......CHAPTER 1: The Science of Human Development Flashcards
1
Q
People who are born within a few years of each other and who travel through life during the same time are called a .... A) peer group B) cohort C) context D) family
A
B) cohort
2
Q
Scientific observation can occur: A) at home. B) on a public street. C) all of the above D) in a laboratory
A
C) all of the above
3
Q
Which of the following is NOT used to measure the socioeconomic status (SES) of a family?
A) place of residence
B)income or wealth
C) racial and religious background
D) occupation and education
A
racial and religious background
4
Q
One of the most encouraging tenets of the life-span perspective is
A) durability
B) flexibility
C) continuity
D) plasticity
A
plasticity
5
Q
The perspective that development is influenced by various life contexts like the education system, media, one’s peer group, and religious values
A
the ecological approach
6
Q
A hypothesis is best defined as
A) a theory that has been proven.
B) a specific prediction that can be tested.
C) research evidence.
D) a conclusion.
A
a specific prediction that can be tested
7
Q
A researcher observes that two variables he has measured both decrease together. Which of the following best describes this relationship?
A
The variables are positively correlated
8
Q
You want to study the long-term effects of parenting styles on self-esteem, but you have only a few months to complete the study. Which type of research design should you use?
A
cross-sectional
9
Q
Rachel has had many hardships in life, but she has managed to thrive and be successful. Alternatively, Jen has experienced a few small bumps in the road, and she is seriously struggling as a result. These differences can be attributed to
A
differential susceptibility
10
Q
According to the text, not only should research be valid and useful but it must also be
A) ethical
B) economical
C) timely
D) immediately applicable
A
ethical
11
Q
Psychoanalytic theory, learning theory, and cognitive theory all belong to the category of
A
grand theories
12
Q
Which of the following is a key difference between Erikson’s and Freud’s psychoanalytic approaches?
A
Erikson recognized stages of adult development
13
Q
A key component of operant conditioning is
A
reinforcement
14
Q
Which learning process involves pairing a meaningful stimulus with a neutral stimulus, ultimately resulting in the neutral stimulus gaining meaning by association?
A
classical conditioning
15
Q
When a new experience does not fit current understanding, a person tends to experience a confusing state called
A
cognitive disequilibrium
16
Q
Sociocultural theory suggests that
A
culture and social interactions strongly impact development
17
Q
Which of the following do a majority of developmentalists adhere to?
A
eclectic perspective
18
Q
Tour friend advised you that your child’s grocery-store temper tantrums continue to occur because you are reinforcing the behavior. What theory has influenced your friend’s thinking?
A
Behaviorism
19
Q
You want to teach your child to build a tower with blocks. Which theorist would suggest that you do this through guided participation?
A
Vygotsky
20
Q
Because you keep your room so impeccably neat, your friend says “ you might be fixated at the anal stage.”. Whose developmental theory has influenced your friends beliefs?
A
Freud
21
Q
Which type of research design combines the cross-sectional design with the longitudinal research design?
A) cross-sectional
B) quasi-experimental
C) cross-sequential
D) meta-sequential
A
C) cross-sequential
22
Q
Empirical evidence is based on _____.
A) theories and speculation
B) observation, experience, or experiment
C) inferences based on personal biases
D) opinions generated by focus groups
A
D) opinions generated by focus groups
23
Q
The science of human development examines how, but not why, people change over time.
TRUE or FALSE
A
False
24
Q
_____ studies the many ways in which the environment alters gene expression.
A) Differential susceptibility
B) Ethology
C) Epigenetics
D) The nature–nurture debate
A
C) Epigenetics
25
Which example best illustrates a sensitive period?
A) a child who is born blind
B) an egg being fertilized
C) a fetus developing fingers and toes
D) a child learning to speak a second language
D) a child learning to speak a second language
26
The influence of nurture begins at conception.
TRUE or FALSE
True
27
Scientific observation allows for the _____.
