CHAPTER 4: Prenatal Development and Birth Flashcards
Cindy is doing a presentation on prenatal development and wants to include the three main periods of prenatal development in order from conception to birth. In which order should Cindy list the periods?
A) embryonic, germinal, and fetal
B) fetal, embryonic, and germinal
C) germinal, embryonic, and fetal
D) germinal, fetal, and embryonic
C) germinal, embryonic, and fetal
During the germinal period of prenatal development, cells take on distinct characteristics and gravitate toward particular locations. The term for this process is _____.
A) duplication
B) division
C) differentiation
D) specialization
C) differentiation
During the germinal period, the first task of the zygote’s outer cells is _____.
A) differentiation
B) duplication
C) germination
D) implantation
D) implantation
About _____ percent of natural conceptions never implant.
A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75
C) 50
About a week after conception, the outer layer of the multiplying cells forms a shell that will become the _____.
A) placenta
B) umbilical cord
C) embryo
D) infant
A) placenta
The germinal period ends approximately _____ after conception.
A) 2 days
B) 3 months
C) 2 weeks
D) 12 weeks
C) 2 weeks
Jenny just learned that she is six weeks pregnant. She is in the _____ period of prenatal development.
A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) second
B) embryonic
At the onset of the embryonic period, the _____ appears. It will eventually become the neural tube.
A) stem cell
B) spinal cord
C) primitive streak
D) placenta
C) primitive streak
As part of embryonic development, the neural tube will become the _____.
A) reproductive organs
B) intestinal tract
C) backbone, legs, and arms
D) central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord
D) central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord
The head begins to take shape in the _____ week after conception.
A) fourth
B) fifth
C) sixth
D) seventh
A) fourth
A pregnant woman is having an ultrasound done eight weeks into prenatal development. She is surprised by the size of the embryo’s head when she sees the image on the screen. The doctor reassures her that this is typical and that it is due to the _____ pattern of development.
A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis
B) cephalocaudal
Johnny’s mom is four months pregnant. Johnny is eager for the arrival of the new baby and asks, “How many more months until I’m a big brother?” His mother says that he has to wait about _____ more months.
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
D) 5
What happens to the central nervous system during the fetal period of development?
A) it goes through a process of regeneration
B) synapses decrease in number
C) it becomes active, regulation heart rate and breathing
D) the number of neurons decreases
C) it becomes active, regulation heart rate and breathing
The age of viability is the time when the preterm newborn _____.
A) might survive outside the uterus
B) begins to move
C) will be born without defects
D) has developed all of its major organs
A) might survive outside the uterus
Harry was a preterm newborn who was born after 26 weeks of prenatal development. He is now a health, happy 2-year-old. Harry’s ability to survive after being born so early was due in part to his reaching the _____.
A) term of postnatal development
B) germinal period
C) neurogenesis point
D) age of viability
D) age of viability
The critical factor In attaining the age of viability is ____.
A) weighing at least 5 pounds (2.3 kilograms)
B) having adequate brain development
C) having functioning digestive and respiratory systems
D) surviving at least 28 weeks past conception
B) having adequate brain development
In a first birth, the average length of active labor is ____
A) several days
B) about 14 hours
C) about 8 hours
D) about 12 hours
D) about 12 hours
In the first stage of labor, the ___
A) cervix dilates to allow passage of the baby’s head
B) baby’s head moves into the birth canal
C) mother experiences intense contraction
D) placenta is delivered
C) mother experiences intense contraction
In the transition stage of labor, the ____
A) cervix begins to dilate
B) baby’s head moves into the birth canal
C) baby’s head moves through the birth Canal
D) placenta is delivered
A) cervix begins to dilate
In the second stage of labor, the _____
A) cervix begins to dilate
B) baby’s head moves into the birth canal
C) baby’s head moves through the birth canal
D) placenta is delivered
B) baby’s head moves into the birth canal
Most births in the United States take place in ____
A) birthing centers
B) hospital labor rooms
C) homes
D) pools of water
B) hospital labor rooms
An alternative to giving birth in a hospital is to arrange to give birth at home. In the United States, less than _____ of births occur at home.
A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 15%
A) 1%
When healthy babies are born, they usually ____
A) do not breathe on their own until the umbilical cord is cut
B) do not cry until the umbilical cord is cut
C) breathe and cry on their own immediately
D) breathe on their own, and cry when the umbilical cord I cut
C) breathe and cry on their own immediately
Which step is usually done immediately after birth?
