CHAPTER 4: Prenatal Development and Birth Flashcards
Cindy is doing a presentation on prenatal development and wants to include the three main periods of prenatal development in order from conception to birth. In which order should Cindy list the periods?
A) embryonic, germinal, and fetal
B) fetal, embryonic, and germinal
C) germinal, embryonic, and fetal
D) germinal, fetal, and embryonic
C) germinal, embryonic, and fetal
During the germinal period of prenatal development, cells take on distinct characteristics and gravitate toward particular locations. The term for this process is _____.
A) duplication
B) division
C) differentiation
D) specialization
C) differentiation
During the germinal period, the first task of the zygote’s outer cells is _____.
A) differentiation
B) duplication
C) germination
D) implantation
D) implantation
About _____ percent of natural conceptions never implant.
A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75
C) 50
About a week after conception, the outer layer of the multiplying cells forms a shell that will become the _____.
A) placenta
B) umbilical cord
C) embryo
D) infant
A) placenta
The germinal period ends approximately _____ after conception.
A) 2 days
B) 3 months
C) 2 weeks
D) 12 weeks
C) 2 weeks
Jenny just learned that she is six weeks pregnant. She is in the _____ period of prenatal development.
A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) second
B) embryonic
At the onset of the embryonic period, the _____ appears. It will eventually become the neural tube.
A) stem cell
B) spinal cord
C) primitive streak
D) placenta
C) primitive streak
As part of embryonic development, the neural tube will become the _____.
A) reproductive organs
B) intestinal tract
C) backbone, legs, and arms
D) central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord
D) central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord
The head begins to take shape in the _____ week after conception.
A) fourth
B) fifth
C) sixth
D) seventh
A) fourth
A pregnant woman is having an ultrasound done eight weeks into prenatal development. She is surprised by the size of the embryo’s head when she sees the image on the screen. The doctor reassures her that this is typical and that it is due to the _____ pattern of development.
A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis
B) cephalocaudal
Johnny’s mom is four months pregnant. Johnny is eager for the arrival of the new baby and asks, “How many more months until I’m a big brother?” His mother says that he has to wait about _____ more months.
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
D) 5
What happens to the central nervous system during the fetal period of development?
A) it goes through a process of regeneration
B) synapses decrease in number
C) it becomes active, regulation heart rate and breathing
D) the number of neurons decreases
C) it becomes active, regulation heart rate and breathing
The age of viability is the time when the preterm newborn _____.
A) might survive outside the uterus
B) begins to move
C) will be born without defects
D) has developed all of its major organs
A) might survive outside the uterus
Harry was a preterm newborn who was born after 26 weeks of prenatal development. He is now a health, happy 2-year-old. Harry’s ability to survive after being born so early was due in part to his reaching the _____.
A) term of postnatal development
B) germinal period
C) neurogenesis point
D) age of viability
D) age of viability
The critical factor In attaining the age of viability is ____.
A) weighing at least 5 pounds (2.3 kilograms)
B) having adequate brain development
C) having functioning digestive and respiratory systems
D) surviving at least 28 weeks past conception
B) having adequate brain development
In a first birth, the average length of active labor is ____
A) several days
B) about 14 hours
C) about 8 hours
D) about 12 hours
D) about 12 hours
In the first stage of labor, the ___
A) cervix dilates to allow passage of the baby’s head
B) baby’s head moves into the birth canal
C) mother experiences intense contraction
D) placenta is delivered
C) mother experiences intense contraction
In the transition stage of labor, the ____
A) cervix begins to dilate
B) baby’s head moves into the birth canal
C) baby’s head moves through the birth Canal
D) placenta is delivered
A) cervix begins to dilate
In the second stage of labor, the _____
A) cervix begins to dilate
B) baby’s head moves into the birth canal
C) baby’s head moves through the birth canal
D) placenta is delivered
B) baby’s head moves into the birth canal
Most births in the United States take place in ____
A) birthing centers
B) hospital labor rooms
C) homes
D) pools of water
B) hospital labor rooms
An alternative to giving birth in a hospital is to arrange to give birth at home. In the United States, less than _____ of births occur at home.
