......CHAPTER 1: The Science of Human Development

Question 1

People who are born within a few years of each other and who travel through life during the same time are called a ....
A) peer group
B) cohort
C) context
D) family

Answer 1

B) cohort

Question 2

Scientific observation can occur:
A) at home.
B) on a public street.
C) all of the above
D) in a laboratory

Answer 2

C) all of the above

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT used to measure the socioeconomic status (SES) of a family?

A) place of residence
B)income or wealth
C) racial and religious background
D) occupation and education

Answer 3

racial and religious background

Question 4

One of the most encouraging tenets of the life-span perspective is

A) durability
B) flexibility
C) continuity
D) plasticity

Answer 4

plasticity

Question 5

The perspective that development is influenced by various life contexts like the education system, media, one’s peer group, and religious values

Answer 5

the ecological approach

Question 6

A hypothesis is best defined as

A) a theory that has been proven.
B) a specific prediction that can be tested.
C) research evidence.
D) a conclusion.

Answer 6

a specific prediction that can be tested

Question 7

A researcher observes that two variables he has measured both decrease together. Which of the following best describes this relationship?

Answer 7

The variables are positively correlated

Question 8

You want to study the long-term effects of parenting styles on self-esteem, but you have only a few months to complete the study. Which type of research design should you use?

Answer 8

cross-sectional

Question 9

Rachel has had many hardships in life, but she has managed to thrive and be successful. Alternatively, Jen has experienced a few small bumps in the road, and she is seriously struggling as a result. These differences can be attributed to

Answer 9

differential susceptibility

Question 10

According to the text, not only should research be valid and useful but it must also be

A) ethical
B) economical
C) timely
D) immediately applicable

Answer 10

ethical

Question 11

Psychoanalytic theory, learning theory, and cognitive theory all belong to the category of

Answer 11

grand theories

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between Erikson’s and Freud’s psychoanalytic approaches?

Answer 12

Erikson recognized stages of adult development

Question 13

A key component of operant conditioning is

Answer 13

reinforcement

Question 14

Which learning process involves pairing a meaningful stimulus with a neutral stimulus, ultimately resulting in the neutral stimulus gaining meaning by association?

Answer 14

classical conditioning

Question 15

When a new experience does not fit current understanding, a person tends to experience a confusing state called

Answer 15

cognitive disequilibrium

Question 16

Sociocultural theory suggests that

Answer 16

culture and social interactions strongly impact development

Question 17

Which of the following do a majority of developmentalists adhere to?

Answer 17

eclectic perspective

Question 18

Tour friend advised you that your child’s grocery-store temper tantrums continue to occur because you are reinforcing the behavior. What theory has influenced your friend’s thinking?

Answer 18

Behaviorism

Question 19

You want to teach your child to build a tower with blocks. Which theorist would suggest that you do this through guided participation?

Answer 19

Vygotsky

Question 20

Because you keep your room so impeccably neat, your friend says “ you might be fixated at the anal stage.”. Whose developmental theory has influenced your friends beliefs?

Answer 20

Freud

Question 21

Which type of research design combines the cross-sectional design with the longitudinal research design?

A) cross-sectional
B) quasi-experimental
C) cross-sequential
D) meta-sequential

Answer 21

C) cross-sequential

Question 22

Empirical evidence is based on _____.

A) theories and speculation
B) observation, experience, or experiment
C) inferences based on personal biases
D) opinions generated by focus groups

Answer 22

D) opinions generated by focus groups

Question 23

The science of human development examines how, but not why, people change over time.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 23

False

Question 24

_____ studies the many ways in which the environment alters gene expression.

A) Differential susceptibility
B) Ethology
C) Epigenetics
D) The nature–nurture debate

Answer 24

C) Epigenetics

Question 25

Which example best illustrates a sensitive period?

A) a child who is born blind

B) an egg being fertilized

C) a fetus developing fingers and toes

D) a child learning to speak a second language

Answer 25

D) a child learning to speak a second language

Question 26

The influence of nurture begins at conception.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Scientific observation allows for the _____.