A) Study of individuals' behaviors in a systematic and objective manner
B) determination of cause-and-effect relationships
C) observation of participants without their knowledge
D) systematic manipulation of variables
A) Study of individuals' behaviors in a systematic and objective manner
28
The "difference-equals-deficit" error may lead people to believe that their nation or culture is better than others.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
29
The science of human development examines how, but not why, people change over time.
A) True
B) False
B) False
30
The purpose of the scientific method is to conduct research that will only support researchers' hypotheses.
A) True
B) False
B) False
31
A research question becomes a hypothesis when it is stated as a prediction that can be tested.
A) True
B) False
A) True
32
The conclusions of a scientific study are based on whether the evidence supports or refutes the hypothesis.
A) True
B) False
A) True
33
If Dr. Hall conducts a study in the exact same way that Dr. Jeeves did but uses different participants, Dr. Hall is demonstrating replication.
A) True
B) False
A) True
34
Nature is more important than nurture in how a trait or behavior is expressed. A) True
B) False
B) False
35
The influence of nurture begins at conception.
A) True
B) False
A) True
36
Since starting school Sam had struggled with math. His teacher offered to help him with math after school. Now Sam does well on his math assignments. The example of Sam's teacher helping Sam with math to improve his math ability is an example of how nature can influence development.
A) True
B) False
B) False
37
Today, developmental science studies mostly young children and adolescents.
A) True
B) False
B) False
38
The term plasticity refers to how a person's development is completely determined by the environment.
A) True B) False
B) False
39
Most periods of development are critical periods.
A) True
B) False
B) False
40
Within the context of Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, a person's immediate surroundings, such as family or peer group, are part of the macrosystems level.
A) True
B) False
B) False
41
Individuals in the same cohort are exposed to the same values, events, technologies, and culture of the era.
A) True
B) False
A) True
42
The term cohort refers to individuals born in the same geographical region and within the same social class.
A) True
B) False
B) False
43
Socioeconomic status is also called social class.
A) True
B) False
A) True
44
Culture refers to a system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, and expectations.
A) True
B) False
A) True
45
The difference-equals-deficit error may lead people to believe that their nation or culture is better than others.
A) True
B) False
A) True
46
Race and ethnicity are the same thing.
A) True
B) False
B) False
47
Scientists believe that race is genetic.
A) True
B) False
B) False
48
Miguel worked in the fields and did not learn how to read or write until he entered school at age 13. It will take him longer to learn to read at age 13 than it would have when he was younger.
A) True
B) False
A) True
49
A positive correlation between how long parents stay when dropping off their children at day care and how long it takes their children to become engaged in the toys and their friends means that longer parental lingering is associated with longer delay in engagement by the children.
A) True B) False
A) True
50
Developmental researchers agree that nature is much more important than nurture in determining psychological outcomes such as intelligence and personality.
A) True
B) False
B) False
51
According to the dynamic-systems approach, human development is a static process.
A) True
B) False
B) False
52
Friends Jill and Susan both experienced poverty as children. In addition, they were raised by single parents and went to a poor quality school. By the time they were in late adolescence, Jill had dropped out of school and had two children. Susan, in contrast, was academically ranked number one in her graduating class and had a full academic scholarship to Harvard. This example illustrates the concept of differential susceptibility.
A) True
B) False
A) True
53
The main advantage of scientific observation as a research method is that it allows the scientist to determine cause and effect.
A) True
B) False
B) False
54
In an experiment, the group receiving the special treatment is referred to as the comparison group.
A) True
B) False
B) False
55
The purpose of a survey is to allow a researcher to collect data quickly from a large population.
A) True
B) False
A) True
56
One problem with the data from surveys is that participants may not tell the truth.
A) True
B) False
A) True
57
Dr. Tucker wanted to learn how aggression changes across development. He designed a study in which he assessed aggression among 100 children who were 3 years old and then reassessed aggression among these individuals every three years until the participants were 21 years old. Dr. Tucker's research design was cross-sectional.
A) True
B) False
B) False
58
In longitudinal research, the same people are measured at multiple assessment points over a period of time.
A) True
B) False
A) True
59
Cross-sequential research is a combination of a cross-sectional approach and a longitudinal approach.