A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 15%
A) 1%
When healthy babies are born, they usually ____
A) do not breathe on their own until the umbilical cord is cut
B) do not cry until the umbilical cord is cut
C) breathe and cry on their own immediately
D) breathe on their own, and cry when the umbilical cord I cut
C) breathe and cry on their own immediately
Which step is usually done immediately after birth?
A) mucus in the baby’s throat is removed
B) the baby is placed in a incubator
C) umbilical cord blood is drawn
D) the baby is assessed for eye color
A) mucus in the baby’s throat is removed
Henry was just given the five-minute Apgar and his score was 4. This means Henry is ___
A) experiencing good health
B) a slow-to-warm-up infant
C) in need of emergency medical attention
D) in average health
C) in need of emergency medical attention
Research indicates that ____ can benefit from doula-assisted birth
A) low-income women
B) married women
C) mothers of multiples
D) all women
D) all women
Children born by cesarean section _____.
A) spend more time being held by their mothers in the hours following delivery
B) are more likely to breast-feed from the beginning
C) have double the rate of childhood obesity
D) score lower on the Apgar test
C) have double the rate of childhood obesity
What does the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test do?
A) diagnoses HIV infection
B) suggests the presence of Down syndrome
C) measures the mother’s genetic weaknesses
D) provides an estimate of the fetus’s gestational age
B) suggests the presence of Down syndrome
Early prenatal care can help decrease the risk of prenatal abnormalities, but it cannot provide pregnant women with specific information about _____.
A) substances to avoid
B) proper nutrition
C) exact thresholds for teratogens
D) treatments for preexisting conditions
C) exact thresholds for teratogens
Gabby received good quality prenatal care from the care team at her local hospital. She was informed about what to eat and what to do. They also coached her on what to _____, such as cigarette smoking and very high stress.
A) avoid
B) seek out
C) experience
D) continue
A) avoid
With respect to test results, a false positive is the result of a laboratory test that reports something as _____.
A) a problem when there really is nothing wrong
B) nothing wrong when there really is a problem
C) a problem when there really is a problem
D) nothing wrong when there really is nothing wrong
A) a problem when there really is nothing wrong
A baby born two or more weeks early is called _____.
A) premature
B) preterm
C) low birthweight
D) small for gestational age
B) preterm
Bruno and Juliana moved to the United States from Mexico two years ago and just had their first baby. Bruno and Juliana’s SES is lower than their peers who are of Mexican ancestry but who were born in the United States. Bruno and Juliana’s baby was born at a healthy weight, due in part to the support of their social network. This phenomenon is called the _____.
A) immigrant paradox
B) Hispanic paradox
C) native-born paradox
D) SES paradox
A) immigrant paradox
Adults who were low-birthweight babies have higher rates of _____.
A) diabetes
B) malnutrition
C) normal-range weight
D) obesity
A) diabetes
Possible consequences of low birthweight include infant death, hearing impairment, and _____.
A) death in adolescence
B) delayed walking
C) teen pregnancy
D) spatial skills
B) delayed walking
The frequency of low birthweight in the United States decreased throughout most of the twentieth century, and then it _____ in the 1990s and early 2000s.
A) increased
B) further decreased
C) remained stable
D) was nearly eradicated
A) increased
Statistically, which woman has characteristics that make her likely to have a baby with low birthweight?
A) Ashley, who is 27 years old and has a middle-class SES
B) Jody, who has been diagnosed with diabetes
C) Kate, who regularly misses meals
D) Delfina, who is a Hispanic immigrant
C) Kate, who regularly misses meals
In the United States, which is a potential reason for the rise in the frequency of low-birthweight babies?
A) plentiful food
B) drug use
C) exercise regimens
D) genetic factors
B) drug use
Birth complications are more likely when _____.
A) a baby is full term
B) a mother is over age 40
C) a baby is female
D) a mother is unmarried
B) a mother is over age 40
Sammy is 5 years old and spends his day in a wheelchair, because he can’t control any of his muscles due to brain damage. Sammy’s condition has been evident since birth, during which he was deprived of oxygen. Sammy has _____.