A) Study of individuals’ behaviors in a systematic and objective manner

B) determination of cause-and-effect relationships

C) observation of participants without their knowledge

D) systematic manipulation of variables

Answer 27

A) Study of individuals’ behaviors in a systematic and objective manner

Question 28

The “difference-equals-deficit” error may lead people to believe that their nation or culture is better than others.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

The science of human development examines how, but not why, people change over time.
A) True
B) False

Answer 29

B) False

Question 30

The purpose of the scientific method is to conduct research that will only support researchers’ hypotheses.
A) True
B) False

Answer 30

B) False

Question 31

A research question becomes a hypothesis when it is stated as a prediction that can be tested.
A) True
B) False

Answer 31

A) True

Question 32

The conclusions of a scientific study are based on whether the evidence supports or refutes the hypothesis.
A) True
B) False

Answer 32

A) True

Question 33

If Dr. Hall conducts a study in the exact same way that Dr. Jeeves did but uses different participants, Dr. Hall is demonstrating replication.
A) True
B) False

Answer 33

A) True

Question 34

Nature is more important than nurture in how a trait or behavior is expressed. A) True
B) False

Answer 34

B) False

Question 35

The influence of nurture begins at conception.
A) True
B) False

Answer 35

A) True

Question 36

Since starting school Sam had struggled with math. His teacher offered to help him with math after school. Now Sam does well on his math assignments. The example of Sam’s teacher helping Sam with math to improve his math ability is an example of how nature can influence development.

A) True
B) False

Answer 36

B) False

Question 37

Today, developmental science studies mostly young children and adolescents.

A) True
B) False

Answer 37

B) False

Question 38

The term plasticity refers to how a person’s development is completely determined by the environment.
A) True B) False

Answer 38

B) False

Question 39

Most periods of development are critical periods.

A) True
B) False

Answer 39

B) False

Question 40

Within the context of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological-systems approach, a person’s immediate surroundings, such as family or peer group, are part of the macrosystems level.

A) True
B) False

Answer 40

B) False

Question 41

Individuals in the same cohort are exposed to the same values, events, technologies, and culture of the era.

A) True
B) False

Answer 41

A) True

Question 42

The term cohort refers to individuals born in the same geographical region and within the same social class.

A) True
B) False

Answer 42

B) False

Question 43

Socioeconomic status is also called social class.

A) True
B) False

Answer 43

A) True

Question 44

Culture refers to a system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, and expectations.
A) True
B) False

Answer 44

A) True

Question 45

The difference-equals-deficit error may lead people to believe that their nation or culture is better than others.
A) True
B) False

Answer 45

A) True

Question 46

Race and ethnicity are the same thing.

A) True
B) False

Answer 46

B) False

Question 47

Scientists believe that race is genetic.
A) True
B) False

Answer 47

B) False

Question 48

Miguel worked in the fields and did not learn how to read or write until he entered school at age 13. It will take him longer to learn to read at age 13 than it would have when he was younger.
A) True
B) False

Answer 48

A) True

Question 49

A positive correlation between how long parents stay when dropping off their children at day care and how long it takes their children to become engaged in the toys and their friends means that longer parental lingering is associated with longer delay in engagement by the children.
A) True B) False

Answer 49

A) True

Question 50

Developmental researchers agree that nature is much more important than nurture in determining psychological outcomes such as intelligence and personality.
A) True
B) False

Answer 50

B) False

Question 51

According to the dynamic-systems approach, human development is a static process.
A) True
B) False

Answer 51

B) False

Question 52

Friends Jill and Susan both experienced poverty as children. In addition, they were raised by single parents and went to a poor quality school. By the time they were in late adolescence, Jill had dropped out of school and had two children. Susan, in contrast, was academically ranked number one in her graduating class and had a full academic scholarship to Harvard. This example illustrates the concept of differential susceptibility.

A) True
B) False

Answer 52

A) True

Question 53

The main advantage of scientific observation as a research method is that it allows the scientist to determine cause and effect.