A) True
B) False
A) True
60
When two variables are not connected, the correlation between them is zero.
A) True
B) False
A) True
61
Most research conducted on humans cannot begin without the approval of the Institutional Review Board.
A) True
B) False
A) True
62
A volunteer showed up to participate in Dr. Allen's research study. Dr. Allen failed to inform the volunteer that her participation was voluntary. Dr. Allen was being ethical in conducting the study, as sharing with the volunteer that research participation is voluntary is not part of informed consent.
A) True
B) False
B) False
63
What does the science of human development seek to understand?
A) the meaning of life
B) theories that have not been subjected to scientific testing
C) the works of Freud, Piaget, and Erikson
D) how and why people change over time
D
64
Dr. Furth is curious about whether a specific brain chemical can be suppressed if a patient is given a large dose of vitamin E. Dr. Furth's question demonstrates the _____ step in the scientific method.
A) first
B) second C) third D) fourth
A
65
```
Dr. Hernandez predicts that a certain drug will help patients with schizophrenia. Her prediction is called _____.
A) a conclusion
B) empirical evidence
C) a hypothesis
D) a result
```
C
66
```
A researcher designed and conducted an experiment to determine whether 350 mg of a certain drug would help patients with bipolar disorder. By designing and conducting this experiment, the researcher _____.
A) drew conclusions
B) demonstrated proof
C) tested the hypothesis
D) confirmed the results
```
C
67
Dr. Henderson is curious to know more about how children develop over time. To avoid relying on opinion or personal bias, Dr. Henderson should _____.
A) use the scientific method to collect data and establish facts
B) have the children undergo psychoanalysis
C) talk with many children's parents
D) read Dr. Spock's book, Baby and Child Care
A
68
```
The first step in the scientific method involves _____.
A) posing a question
B) conducting research
C) supporting or refuting a hypothesis
D) developing a hypothesis
```
A
69
```
The second step in the scientific method involves _____.
A) posing a question
B) conducting research
C) developing a hypothesis
D) sharing the results
```
C
70
```
The third step in the scientific method involves _____.
A) posing a question
B) conducting research
C) sharing the results
D) developing a hypothesis
```
B
71
```
The fourth step in the scientific method involves _____.
A) posing a question
B) conducting research
C) developing a hypothesis
D) supporting or refuting a hypothesis
```
D
72
Empirical evidence is based on _____.
A) theories and speculation
B) observation, experience, or experiment
C) inferences rooted in personal biases
D) opinions generated by several groups of people
B
73
```
After posing a question, a researcher using the scientific method _____.
A) draws conclusions
B) runs an experiment
C) selects a group of participants
D) develops a hypothesis
```
D
74
```
The final step in the five steps of the scientific method is to _____.
A) test a hypothesis
B) pose a question
C) conduct research
D) report the results
```
D
75
What is a researcher's first step when designing a research study on children's language acquisition?
A) recruit children and their parents as participants in the study
B) develop a hypothesis on the way language is acquired in children
C) pose a research question about language acquisition
D) draw conclusions on the way children acquire language
C
76
```
A hypothesis is a(n) _____.
A) experiment
B) prediction that can be tested
C) conclusion drawn from research
D) replication of a scientific study
```
B
77
What is replication of a study?
A) the repetition of a study using different participants
B) the repetition of a study using the same participants
C) designing a new study based on information from a previous study
D) designing a new study using new ideas and information
A
78
```
Dr. Kong conducts a study in which he finds that smoking is correlated with an increased risk of high blood pressure. He publishes his results, and Dr. Meco reads the report about the study. Then Dr. Meco does the same study using different participants in another city. Dr. Meco's work is an example of _____.
A) scientific controversy
B) replication
C) ethics
D) observation
```
B
79
```
Dr. Seldor does a study in which she finds that alcohol consumption is correlated with an increased risk of diabetes. She publishes her results, and Dr. Al-Jaher reads the report about the study. Then Dr. Al-Jaher does the same study using different participants in another nation. Dr. Al-Jaher's work is an example of _____.