A) anoxia
B) cerebral palsy
C) Huntington’s disease
D) Parkinson’s disease
B) cerebral palsy
Cerebral palsy was once thought to be the result of something that happened during the birth procedure, but we now know that it can result from many factors, including _____.
A) a specific gene for cerebral palsy
B) maternal nutritional deficits
C) maternal infection
D) Huntington’s disease
C) maternal infection
Anoxia refers to _____.
A) cerebral hemorrhaging B) signs of cerebral palsy C) a lack of oxygen D) toxic substances in the bloodstream arrow
C) a lack of oxygen
When Alexia was born, she had a lack of oxygen for a small amount of time. Alexia experienced _____.
A) cerebral hemorrhaging
B) cerebral palsy
C) couvade
D) anoxia
D) anoxia
Which of the following characteristics of newborns’ appearance affect adults’ brain activity and heart rate?
A) big abdomen
B) big hairless head and tiny feet
C) pale skin and dark hair
D) hairy arms and legs
B) big hairless head and tiny feet
The parents of newborn Renata are amazed at their daughter’s responsiveness and reflexes when a professional administers the _____.
A) Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
B) Apgar scale
C) Child Behavioral Checklist
D) Strange Situation
A) Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
When infants turn their heads and suck in response to a touch on the cheek, they are demonstrating the _____.
A) Moro reflex
B) rooting reflex
C) sucking reflex
D) thrashing reflex
B) rooting reflex
Newborn babies have _____ designed to maintain oxygen supply, maintain a constant body temperature, and manage feeding.
A) genes
B) habits
C) reflexes
D) strategies
C) reflexes
Julia had a baby three weeks ago. She has been feeling sad and inadequate as a mother, which has made caring for her newborn difficult. Julia may be experiencing _____.
A) post-traumatic stress disorder
B) postpartum depression
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) separation anxiety
B) postpartum depression
Kelley just had a baby and now is experiencing a sense of inadequacy and sadness. She may have _____.
A) couvade
B) behavioral teratogens
C) kangaroo care
D) postpartum depression
D) postpartum depression
Studies indicate that _____ may mitigate maternal depression.
A) breast-feeding
B) having a home birth
C) couvade
D) epidurals
A) breast-feeding
A father’s presence at a child’s birth _____.
A) has no impact on birth complications
B) only has an impact on birth complications if the mother and father are married
C) reduces the likelihood of birth complications
D) increases the likelihood of birth complications
C) reduces the likelihood of birth complications
The phenomenon in which fathers experience symptoms of pregnancy and birth is known as _____.
A) postpartum depression
B) couvade
C) false labor
D) the Moro reflex
B) couvade
While Bill’s wife was pregnant, he experienced weight gain and indigestion. When she gave birth, he felt sharp physical pain as well. Bill was experiencing _____.
A) postpartum depression
B) couvade
C) false labor
D) the Moro reflex
B) couvade
When Ernie’s wife was pregnant, he felt stressed. According to research, how did Ernie believe he should be feeling?
A) strong and supportive
B) stressed
C) happy
D) excited
A) strong and supportive
Rebecca and Bob just had a baby. They agreed that they would each be responsible for the baby every other evening to give the other parent a break from child care. They have also discussed how to share responsibility for day-care drop off and pick up once they are both back at work. Rebecca and Bob are demonstrating the cooperation that is evidence of _____.
A) parental alliance
B) bonding
C) postpartum depression
D) couvade
A) parental alliance
The strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their newborn is called _____.
A) couvade
B) a doula
C) kangaroo care
D) the parent-infant bond
D) the parent-infant bond
Phil is holding his newborn child for the first time and is overwhelmed by the love he feels for his child. What Phil is experiencing is called _____.
A) couvade
B) a doula
C) kangaroo care
D) the parent-infant bond
D) the parent-infant bond
Rumasia places her baby on her chest so that they are skin to skin. This is called _____.
A) couvade
B) a doula
C) kangaroo care
D) parent-infant bond
C) kangaroo care
Kangaroo care has been associated with a newborn _____.
A) sleeping more shallowly
B) gaining weight more quickly
C) spending more time asleep
D) smiling at a younger age
B) gaining weight more quickly
The first two weeks of development after conception are called the _____.