A) True
B) False

Answer 53

B) False

Question 54

In an experiment, the group receiving the special treatment is referred to as the comparison group.

A) True
B) False

Answer 54

B) False

Question 55

The purpose of a survey is to allow a researcher to collect data quickly from a large population.
A) True
B) False

Answer 55

A) True

Question 56

One problem with the data from surveys is that participants may not tell the truth.
A) True
B) False

Answer 56

A) True

Question 57

Dr. Tucker wanted to learn how aggression changes across development. He designed a study in which he assessed aggression among 100 children who were 3 years old and then reassessed aggression among these individuals every three years until the participants were 21 years old. Dr. Tucker’s research design was cross-sectional.
A) True
B) False

Answer 57

B) False

Question 58

In longitudinal research, the same people are measured at multiple assessment points over a period of time.
A) True
B) False

Answer 58

A) True

Question 59

Cross-sequential research is a combination of a cross-sectional approach and a longitudinal approach.
A) True
B) False

Answer 59

A) True

Question 60

When two variables are not connected, the correlation between them is zero.
A) True
B) False

Answer 60

A) True

Question 61

Most research conducted on humans cannot begin without the approval of the Institutional Review Board.
A) True
B) False

Answer 61

A) True

Question 62

A volunteer showed up to participate in Dr. Allen’s research study. Dr. Allen failed to inform the volunteer that her participation was voluntary. Dr. Allen was being ethical in conducting the study, as sharing with the volunteer that research participation is voluntary is not part of informed consent.

A) True
B) False

Answer 62

B) False

Question 63

What does the science of human development seek to understand?
A) the meaning of life
B) theories that have not been subjected to scientific testing
C) the works of Freud, Piaget, and Erikson
D) how and why people change over time

Answer 63

D

Question 64

Dr. Furth is curious about whether a specific brain chemical can be suppressed if a patient is given a large dose of vitamin E. Dr. Furth’s question demonstrates the _____ step in the scientific method.
A) first
B) second C) third D) fourth

Answer 64

A

Question 65

Dr. Hernandez predicts that a certain drug will help patients with schizophrenia. Her prediction is called \_\_\_\_\_.
A) a conclusion
B) empirical evidence
C) a hypothesis
D) a result

Answer 65

C

Question 66

A researcher designed and conducted an experiment to determine whether 350 mg of a certain drug would help patients with bipolar disorder. By designing and conducting this experiment, the researcher \_\_\_\_\_.
A) drew conclusions
B) demonstrated proof
C) tested the hypothesis
D) confirmed the results

Answer 66

C

Question 67

Dr. Henderson is curious to know more about how children develop over time. To avoid relying on opinion or personal bias, Dr. Henderson should _____.
A) use the scientific method to collect data and establish facts
B) have the children undergo psychoanalysis
C) talk with many children’s parents
D) read Dr. Spock’s book, Baby and Child Care

Answer 67

A

Question 68

The first step in the scientific method involves \_\_\_\_\_.
A) posing a question
B) conducting research
C) supporting or refuting a hypothesis
D) developing a hypothesis

Answer 68

A

Question 69

The second step in the scientific method involves \_\_\_\_\_.
A) posing a question
B) conducting research
C) developing a hypothesis
D) sharing the results

Answer 69

C

Question 70

The third step in the scientific method involves \_\_\_\_\_.
A) posing a question
B) conducting research
C) sharing the results
D) developing a hypothesis

Answer 70

B

Question 71

The fourth step in the scientific method involves \_\_\_\_\_.
A) posing a question
B) conducting research
C) developing a hypothesis
D) supporting or refuting a hypothesis

Answer 71

D

Question 72

Empirical evidence is based on _____.
A) theories and speculation
B) observation, experience, or experiment
C) inferences rooted in personal biases
D) opinions generated by several groups of people

Answer 72

B

Question 73

After posing a question, a researcher using the scientific method \_\_\_\_\_.
A) draws conclusions
B) runs an experiment
C) selects a group of participants
D) develops a hypothesis