A) mucus in the baby’s throat is removed
B) the baby is placed in a incubator
C) umbilical cord blood is drawn
D) the baby is assessed for eye color
A) mucus in the baby’s throat is removed
Henry was just given the five-minute Apgar and his score was 4. This means Henry is ___
A) experiencing good health
B) a slow-to-warm-up infant
C) in need of emergency medical attention
D) in average health
C) in need of emergency medical attention
Research indicates that ____ can benefit from doula-assisted birth
A) low-income women
B) married women
C) mothers of multiples
D) all women
D) all women
Children born by cesarean section _____.
A) spend more time being held by their mothers in the hours following delivery
B) are more likely to breast-feed from the beginning
C) have double the rate of childhood obesity
D) score lower on the Apgar test
C) have double the rate of childhood obesity
What does the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test do?
A) diagnoses HIV infection
B) suggests the presence of Down syndrome
C) measures the mother’s genetic weaknesses
D) provides an estimate of the fetus’s gestational age
B) suggests the presence of Down syndrome
Early prenatal care can help decrease the risk of prenatal abnormalities, but it cannot provide pregnant women with specific information about _____.
A) substances to avoid
B) proper nutrition
C) exact thresholds for teratogens
D) treatments for preexisting conditions
C) exact thresholds for teratogens
Gabby received good quality prenatal care from the care team at her local hospital. She was informed about what to eat and what to do. They also coached her on what to _____, such as cigarette smoking and very high stress.
A) avoid
B) seek out
C) experience
D) continue
A) avoid
With respect to test results, a false positive is the result of a laboratory test that reports something as _____.
A) a problem when there really is nothing wrong
B) nothing wrong when there really is a problem
C) a problem when there really is a problem
D) nothing wrong when there really is nothing wrong
A) a problem when there really is nothing wrong
A baby born two or more weeks early is called _____.
A) premature
B) preterm
C) low birthweight
D) small for gestational age
B) preterm
Bruno and Juliana moved to the United States from Mexico two years ago and just had their first baby. Bruno and Juliana’s SES is lower than their peers who are of Mexican ancestry but who were born in the United States. Bruno and Juliana’s baby was born at a healthy weight, due in part to the support of their social network. This phenomenon is called the _____.
A) immigrant paradox
B) Hispanic paradox
C) native-born paradox
D) SES paradox
A) immigrant paradox
Adults who were low-birthweight babies have higher rates of _____.
A) diabetes
B) malnutrition
C) normal-range weight
D) obesity
A) diabetes
Possible consequences of low birthweight include infant death, hearing impairment, and _____.
A) death in adolescence
B) delayed walking
C) teen pregnancy
D) spatial skills
B) delayed walking
The frequency of low birthweight in the United States decreased throughout most of the twentieth century, and then it _____ in the 1990s and early 2000s.
A) increased
B) further decreased
C) remained stable
D) was nearly eradicated
A) increased
Statistically, which woman has characteristics that make her likely to have a baby with low birthweight?
A) Ashley, who is 27 years old and has a middle-class SES
B) Jody, who has been diagnosed with diabetes
C) Kate, who regularly misses meals
D) Delfina, who is a Hispanic immigrant
C) Kate, who regularly misses meals
In the United States, which is a potential reason for the rise in the frequency of low-birthweight babies?
A) plentiful food
B) drug use
C) exercise regimens
D) genetic factors
B) drug use
Birth complications are more likely when _____.
A) a baby is full term
B) a mother is over age 40
C) a baby is female
D) a mother is unmarried
B) a mother is over age 40
Sammy is 5 years old and spends his day in a wheelchair, because he can’t control any of his muscles due to brain damage. Sammy’s condition has been evident since birth, during which he was deprived of oxygen. Sammy has _____.
A) anoxia
B) cerebral palsy
C) Huntington’s disease
D) Parkinson’s disease
B) cerebral palsy
Cerebral palsy was once thought to be the result of something that happened during the birth procedure, but we now know that it can result from many factors, including _____.
A) a specific gene for cerebral palsy
B) maternal nutritional deficits
C) maternal infection
D) Huntington’s disease
C) maternal infection
Anoxia refers to _____.
A) cerebral hemorrhaging B) signs of cerebral palsy C) a lack of oxygen D) toxic substances in the bloodstream arrow
C) a lack of oxygen
When Alexia was born, she had a lack of oxygen for a small amount of time. Alexia experienced _____.
A) cerebral hemorrhaging
B) cerebral palsy
C) couvade
D) anoxia
D) anoxia
Which of the following characteristics of newborns’ appearance affect adults’ brain activity and heart rate?