A) scientific controversy
B) replication
C) empirical evidence
D) a hypothesis
```
B
80
```
Parents who spend a great deal of time and money trying to find the best school for their children believe in the importance of _____ as it relates to development.
A) nurture
B) replication
C) nature
D) classical conditioning
```
A
81
```
The term for all of the environmental influences that affect development after conception is _____.
A) proteins
B) nurture
C) nature
D) amino acids
```
B
82
```
In the science of human development, “nurture” refers to _____.
A) universal traits
B) biological traits
C) environmental influences
D) unique traits
```
A
83
```
Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of _____.
A) nature and nurture acting separately
B) primarily nature
C) nature and nurture acting together
D) primarily nurture
```
C
84
```
Dr. Towne believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. They are on different sides of the _____ debate.
A) nature versus nurture
B) intelligent design versus evolution
C) genes versus development
D) traits versus conditioning
```
C
85
```
Susie, who is 5 years old, is the tallest person in her kindergarten class. When her teacher asked her how she got so tall, Susie said proudly, “My mom and dad are tall, and I eat good food!” Susie's statement reflects that she understands that human development comes from _____.
A) heredity
B) the environment
C) learning
D) environment and heredity combined
```
A
86
Which is an example of the influence of nature?
A) having a mother who smoked during pregnancy
B) having the gene for epilepsy
C) eating a healthy diet
D) living in a loud neighborhood
D
87
```
The impact of any good or bad experience depends on _____.
A) nature
B) nurture
C) nature and nurture
D) neither nature nor nurture
```
B
88
Even though Chris has genetic markers that put him at higher risk for a particular disease, he never shows any signs of the disorder. What factor explains this?
A) genes
B) environment
C) epigenetics D) rearing
C
89
```
Brooke and her half-brother Colton were raised in an impoverished home, where they were often left home alone while both parents worked more than one minimum-wage job to support the family. Despite this upbringing, Brooke has developed into a happy, healthy adult, while Colton has developed into a depressed alcoholic. Even though they shared an upbringing, their different outcomes indicate that they had _____.
A) epigenetics
B) differential susceptibility
C) different nurture
D) different environments
```
B
90
```
Even though Aaron eats well and exercises regularly, by age 70 he developed type 2 diabetes. Clement, on the other hand, eats fast food regularly and rarely exercises. At 70 years of age, his blood sugar levels remain in the normal range. What might account for the differences in their outcomes?
A) differential susceptibility
B) cultural differences
C) sex differences
D) cohort differences
```
A
91
Differential susceptibility means that certain people have genes that _____.
A) make them more vulnerable to particular experiences
B) contribute similarly to a specific developmental outcome
C) do not impact development within the context of particular experiences
D) have an unknown impact on individuals
A
92
```
The tragic case of Brenda/David revealed that some sex differences are mainly a result of _____.
A) upbringing
B) culture
C) nurture
D) epigenetics
```
D
93
```
By the age of 1, most babies raised in English-speaking households have lost the ability to distinguish the sounds of the two Ts in the Hindi language. This loss of ability that accompanies increasing ability illustrates the concept that development is _____.
A) multidirectional
B) multicontextual
C) multicultural
D) multidisciplinary
```
A
94
```
The human fetus develops fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days after conception but cannot develop fingers and toes before or after that time. This is an example of _____.
A) a sensitive period
B) a critical period
C) discontinuity
D) continuity
```
B
95
Which example clearly illustrates a critical period?
A) a child learning to walk
B) a child learning a second language before age 4
C) a fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days in utero
D) a child learning to ride a bike between 5 and 6 years of age
C
96
Which example clearly illustrates a sensitive period?
A) a child being born blind
B) an egg being fertilized
C) a fetus developing fingers and toes
D) a child learning to speak a second language
D
97
```
Between 1957 and 1961, many pregnant women took thalidomide to alleviate morning sickness; this drug disrupted a(n) _____ period of prenatal development.
A) sensitive
B) critical
C) early
D) late
```
B
98
```
During her pregnancy, a woman in Honduras worked in a field that had been treated with pesticides. When her son was born, she was horrified to find that he had no limbs. Her pesticide exposure must have occurred during a(n) _____ period of prenatal development.