Answer 73

D

Question 74

The final step in the five steps of the scientific method is to \_\_\_\_\_.
A) test a hypothesis
B) pose a question
C) conduct research
D) report the results

Answer 74

D

Question 75

What is a researcher’s first step when designing a research study on children’s language acquisition?
A) recruit children and their parents as participants in the study
B) develop a hypothesis on the way language is acquired in children
C) pose a research question about language acquisition
D) draw conclusions on the way children acquire language

Answer 75

C

Question 76

A hypothesis is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_.
A) experiment
B) prediction that can be tested
C) conclusion drawn from research
D) replication of a scientific study

Answer 76

B

Question 77

What is replication of a study?
A) the repetition of a study using different participants
B) the repetition of a study using the same participants
C) designing a new study based on information from a previous study
D) designing a new study using new ideas and information

Answer 77

A

Question 78

Dr. Kong conducts a study in which he finds that smoking is correlated with an increased risk of high blood pressure. He publishes his results, and Dr. Meco reads the report about the study. Then Dr. Meco does the same study using different participants in another city. Dr. Meco's work is an example of \_\_\_\_\_.
A) scientific controversy
B) replication
C) ethics
D) observation

Answer 78

B

Question 79

Dr. Seldor does a study in which she finds that alcohol consumption is correlated with an increased risk of diabetes. She publishes her results, and Dr. Al-Jaher reads the report about the study. Then Dr. Al-Jaher does the same study using different participants in another nation. Dr. Al-Jaher's work is an example of \_\_\_\_\_.
A) scientific controversy
B) replication
C) empirical evidence
D) a hypothesis

Answer 79

B

Question 80

Parents who spend a great deal of time and money trying to find the best school for their children believe in the importance of \_\_\_\_\_ as it relates to development.
A) nurture
B) replication
C) nature
D) classical conditioning

Answer 80

A

Question 81

The term for all of the environmental influences that affect development after conception is \_\_\_\_\_.
A) proteins
B) nurture
C) nature
D) amino acids

Answer 81

B

Question 82

In the science of human development, “nurture” refers to \_\_\_\_\_.
A) universal traits
B) biological traits
C) environmental influences
D) unique traits

Answer 82

A

Question 83

Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of \_\_\_\_\_.
A) nature and nurture acting separately
B) primarily nature
C) nature and nurture acting together
D) primarily nurture

Answer 83

C

Question 84

Dr. Towne believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. They are on different sides of the \_\_\_\_\_ debate.
A) nature versus nurture
B) intelligent design versus evolution
C) genes versus development
D) traits versus conditioning

Answer 84

C

Question 85

Susie, who is 5 years old, is the tallest person in her kindergarten class. When her teacher asked her how she got so tall, Susie said proudly, “My mom and dad are tall, and I eat good food!” Susie's statement reflects that she understands that human development comes from \_\_\_\_\_.
A) heredity
B) the environment
C) learning
D) environment and heredity combined

Answer 85

A

Question 86

Which is an example of the influence of nature?
A) having a mother who smoked during pregnancy
B) having the gene for epilepsy
C) eating a healthy diet
D) living in a loud neighborhood

Answer 86

D

Question 87

The impact of any good or bad experience depends on \_\_\_\_\_.
A) nature
B) nurture
C) nature and nurture
D) neither nature nor nurture

Answer 87

B

Question 88

Even though Chris has genetic markers that put him at higher risk for a particular disease, he never shows any signs of the disorder. What factor explains this?
A) genes
B) environment
C) epigenetics D) rearing

Answer 88

C

Question 89

Brooke and her half-brother Colton were raised in an impoverished home, where they were often left home alone while both parents worked more than one minimum-wage job to support the family. Despite this upbringing, Brooke has developed into a happy, healthy adult, while Colton has developed into a depressed alcoholic. Even though they shared an upbringing, their different outcomes indicate that they had \_\_\_\_\_.
A) epigenetics
B) differential susceptibility
C) different nurture
D) different environments