A) fetal period
B) germinal period
C) embryonic period
D) implantation period
B) germinal period
The stage of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week after conception until birth is the _____ period.
A) fetal
B) blastocyst
C) embryonic
D) germinal
A) fetal
The Apgar scale measures the _____.
A) adequacy of prenatal growth
B) duration of labor
C) newborn’s health following birth
D) intensity of pain during labor
C) newborn’s health following birth
In what percentage of births in the United States are cesarean sections performed?
A) 11 percent
B) 21 percent
C) 34 percent
D) 41 percent
C) 34 percent
A doula is a woman who _____.
A) is pregnant for the first time
B) helps with the birth process
C) helps couples with infertility problems
D) counsels women who have postpartum depression
B) helps with the birth process
Agents and conditions that harm the prenatal brain and impair learning and behavior are called _____.
A) behavioral risks
B) critical risks
C) primitive streaks
D) behavioral teratogens
D) behavioral teratogens
The likelihood of many developmental complications can be greatly reduced through _____.
A) extreme exercise
B) the science of risk analysis
C) exposure to teratogens
D) There is no way to reduce such complications.
B) the science of risk analysis
Moderate use of which of these substances has been associated with fetal abnormalities?
A) chocolate
B) tobacco
C) caffeine
D) trans fat
B) tobacco
Low birthweight (LBW) is defined as a body weight less than _____ at birth.
A) 3 pounds
B) 5 1/2 pounds
C) 7 pounds
D) 10 pounds
B) 5 1/2 pounds
Which term refers to an involuntary response to a particular stimulus?
A) motor skill
B) habit
C) reflex
D) symbolic representation
C) reflex
The term couvade refers to _____.
A) a male doula
B) the father’s experience of pregnancy
C) the father’s impact on a child’s development
D) a male birthing physician
B) the father’s experience of pregnancy
When parents cooperate to raise their child, they have _____.
A) lower cortisol rates
B) an increase in birth hormones
C) a decrease in brain activity
D) formed a parental alliance
D) formed a parental alliance
The strong loving connection between a parent and newborn is called the _____.
A) Oedipus complex
B) parent-infant bond
C) love connection
D) prenatal bond
B) parent-infant bond
During the _____ period of prenatal development, the placenta must achieve implantation.
A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) conception
A) germinal
The ____ period lasts from the third week through the eighth week of pregnancy.
A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) viability
B) embryonic
Which of the following structures develops first during the period of the embryo?
A) the neural tube
B) the primitive streak
C) the upper arms
D) the placenta
B) the primitive streak
The head appears in the _____ week after conception.
A) fourth
B) fifth
C) sixth
D) seventh
A) fourth
Growth occurs in a _____ pattern, which means “head-to-tail.”
A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis
B) cephalocaudal
Jose and Keta recently learned that they were pregnant. The couple is very excited about the pregnancy and are eager to know the sex of the fetus. The doctor explains that she will be able to determine the sex by the end of the third month using _____.
A) an X-ray
B) amniocentesis
C) ultrasound
D) the Apgar scale
C) ultrasound
The ______ is the age at which a fetus might survive outside the mother’s uterus if specialized medical care is available.
A) germinal period
B) embryonic period
C) fetal age indicator
D) age of viability
D) age of viability
Nicolette, pregnant for the first time, wonders how long it will take to deliver her son. You can tell Nicolette that for first births, the average baby is born after ____ hours of active labor.
A) 7
B) 11
C) 14
D) 20
C) 14
At around 38 weeks after conception, the _____ starts the sequence of events that prepares the fetus for delivery and starts labor.
A) fetal brain
B) maternal brain
C) placenta
D) amniotic sac
A) fetal brain
Today, ______ are likely to arrive at a pregnant woman’s home during early labor and later work alongside hospital staff.
A) doulas
B) birthing coaches
C) physicians’ assistants
D) neonatal support teams
A) doulas
Newborn Kendrell received an Apgar score of 4. This score indicates that Kendrell is ______.