A) big abdomen
B) big hairless head and tiny feet
C) pale skin and dark hair
D) hairy arms and legs
B) big hairless head and tiny feet
The parents of newborn Renata are amazed at their daughter’s responsiveness and reflexes when a professional administers the _____.
A) Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
B) Apgar scale
C) Child Behavioral Checklist
D) Strange Situation
A) Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
When infants turn their heads and suck in response to a touch on the cheek, they are demonstrating the _____.
A) Moro reflex
B) rooting reflex
C) sucking reflex
D) thrashing reflex
B) rooting reflex
Newborn babies have _____ designed to maintain oxygen supply, maintain a constant body temperature, and manage feeding.
A) genes
B) habits
C) reflexes
D) strategies
C) reflexes
Julia had a baby three weeks ago. She has been feeling sad and inadequate as a mother, which has made caring for her newborn difficult. Julia may be experiencing _____.
A) post-traumatic stress disorder
B) postpartum depression
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) separation anxiety
B) postpartum depression
Kelley just had a baby and now is experiencing a sense of inadequacy and sadness. She may have _____.
A) couvade
B) behavioral teratogens
C) kangaroo care
D) postpartum depression
D) postpartum depression
Studies indicate that _____ may mitigate maternal depression.
A) breast-feeding
B) having a home birth
C) couvade
D) epidurals
A) breast-feeding
A father’s presence at a child’s birth _____.
A) has no impact on birth complications
B) only has an impact on birth complications if the mother and father are married
C) reduces the likelihood of birth complications
D) increases the likelihood of birth complications
C) reduces the likelihood of birth complications
The phenomenon in which fathers experience symptoms of pregnancy and birth is known as _____.
A) postpartum depression
B) couvade
C) false labor
D) the Moro reflex
B) couvade
While Bill’s wife was pregnant, he experienced weight gain and indigestion. When she gave birth, he felt sharp physical pain as well. Bill was experiencing _____.
A) postpartum depression
B) couvade
C) false labor
D) the Moro reflex
B) couvade
When Ernie’s wife was pregnant, he felt stressed. According to research, how did Ernie believe he should be feeling?
A) strong and supportive
B) stressed
C) happy
D) excited
A) strong and supportive
Rebecca and Bob just had a baby. They agreed that they would each be responsible for the baby every other evening to give the other parent a break from child care. They have also discussed how to share responsibility for day-care drop off and pick up once they are both back at work. Rebecca and Bob are demonstrating the cooperation that is evidence of _____.
A) parental alliance
B) bonding
C) postpartum depression
D) couvade
A) parental alliance
The strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their newborn is called _____.
A) couvade
B) a doula
C) kangaroo care
D) the parent-infant bond
D) the parent-infant bond
Phil is holding his newborn child for the first time and is overwhelmed by the love he feels for his child. What Phil is experiencing is called _____.
A) couvade
B) a doula
C) kangaroo care
D) the parent-infant bond
D) the parent-infant bond
Rumasia places her baby on her chest so that they are skin to skin. This is called _____.
A) couvade
B) a doula
C) kangaroo care
D) parent-infant bond
C) kangaroo care
Kangaroo care has been associated with a newborn _____.
A) sleeping more shallowly
B) gaining weight more quickly
C) spending more time asleep
D) smiling at a younger age
B) gaining weight more quickly
The first two weeks of development after conception are called the _____.
A) fetal period
B) germinal period
C) embryonic period
D) implantation period
B) germinal period
The stage of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week after conception until birth is the _____ period.
A) fetal
B) blastocyst
C) embryonic
D) germinal
A) fetal
The Apgar scale measures the _____.
A) adequacy of prenatal growth
B) duration of labor
C) newborn’s health following birth
D) intensity of pain during labor
C) newborn’s health following birth
In what percentage of births in the United States are cesarean sections performed?
A) 11 percent
B) 21 percent
C) 34 percent
D) 41 percent
C) 34 percent
A doula is a woman who _____.
A) is pregnant for the first time
B) helps with the birth process
C) helps couples with infertility problems
D) counsels women who have postpartum depression
B) helps with the birth process
Agents and conditions that harm the prenatal brain and impair learning and behavior are called _____.
A) behavioral risks
B) critical risks
C) primitive streaks
D) behavioral teratogens
D) behavioral teratogens
The likelihood of many developmental complications can be greatly reduced through _____.
A) extreme exercise
B) the science of risk analysis
C) exposure to teratogens
D) There is no way to reduce such complications.
B) the science of risk analysis