Answer 89

B

Question 90

Even though Aaron eats well and exercises regularly, by age 70 he developed type 2 diabetes. Clement, on the other hand, eats fast food regularly and rarely exercises. At 70 years of age, his blood sugar levels remain in the normal range. What might account for the differences in their outcomes?
A) differential susceptibility
B) cultural differences
C) sex differences
D) cohort differences

Answer 90

A

Question 91

Differential susceptibility means that certain people have genes that _____.
A) make them more vulnerable to particular experiences
B) contribute similarly to a specific developmental outcome
C) do not impact development within the context of particular experiences
D) have an unknown impact on individuals

Answer 91

A

Question 92

The tragic case of Brenda/David revealed that some sex differences are mainly a result of \_\_\_\_\_.
A) upbringing 
B) culture
C) nurture
D) epigenetics

Answer 92

D

Question 93

By the age of 1, most babies raised in English-speaking households have lost the ability to distinguish the sounds of the two Ts in the Hindi language. This loss of ability that accompanies increasing ability illustrates the concept that development is \_\_\_\_\_.
A) multidirectional
B) multicontextual 
C) multicultural
D) multidisciplinary

Answer 93

A

Question 94

The human fetus develops fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days after conception but cannot develop fingers and toes before or after that time. This is an example of \_\_\_\_\_.
A) a sensitive period
B) a critical period
C) discontinuity
D) continuity

Answer 94

B

Question 95

Which example clearly illustrates a critical period?
A) a child learning to walk
B) a child learning a second language before age 4
C) a fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days in utero
D) a child learning to ride a bike between 5 and 6 years of age

Answer 95

C

Question 96

Which example clearly illustrates a sensitive period?
A) a child being born blind
B) an egg being fertilized
C) a fetus developing fingers and toes
D) a child learning to speak a second language

Answer 96

D

Question 97

Between 1957 and 1961, many pregnant women took thalidomide to alleviate morning sickness; this drug disrupted a(n) \_\_\_\_\_ period of prenatal development.
A) sensitive
B) critical
C) early 
D) late

Answer 97

B

Question 98

During her pregnancy, a woman in Honduras worked in a field that had been treated with pesticides. When her son was born, she was horrified to find that he had no limbs. Her pesticide exposure must have occurred during a(n) \_\_\_\_\_ period of prenatal development.
A) critical 
B) early
C) late
D) sensitive

Answer 98

A

Question 99

Bobby was not taught to read until he was an adolescent. When he did learn to read, it was much harder for him to learn, and it took him longer to learn to read than it would have during his early- to middle-childhood years. Bobby had a hard time learning to read because he did not learn to do so during the _____ period.
A) critical B) early
C) late
D) sensitive

Answer 99

D

Question 100

Which developmentalist was the first to emphasize the role of context on development? A) Vygotsky
B) Piaget
C) Bronfenbrenner
D) Skinner

Answer 100

C

Question 101

Which term is associated with Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological-systems approach? A) mastosystems
B) microsystems
C) extrasystems
D) intrasystems

Answer 101

B

Question 102

In Bronfenbrenner’s ecological-systems approach, the _____ refers to the interactions among systems.
A) macrosystem B) exosystem C) microsystem D) mesosystem

Answer 102

D

Question 103

What term did Bronfenbrenner use to describe the impact of the specific time in history on a person’s development?
A) macrosystem
B) exosystem
C) microsystem D) chronosystem

Answer 103

D

Question 104

Dorothy was born during the Great Depression. Within the context of the ecological-systems approach, knowing this fact allows one to know about her _____. A) chronosystem
B) exosystem
C) microsystem
D) macrosystem

Answer 104

A

Question 105

Dwayne was born to a single mother living in Chicago. Within the context of the ecological-systems approach, knowing this fact allows one to know something about his _____.
A) chronosystem
B) exosystem C) microsystem D) macrosystem

Answer 105

C

Question 106

Dr. Kilbey is studying the impact of exosystems on human development. Which of these would she be most interested in examining?
A) cultural values and economic processes
B) family and peer groups
C) medical centers and religious institutions
D) the development of the skeletal structure in children