A) healthy and responsive
B) in need of emergency care
C) slightly lethargic but in good condition
D) hungry, cold, and irritable
B) in need of emergency care
By age 3, children born by cesarean section are twice as likely to _____.
A) exhibit behavioral problems, such as hyperactivity
B) have learning and motor difficulties
C) be diagnosed with autism
D) be obese
D) be obese
Lin, in labor with her first child, is in a great deal of pain and has been experiencing strong contractions for nearly 12 hours with little progress toward birth. Although Lin was hoping for a natural birth, her doctor has urged her to use an epidural. Which of the following problems occurs most often following an epidural?
A) Newborns are at high risk for birth complications like cerebral palsy.
B) An epidural slows down the labor process.
C) An epidural speeds up the labor process.
D) The mother loses consciousness prior to delivery.
B) An epidural slows down the labor process.
Holly was two weeks over her due date. The doctor decided it was best for Holly to _____ labor due to the increasing size of the fetus.
A) postpone
B) induce
C) forego
D) decrease
B) induce
Which of the following is TRUE regarding rates for cesarean sections and epidurals? _____
A) They have been relatively steady over the past three decades.
B) They are the same in the United States as in most other developed nations.
C) They vary by doctor and by hospital.
D) They are higher for births attended by midwives
C) They vary by doctor and by hospital.
In which of the following countries are home births most common? _____
A) The United States
B) Canada
C) England
D) The Netherlands
D) The Netherlands
Dr. Lopez is a researcher who focuses on teratology. Teratology is the science of ______.
A) risk analysis
B) pediatric neurology
C) prenatal health
D) obstetrics
A) risk analysis
Chantal and her husband are considering having a baby. Chantal’s obstetrician recommends that she stop using alcohol and update her immunizations _____.
A) before she gets pregnant
B) as soon as she knows she is pregnant
C) anytime during the first trimester of pregnancy
D) as soon as the baby is born
A) before she gets pregnant
A woman carrying dizygotic twins drinks alcohol. The twins’ blood alcohol levels are equal, yet one twin may be more severely affected than the other because their alleles for the enzyme that metabolizes alcohol differ. This is evidence that the _____ influence the effects of teratogens.
A) age of the embryo/fetus
B) genes of the parent
C) genes of the embryo/fetus
D) doses of teratogen
C) genes of the embryo/fetus
Which of the following is a protective factor in pregnancy?
A) Being older than age 35
B) Moderate alcohol consumption
C) Optimal weight gain
D) Minimal exercise
C) Optimal weight gain
According to research on alcohol consumption, which of the following women is most likely to drink while pregnant?
A) Amber, a 16-year-old high school dropout
B) Latrice, a 20-year-old junior college student
C) Deja, a 25-year-old single mother of two
D) Charlotte, a 35-year-old accountant with a master’s degree
D) Charlotte, a 35-year-old accountant with a master’s degree
Analysis of umbilical cord blood confirms that fetuses exposed to ______ have lower intelligence test scores and more behavior problems than other children.
A) folic acid
B) chlorpyrifos
C) vitamin D
D) gluten
B) chlorpyrifos
Genetic counseling may be most useful to parents at which of the following stages?
A) before becoming pregnant
B) during the last month of pregnancy
C) during delivery
D) after the birth of a special needs child
A) before becoming pregnant
Babies born slightly under 1,500 grams (3 pounds 5 ounces) are considered “_____ -birthweight.”
A) low
B) very low
C) extremely low
D) average
B) very low
Baby Olivia weighed 2 pounds, 8 ounces at birth. Olivia would be classified as “____ -birthweight.”
A) low
B) very low
C) extremely low
D) average
B) very low
Newborns born to immigrants are generally healthier in every way, including birthweight, than newborns of U.S.-born women. This phenomenon is called the “______.”
A) sociocultural paradox
B) immigrant paradox
C) ethnic anomaly
D) cultural enigma
B) immigrant paradox
A baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected given the time since conception is referred to as “_____.”
A) preterm
B) premature
C) low-birthweight
D) small for gestational age
D) small for gestational age
Bruno and Juliana moved to the United States from Mexico two years ago and just had their first baby. Although Bruno and Juliana’s SES is lower than that of their native-born peers, their baby was born at a healthy weight. This phenomenon is called the “_____ paradox.”