A) critical
B) early
C) late
D) sensitive
```
A
99
Bobby was not taught to read until he was an adolescent. When he did learn to read, it was much harder for him to learn, and it took him longer to learn to read than it would have during his early- to middle-childhood years. Bobby had a hard time learning to read because he did not learn to do so during the _____ period.
A) critical B) early
C) late
D) sensitive
D
100
Which developmentalist was the first to emphasize the role of context on development? A) Vygotsky
B) Piaget
C) Bronfenbrenner
D) Skinner
C
101
Which term is associated with Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach? A) mastosystems
B) microsystems
C) extrasystems
D) intrasystems
B
102
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, the _____ refers to the interactions among systems.
A) macrosystem B) exosystem C) microsystem D) mesosystem
D
103
What term did Bronfenbrenner use to describe the impact of the specific time in history on a person's development?
A) macrosystem
B) exosystem
C) microsystem D) chronosystem
D
104
Dorothy was born during the Great Depression. Within the context of the ecological-systems approach, knowing this fact allows one to know about her _____. A) chronosystem
B) exosystem
C) microsystem
D) macrosystem
A
105
Dwayne was born to a single mother living in Chicago. Within the context of the ecological-systems approach, knowing this fact allows one to know something about his _____.
A) chronosystem
B) exosystem C) microsystem D) macrosystem
C
106
Dr. Kilbey is studying the impact of exosystems on human development. Which of these would she be most interested in examining?
A) cultural values and economic processes
B) family and peer groups
C) medical centers and religious institutions
D) the development of the skeletal structure in children
C
107
```
The ecological-systems approach was proposed by _____.
A) Maslow
B) Baltes and Baltes
C) Bronfenbrenner
D) Skinner
```
C
108
```
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, a hospital in the community is an example of which system?
A) the ecosystem
B) the microsystem
C) the health-care system
D) the exosystem
```
D
109
```
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, family and peers are part of a person's _____.
A) microsystem
B) exosystem
C) macrosystem
D) social system
```
A
110
```
A person's macrosystem includes _____.
A) political processes
B) the peer group
C) school and church
D) historical setting
```
A
111
Within Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, he called the historical context that affects other systems the _____.
A) ecosystem
B) chronosystem
C) mesosystem D) macrosystem
B
112
```
Bettie belongs to one cohort; Zahara belongs to another. The only required difference between these two women is _____.
A) membership in community groups
B) socioeconomic status
C) age
D) ethnic or racial group
```
C
113
```
High school classmates are part of the same _____.
A) social construction
B) network
C) socioeconomic status
D) cohort
```
D
114
```
The people in which of the following groups can be defined as members of the same cohort?
A) women who are pilots
B) men with learning disabilities
C) citizens of the United States
D) current middle school students
```
D
115
Jamal, Wei, Liam, and Vladimir were all born and raised in England. Which statement is true?
A) They could share the same ethnicity.
B) They come from different ethnic groups. C) They could share the same culture.
D) They come from different cultures.
C
116
```
Jack observed his coworker Jane crying when she was called into the boss's office. Jack thinks that crying at work is a sign of weakness that makes women unfit for employment in his industry. Jack is displaying _____.
A) critical thinking
B) a social construction
C) work culture orientation
D) the difference-equals-deficit error
```
D
117
```
People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who usually share the same language and religion are called a(n) _____.
A) race
B) ethnic group
C) socioeconomic group
D) exosystem
```
B
118
```
According to the text, race is _____.
A) part of the microsystem
B) a social construction
C) defined by heritage
D) multidirectional
```
B
119
```
Some social scientists believe that focusing on _____ exaggerates minor differences between people.
A) skin color
B) diversity
C) genetic analysis
D) culture
```
A
120
```
Social scientists are convinced, based on genetic analysis, that race is a(n) _____.
A) biological difference
B) culture
C) social construction
D) ethnicity
```
C
121
The _____ domain includes development of emotions, temperament, and social skills. A) biosocial
B) cognitive
C) psychosocial D) biopsychosocial
C
122
```
The _____ domain includes all of the mental processes that a person uses to obtain knowledge or to think about the environment.