Answer 106

C

Question 107

The ecological-systems approach was proposed by \_\_\_\_\_.
A) Maslow
B) Baltes and Baltes
C) Bronfenbrenner
D) Skinner

Answer 107

C

Question 108

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, a hospital in the community is an example of which system?
A) the ecosystem
B) the microsystem
C) the health-care system
D) the exosystem

Answer 108

D

Question 109

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, family and peers are part of a person's \_\_\_\_\_.
A) microsystem
B) exosystem
C) macrosystem
D) social system

Answer 109

A

Question 110

A person's macrosystem includes \_\_\_\_\_.
A) political processes
B) the peer group
C) school and church
D) historical setting

Answer 110

A

Question 111

Within Bronfenbrenner’s ecological-systems approach, he called the historical context that affects other systems the _____.
A) ecosystem
B) chronosystem
C) mesosystem D) macrosystem

Answer 111

B

Question 112

Bettie belongs to one cohort; Zahara belongs to another. The only required difference between these two women is \_\_\_\_\_.
A) membership in community groups
B) socioeconomic status
C) age
D) ethnic or racial group

Answer 112

C

Question 113

High school classmates are part of the same \_\_\_\_\_.
A) social construction
B) network
C) socioeconomic status
D) cohort

Answer 113

D

Question 114

The people in which of the following groups can be defined as members of the same cohort?
A) women who are pilots
B) men with learning disabilities
C) citizens of the United States
D) current middle school students

Answer 114

D

Question 115

Jamal, Wei, Liam, and Vladimir were all born and raised in England. Which statement is true?
A) They could share the same ethnicity.
B) They come from different ethnic groups. C) They could share the same culture.
D) They come from different cultures.

Answer 115

C

Question 116

Jack observed his coworker Jane crying when she was called into the boss's office. Jack thinks that crying at work is a sign of weakness that makes women unfit for employment in his industry. Jack is displaying \_\_\_\_\_.
A) critical thinking
B) a social construction
C) work culture orientation
D) the difference-equals-deficit error

Answer 116

D

Question 117

People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who usually share the same language and religion are called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_.
A) race
B) ethnic group
C) socioeconomic group
D) exosystem

Answer 117

B

Question 118

According to the text, race is \_\_\_\_\_.
A) part of the microsystem
B) a social construction
C) defined by heritage
D) multidirectional

Answer 118

B

Question 119

Some social scientists believe that focusing on \_\_\_\_\_ exaggerates minor differences between people.
A) skin color
B) diversity
C) genetic analysis
D) culture

Answer 119

A

Question 120

Social scientists are convinced, based on genetic analysis, that race is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_.
A) biological difference
B) culture
C) social construction
D) ethnicity

Answer 120

C

Question 121

The _____ domain includes development of emotions, temperament, and social skills. A) biosocial
B) cognitive
C) psychosocial D) biopsychosocial

Answer 121

C

Question 122

The \_\_\_\_\_ domain includes all of the mental processes that a person uses to obtain knowledge or to think about the environment.
A) biosocial
B) cognitive
C) psychosocial 
D) biopsychosocial

Answer 122

B

Question 123

The _____ domain includes all of the growth and change that occur in a person’s body and the genetic, nutritional, and health factors that affect that growth and change.
A) biosocial
B) cognitive
C) psychosocial D) biopsychosocial

Answer 123

A

Question 124

Genes alone do not determine development. Human traits can be molded, which has led to the understanding that many human characteristics are _____.
A) plastic
B) epigenetic
C) static D) diverse

Answer 124

A

Question 125

Plasticity refers to the _____.
A) fact that many academic fields contribute data to the science of development
B) universals and specifics of human development in many cultural settings
C) vast array of contexts in which development occurs
D) potential for human traits to be molded during development but also to remain
durable

Answer 125

D

Question 126

What is plasticity?
A) a time in development when it is optimum to develop certain traits or abilities
B) the amount of flexibility a human possesses at birth
C) the idea that human traits may change or stay the same over time
D) the idea that human traits are mostly inborn