A) immigrant
B) refugee
C) native-born
D) SES
A) immigrant
Adults who were low-birthweight babies have higher rates of _____.
A) diabetes
B) malnutrition
C) normal-range weight
D) obesity
A) diabetes
Statistically, which woman is at greatest risk for having a low-birthweight baby?
A) Ashley, who is 27 years old and middle-class
B) Jody, who has been diagnosed with diabetes
C) Kate, who regularly misses meals
D) Delfina, who is a Hispanic immigrant
C) Kate, who regularly misses meals
In the United States, which is NOT a potential reason for the rise in the frequency of low-birthweight babies?
A) food insecurity
B) drug use
C) cigarette use
D) genetic factors
D) genetic factors
Carly just gave birth to her first child two weeks ago. Jeff, Carly’s husband, has noticed that Carly is unable to sleep, talks excessively, and seems extremely concerned that something is wrong with the baby, despite being reassured by the doctor. Carly’s behavior may indicate that she is experiencing ______.
A) postpartum depression
B) bipolar depression
C) schizophrenia
D) a dissociative episode
A) postpartum depression
Newborn babies do NOT have reflexes designed to _____.
A) maintain oxygen supply
B) maintain a constant body temperature
C) adjust to the difference between day and night
D) manage feeding
C) adjust to the difference between day and night
Paternal experiences of pregnancy and birth are called ______, expected in some cultures, a normal variation in many, and considered pathological in others.
A) shenkui
B) Saora disorder
C) biological paradox
D) couvade
D) couvade
Gwen is the mother of newborn Taylor. For the majority of the day, Gwen holds Taylor between her breasts, skin-to-skin. This allows Taylor to listen to Gwen’s heartbeat, as well as feel her mother’s body heat. Gwen is utilizing ____.
A) swaddling
B) neonatal care
C) contact comfort
D) kangaroo care
D) kangaroo care
The stage of prenatal development that lasts from week 3 through week 8 is the \_\_\_\_\_ period. A) blastocyst B) embryonic C) fetal D) germinal
B) embryonic
In the fourth week after conception, a minuscule blood vessel that will become the _____ begins to pulsate.
A) lungs
B) stomach
C) kidneys
D) heart
D) heart
Prenatally, development happens in a “near-to-far / center-out” pattern known as _____.
A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis
A) proximodistal
The longest period of prenatal development is the _____ period.
A) embryonic
B) fetal
C) proximodistal
D) germinal
B) fetal
The third period of gestation is the _____ period.
A) zygotic
B) emrbyonic
C) germinal
D) fetal
D) fetal
By the end of the ____ prenatal month, sex organs develop and are soon visible via ultrasound
A) second
B) third
C) fourth
D) fifth
B) third
Tina went into labor at her home. Joan arrived soon after and began to time Tina’s contractions and give gentle massages. Joan assisted Tina and her partner when it was time to leave for the hospital and accompanied them through the birth process. Joan was Tina’s _____.
A) postpartum nurse
B) doctor
C) couvade
D) doula
D) doula
A surgical birth, in which incisions through the mother’s abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, is also referred to as
A) epidural
B) cesarean section
C) induced labor
D) doula
B) cesarean section
In the United States, more than _____ of births occur via c-section.
A) 1/3
B) 1/2
C) 2/3
D) 3/4
A) 1/3
Currently in the United States, newborn mortality is about _____.
A) 1 in 100
B) 1 in 150
C) 1 in 200
D) 1 in 250
D) 1 in 250
Rita is one month pregnant and consults with her doctor about teratogens. The doctor tells her that one category of teratogens is _____.
A) drugs
B) food
C) the media
D) nutrients
A) drugs
Jill is 5 years old. She has been diagnosed with ADHD and shows signs of learning disabilities. Her doctor suggests that Jill’s problems could be the result of prenatal exposure to _____, though he stresses that the link is not straightforward at this time.
A) chromosomal abnormalities
B) genetic abnormalities
C) cell differentiation
D) behavioral teratogens
D) behavioral teratogens
Some teratogens have a threshold effect, which means that they are _____.