A) biosocial
B) cognitive
C) psychosocial
D) biopsychosocial
```
B
123
The _____ domain includes all of the growth and change that occur in a person's body and the genetic, nutritional, and health factors that affect that growth and change.
A) biosocial
B) cognitive
C) psychosocial D) biopsychosocial
A
124
Genes alone do not determine development. Human traits can be molded, which has led to the understanding that many human characteristics are _____.
A) plastic
B) epigenetic
C) static D) diverse
A
125
Plasticity refers to the _____.
A) fact that many academic fields contribute data to the science of development
B) universals and specifics of human development in many cultural settings
C) vast array of contexts in which development occurs
D) potential for human traits to be molded during development but also to remain
durable
D
126
What is plasticity?
A) a time in development when it is optimum to develop certain traits or abilities
B) the amount of flexibility a human possesses at birth
C) the idea that human traits may change or stay the same over time
D) the idea that human traits are mostly inborn
C
127
Which of these is an example of plasticity?
A) a man who consistently drives his car too fast
B) a teenager who spends a summer in Chile and learns to speak Spanish
C) a woman who leaves her job to stay home with her newborn
D) a person who is in a coma
B
128
```
The idea that human development is an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the body, mind, and every aspect of the environment is known as the _____.
A) dynamic-systems approach
B) theory of evolution
C) concept of universality
D) domino effect
```
A
129
```
If a researcher watches 1-week-old babies and records how many times they open and close their eyes while lying in their cribs, he is most likely using _____.
A) the case-study method
B) a controlled experiment
C) cross-sectional research
D) scientific observation
```
D
130
Scientific observation allows for the _____.
A) study of individuals' behaviors in a systematic and objective manner
B) determination of cause-and-effect relationships
C) precise control of the environment so that a cause-and-effect relationship can be
assessed
D) systematic manipulation of variables
A
131
Which statement about scientific observation is true?
A) It requires a large number of participants.
B) It requires specialized equipment such as video recorders.
C) It involves recording behavior systematically and objectively.
D) It must take place in a lab setting.
C
132
Which of the following is an example of naturalistic observation?
A) A 1-year-old is brought to a laboratory and observed while playing.
B) A researcher goes to a 1-year-old's home and observes the baby at play.
C) A researcher divides a group of 1-year-olds into an experimental group and a
control group.
D) The parents of 1-year-olds are interviewed about their baby's play patterns.
B
133
Experiments allow researchers to _____.
A) study the natural environment
B) study the complexity of an individual
C) use the scientific method in a cost-effective way
D) determine a cause-and-effect relationship
D
134
```
When a researcher wants to determine the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research method to use is a(n) _____.
A) case study
B) scientific observation
C) experiment
D) survey
```
C
135
What is a dependent variable?
A) It is the measured variable that may change depending on manipulation of an
independent variable.
B) It is any unmeasured variable that is uncontrolled within the context of the
experiment.
C) It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.
D) It is an external variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher.
A
136
What is an independent variable?
A) It is the measured variable that may change depending on manipulation of an
independent variable.
B) It is any unmeasured variable that is uncontrolled within the context of the
experiment.
C) It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.
D) It is an external variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher.
C
137
```
What is the only research method that can establish a cause-and-effect relationship?
A) a case study
B) a survey
C) an experiment
D) scientific observation
```
C
138
```
An example of a dependent variable in an experiment might be _____.
A) gender
B) blood type
C) eye color
D) level of depression
```
D
139
In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the _____ group.
A) independent
B) dependent
C) experimental D) comparison
C
140
```
To determine whether vitamin D consumption slows the progress of multiple sclerosis, a researcher would most likely use _____.
A) an experiment
B) a survey
C) naturalistic observation
D) the case-study method
```
A
141
```
_____ is a quick way to study the development of a large group of people.
A) A case study
B) Survey research
C) A cohort-sequential study
D) Longitudinal research
```
B
142
Which of the following is a benefit of using the survey method in research?