Answer 126

C

Question 127

Which of these is an example of plasticity?
A) a man who consistently drives his car too fast
B) a teenager who spends a summer in Chile and learns to speak Spanish
C) a woman who leaves her job to stay home with her newborn
D) a person who is in a coma

Answer 127

B

Question 128

The idea that human development is an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the body, mind, and every aspect of the environment is known as the \_\_\_\_\_.
A) dynamic-systems approach
B) theory of evolution
C) concept of universality
D) domino effect

Answer 128

A

Question 129

If a researcher watches 1-week-old babies and records how many times they open and close their eyes while lying in their cribs, he is most likely using \_\_\_\_\_.
A) the case-study method
B) a controlled experiment
C) cross-sectional research
D) scientific observation

Answer 129

D

Question 130

Scientific observation allows for the _____.
A) study of individuals’ behaviors in a systematic and objective manner
B) determination of cause-and-effect relationships
C) precise control of the environment so that a cause-and-effect relationship can be
assessed
D) systematic manipulation of variables

Answer 130

A

Question 131

Which statement about scientific observation is true?
A) It requires a large number of participants.
B) It requires specialized equipment such as video recorders.
C) It involves recording behavior systematically and objectively.
D) It must take place in a lab setting.

Answer 131

C

Question 132

Which of the following is an example of naturalistic observation?
A) A 1-year-old is brought to a laboratory and observed while playing.
B) A researcher goes to a 1-year-old’s home and observes the baby at play.
C) A researcher divides a group of 1-year-olds into an experimental group and a
control group.
D) The parents of 1-year-olds are interviewed about their baby’s play patterns.

Answer 132

B

Question 133

Experiments allow researchers to _____.
A) study the natural environment
B) study the complexity of an individual
C) use the scientific method in a cost-effective way
D) determine a cause-and-effect relationship

Answer 133

D

Question 134

When a researcher wants to determine the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research method to use is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_.
A) case study
B) scientific observation
C) experiment
D) survey

Answer 134

C

Question 135

What is a dependent variable?
A) It is the measured variable that may change depending on manipulation of an
independent variable.
B) It is any unmeasured variable that is uncontrolled within the context of the
experiment.
C) It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.
D) It is an external variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher.

Answer 135

A

Question 136

What is an independent variable?
A) It is the measured variable that may change depending on manipulation of an
independent variable.
B) It is any unmeasured variable that is uncontrolled within the context of the
experiment.
C) It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.
D) It is an external variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher.

Answer 136

C

Question 137

What is the only research method that can establish a cause-and-effect relationship?
A) a case study
B) a survey
C) an experiment
D) scientific observation

Answer 137

C

Question 138

An example of a dependent variable in an experiment might be \_\_\_\_\_.
A) gender
B) blood type
C) eye color
D) level of depression

Answer 138

D

Question 139

In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the _____ group.
A) independent
B) dependent
C) experimental D) comparison

Answer 139

C

Question 140

To determine whether vitamin D consumption slows the progress of multiple sclerosis, a researcher would most likely use \_\_\_\_\_.
A) an experiment
B) a survey
C) naturalistic observation
D) the case-study method

Answer 140

A

Question 141

\_\_\_\_\_ is a quick way to study the development of a large group of people.
A) A case study
B) Survey research
C) A cohort-sequential study
D) Longitudinal research

Answer 141

B

Question 142

Which of the following is a benefit of using the survey method in research?
A) It is the best way to gather completely accurate information.
B) It is simple to verify the accuracy of the responses.
C) The responses are very objective.
D) The results provide good information for understanding groups.

Answer 142

D

Question 143

Because there is a boy who is a bully in Dr. Hirsh's 8-year-old son's class, he wonders whether boys might be more likely to be bullies than girls. The best way for Dr. Hirsh to answer this question would be to conduct \_\_\_\_\_.
A) a case study
B) survey research
C) a cohort-sequential study
D) longitudinal research

Answer 143

B

Question 144

Which of the following is one of the problems associated with survey research?
A) Data collection takes too long.
B) It costs more than other research methods.
C) Respondents may not tell the truth.
D) It is difficult to recruit participants.