A) harmful no matter what the level of exposure
B) rarely harmful
C) harmless until exposure reaches a certain level
D) always harmless
D) always harmless
Low folic acid levels during pregnancy can result in _____.
A) heart defects
B) lung defects
C) limb deformities
D) neural-tube defects
D) neural-tube defects
Postpartum depression _____.
A) is a normal development and no cause for concern
B) has no treatment
C) does not typically interfere with the care of a newborn
D) can be mitigated by successful breast-feeding
D) can be mitigated by successful breast-feeding
During the embryonic period, the neural tube will become the _____.
A) reproductive organs
B) intestinal tract
C) backbone, legs, and arms
D) central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord
D) central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord
The age of viability occurs at about \_\_\_\_ weeks after conception. A) 16 B) 18 C) 22 D) 26
C) 22
In most cases, newborns _____.
A) are unable to breathe on their own.
B) do not cry until the umbilical cord is cut
C) breathe and cry on their own immediately
D) breathe on their own, and cry when the umbilical cord is cut
C) breathe and cry on their own immediately
Labor that is started, speeded, or strengthened with a drug is referred to as “_____.”
A) a home birth
B) induced labor
C) a cesarean section
D) an epidural
B) induced labor
Regarding exposure to teratogens, which of the following affect when a threshold is crossed?
A) Age, weight, and health of the mother
B) Dose, timing, frequency, and other teratogens
C) Prenatal care, fetal age, gestational age, and maternal health
D) Paternal age, maternal age, and neurological development in the fetus
B) Dose, timing, frequency, and other teratogens
Babies born under 1,000 grams (2 pounds 3 ounces) are considered “_____.”
A) low-birthweight
B) very low-birthweight
C) extremely low-birthweight
D) small for gestational age
C) extremely low-birthweight
_____ is/are implicated in 25 percent of all low-birthweight births worldwide.
A) Pesticides
B) Alcohol
C) Antidepressants
D) Tobacco
D) Tobacco
A baby born three or more weeks early is called “_____.”
A) premature
B) preterm
C) low-birthweight
D) small for gestational age
B) preterm
The frequency of low birthweight in the United States is _____.
A) increasing
B) stabilizing
C) among the highest in the world
D) decreasing
A) increasing
Newborn Sophie experienced a lack of oxygen during childbirth. This is called “_____.”
A) suffocation
B) preeclampsia
C) anoxia
D) incomplete breech
C) anoxia
Cooperation between a mother and a father based on their mutual commitment to their children is called _____.
A) co-parenting
B) bonding
C) parental alliance
D) parental synchrony
C) parental alliance
Which of the following statements about parent-infant bonding is true? _____
A) Early skin-to-skin contact is essential for human nurturance.
B) Fathers report that bonding usually occurs in the second half of the first year.
C) Mothers have a more difficult time bonding with their babies than fathers.
D) Early skin-to-skin contact is not essential for human nurturance.
D) Early skin-to-skin contact is not essential for human nurturance.
The following are categories of teratogens EXCEPT _____
A) drugs
B) pollutants
C) immunisations
D) viruses
C) immunisations
On average, fetuses gain about ___ pounds during the last trimester of pregnancy, which brings the average birthright to about 7.5 pounds.
A) 1.5
B) 2.5
C) 4.5
D) 6.5
C) 4.5
In the third stage of labor, ____
A) cervix begins to dilate
B) baby’s he’d moves into the birth canal
C) mother experiences intense contractions
D) placenta is delivered
D) placenta is delivered
The Apgar scale is used at one minute and five minutes after birth to ____.
A) evaluate the newborn’s sensory abilities
B) evaluate the health of the new mother
C) help the north recover from childbirth
D) evaluate the health of the newborn
D) evaluate the health of the newborn
A baby is assessed at one minute after birth according to the Apgar scale. Three of the five vital signs are good, but the baby is weak and inactive and grimaces. The two vital signs that the medical team is concerned about are _____.