A) It is the best way to gather completely accurate information.
B) It is simple to verify the accuracy of the responses.
C) The responses are very objective.
D) The results provide good information for understanding groups.
D
143
```
Because there is a boy who is a bully in Dr. Hirsh's 8-year-old son's class, he wonders whether boys might be more likely to be bullies than girls. The best way for Dr. Hirsh to answer this question would be to conduct _____.
A) a case study
B) survey research
C) a cohort-sequential study
D) longitudinal research
```
B
144
Which of the following is one of the problems associated with survey research?
A) Data collection takes too long.
B) It costs more than other research methods.
C) Respondents may not tell the truth.
D) It is difficult to recruit participants.
C
145
```
Dr. Bloom wanted to learn whether ice cream preferences are different at different stages of development. For her study, she conducted a one-time assessment in which she asked a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 15-year-olds, and a group of 30-year-olds to identify their favorite ice cream. Dr. Bloom conducted a _____.
A) case study
B) cross-sectional study
C) longitudinal study
D) cross-sequential study
```
B
146
```
Dr. Breslin would like to determine whether age affects reaction time, and he needs to find the answer quickly. Which research method would you recommend?
A) case study
B) cross-sectional study
C) longitudinal study
D) cross-sequential study
```
B
147
Which factor is a problem with longitudinal research?
A) the aging of the participants
B) finding new participants for each time measurement
C) changing historical context
D) participants failing to change their behavior despite repeated tests
C
148
Which type of research design combines the cross-sectional design with the longitudinal research design?
A) cross-sequential B) cross-sectional
C) meta-sequential D) cross-longitudinal
A
149
```
The Seattle Longitudinal Study began with several groups of people, ranging in age from 25 to 81. Then the researchers retested each group every seven years. This study is a good example of a _____ design.
A) cross-sequential
B) cross-sectional
C) meta-sequential
D) cross-longitudinal
```
A
150
A correlation does not indicate that one variable causes the other to occur; rather, it indicates that there is a _____ between the two variables.
A) proof
B) validity
C) reliability D) relationship
D
151
A negative correlation is when _____.
A) both variables decrease
B) both variables increase
C) one variable increases while the other variable decreases
D) change in one variable is unrelated to change in the other variable
C
152
A zero correlation is when _____.
A) one variable increases while the other decreases
B) both variables decrease
C) both variables increase
D) there is no connection between the variables
D
153
```
The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The correlation between Hank's food intake and his hunger is _____.
A) positive
B) negative
C) zero
D) causal
```
B
154
If a researcher finds a positive correlation between school grades and school attendance, one can conclude that _____.
A) high attendance and high grades occur together
B) high attendance causes high grades
C) high attendance rarely means high grades
D) high grades cause high attendance
A
155
If a researcher finds that there is a correlation between secondhand smoke and children's asthma, he can be certain that _____.
A) secondhand smoke causes children's asthma
B) secondhand smoke does not cause children's asthma
C) children exposed to smoke in utero often get asthma
D) asthma and secondhand smoke have some connection
D
156
```
Quantitative research relies on data that can be _____.
A) collected exclusively with surveys
B) categorized, ranked, or numbered
C) reported in professional journals
D) analyzed in narrative form
```
B
157
```
Data that is reported in numbers is known as ______.
A) qualitative
B) quantitative
C) narrative
D) categorical
```
B
158
```
Data that is reported in narrative form is known as ______.
A) qualitative
B) quantitative
C) numerical
D) categorical
```
A
159
Dr. Carlson interviewed a group of respondents, who replied in narrative form. Dr. Carlson is collecting _____ data.
A) quantitative
B) correlational
C) cross-sequential D) qualitative
D
160
```
IRB stands for _____.
A) Institutional Review Board
B) International Research Board
C) Internal Review Board
D) Intelligence Research Board
```
A
161
```
Participants in a research study must understand and agree to the research procedures and also be made aware of any potential risks associated with the research participation. This process is known as _____.
A) holding harmless
B) informed consent
C) release of liability
D) rite of research
```
B