Answer 144

C

Question 145

Dr. Bloom wanted to learn whether ice cream preferences are different at different stages of development. For her study, she conducted a one-time assessment in which she asked a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 15-year-olds, and a group of 30-year-olds to identify their favorite ice cream. Dr. Bloom conducted a \_\_\_\_\_.
A) case study
B) cross-sectional study
C) longitudinal study
D) cross-sequential study

Answer 145

B

Question 146

Dr. Breslin would like to determine whether age affects reaction time, and he needs to find the answer quickly. Which research method would you recommend?
A) case study
B) cross-sectional study
C) longitudinal study
D) cross-sequential study

Answer 146

B

Question 147

Which factor is a problem with longitudinal research?
A) the aging of the participants
B) finding new participants for each time measurement
C) changing historical context
D) participants failing to change their behavior despite repeated tests

Answer 147

C

Question 148

Which type of research design combines the cross-sectional design with the longitudinal research design?
A) cross-sequential B) cross-sectional
C) meta-sequential D) cross-longitudinal

Answer 148

A

Question 149

The Seattle Longitudinal Study began with several groups of people, ranging in age from 25 to 81. Then the researchers retested each group every seven years. This study is a good example of a \_\_\_\_\_ design.
A) cross-sequential
B) cross-sectional
C) meta-sequential
D) cross-longitudinal

Answer 149

A

Question 150

A correlation does not indicate that one variable causes the other to occur; rather, it indicates that there is a _____ between the two variables.
A) proof
B) validity
C) reliability D) relationship

Answer 150

D

Question 151

A negative correlation is when _____.
A) both variables decrease
B) both variables increase
C) one variable increases while the other variable decreases
D) change in one variable is unrelated to change in the other variable

Answer 151

C

Question 152

A zero correlation is when _____.
A) one variable increases while the other decreases
B) both variables decrease
C) both variables increase
D) there is no connection between the variables

Answer 152

D

Question 153

The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The correlation between Hank's food intake and his hunger is \_\_\_\_\_.
A) positive
B) negative
C) zero 
D) causal

Answer 153

B

Question 154

If a researcher finds a positive correlation between school grades and school attendance, one can conclude that _____.
A) high attendance and high grades occur together
B) high attendance causes high grades
C) high attendance rarely means high grades
D) high grades cause high attendance

Answer 154

A

Question 155

If a researcher finds that there is a correlation between secondhand smoke and children’s asthma, he can be certain that _____.
A) secondhand smoke causes children’s asthma
B) secondhand smoke does not cause children’s asthma
C) children exposed to smoke in utero often get asthma
D) asthma and secondhand smoke have some connection

Answer 155

D

Question 156

Quantitative research relies on data that can be \_\_\_\_\_.
A) collected exclusively with surveys
B) categorized, ranked, or numbered
C) reported in professional journals
D) analyzed in narrative form

Answer 156

B

Question 157

Data that is reported in numbers is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) qualitative
B) quantitative
C) narrative
D) categorical

Answer 157

B

Question 158

Data that is reported in narrative form is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) qualitative
B) quantitative
C) numerical
D) categorical

Answer 158

A

Question 159

Dr. Carlson interviewed a group of respondents, who replied in narrative form. Dr. Carlson is collecting _____ data.
A) quantitative
B) correlational
C) cross-sequential D) qualitative

Answer 159

D

Question 160

IRB stands for \_\_\_\_\_.
A) Institutional Review Board
B) International Research Board
C) Internal Review Board
D) Intelligence Research Board

Answer 160

A

Question 161

Participants in a research study must understand and agree to the research procedures and also be made aware of any potential risks associated with the research participation. This process is known as \_\_\_\_\_.
A) holding harmless
B) informed consent
C) release of liability
D) rite of research

Answer 161

B