work, family and community, exercise and relaxation
a decrease in neurotransmitters and decreased myelination and blood flow can both contribute to ________
slower thinking
the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval, display, and dissemination of information
information processing
most common NCD; severe and worsening memory loss along with personality changes are the main symptoms; most cases begin much later and many genes have some impact; diagnosis is not definitive until autopsy; 5 stages; marked by formation of plaques of beta amyloid protein and tangles of tau protein in brain
Alzheimer’s disease
most common NCD over the age of 90; characterized by sporadic, and progressive, loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated infarcts, or temporary obstructions of blood vessels, which prevent sufficient blood from reaching the brain; can be caused by surgery that requires general anesthesia; may cause a ministroke (TIAs)
vascular disease
Marsha compares costs of car, taxi, bus, and train. Under what domain of instrumental activities of daily life (IADL) does this activity fall under?
transportation
According to research, which older individual is likely to have the longest and happiest life?
Orlando, who has been married to the same woman for 45 years