A) muscle tone and heartbeat
B) respiratory effect and color
C) muscle tone and reflex irritability
D) reflex irritability and respiratory effect
C) muscle tone and reflex irritability
A teratogen is any agent or condition that increases the risk for _____.
A) prenatal abnormalities
B) damage to the placenta
C) extra chromosomes
D) male infertility
A) prenatal abnormalities
The first days and weeks after conception (the germinal and embryonic periods) are _____ for body formation.
A) sensitive
B) critical
C) crucial
D) imperative
B) critical
Mandy is pregnant, yet she still has four alcoholic drinks each day. Her baby may be at increased risk for the development of _____.
A) fetal alcohol syndrome
B) fetal anoxia syndrome
C) fetal alcohol situation
D) functional alcohol syndrome
A) fetal alcohol syndrome
Alice is pregnant and wants to ensure that she does everything she can to prevent the occurrence of a neural-tube defect in her child. She makes sure that she has the proper amount of _____ in her diet.
A) vitamin D
B) zinc
C) folic acid
D) vitamin K
C) folic acid
At around 38 weeks after conception, the ___ starts the the sequences of events that prepares the fetus for delivery and starts labor.
A) fetal brain
B) maternal brain
C) placenta
D) germinal period
A) fetal brain
Compared to vaginal births, c-section births _____.
A) are less expensive
B) increase the risk of complications after birth
C) usually take longer
D) are less safe for the baby
B) increase the risk of complications after birth
Agents and condition that can harm the prenatal brain, imparting the future child’s intellectual and emotional functioning, care called ____
A) chromosomal abnormalities
B) genetic mutations
C) cell differentiation
D) behavioural teratogens
D) behavioural teratogens
With respect to prenatal development, teratogens _____
A) increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities
B) decrease the risk of prenatal abnormalities
C) always cause prenatal abnormalities
D) never cause prenatal abnormalities
A) increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities
Chantal and Larry are considering having a baby. Chantal’s doctor recommends that they stop using recreational drugs and update their immunizations _____.
A) before Chantal gets pregnant
B) as soon as Chantal knows she is pregnant
C) anytime during the first trimester of pregnancy
D) as soon as the baby is born
A) before Chantal gets pregnant
Who is most likely to drink alcohol during her pregnancy? A mother who _____.
A) is under age 25
B) never attended college
C) is over age 35
D) belongs to a minority ethnic group
C) is over age 35
When it comes to the research on prenatal development and teratogens, scientists _____.
A) always agree on the interpretation of research
B) can disagree on the interpretation of research
C) have not yet started to analyze the data
D) tend to disagree with doctors
B) can disagree on the interpretation of research
Thresholds, as they relate to harm from any teratogen, are difficult to set because one teratogen may _____ the threshold of another teratogen.
A) reduce
B) increase
C) cancel
D) improve
A) reduce
A woman carrying dizygotic twins drinks alcohol. The twins’ blood alcohol levels are equal, yet one twin may be more severely affected than the other because their alleles for the enzyme that metabolizes alcohol differ. This is evidence that the _____ influence the effects of teratogens.
A) kinds of substance
B) genes of the parent
C) genes of each twin
D) doses of teratogen
C) genes of each twin
Which factor influences the effects of teratogens?
A) timing of the teratogen
B) awareness of the parent
C) genes of the mother
D) season of the year
A) timing of the teratogen
Babies born weighing less than 1,000 grams (2 pounds, 3 ounces) are considered _____.
A) low birthweight
B) very low birthweight
C) extremely low birthweight
D) ultra low birthweight
C) extremely low birthweight
Babies born weighing slightly less than 1,500 grams (3 pounds, 5 ounces) are considered _____.
A) low birthweight
B) very low birthweight
C) extremely low birthweight
D) ultra low birthweight
B) very low birthweight
Babies born weighing slightly less than 2,500 grams are considered _____.
A) low birthweight
B) very low birthweight
C) extremely low birthweight
D) ultra low birthweight
A) low birthweight
A baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected given the time since conception is referred to as _____.
A) preterm
B) premature
C) low birthweight
D) small for gestational age
D) small for gestational age
A commitment by both parents to cooperate in raising the child is referred to as parental _____.
A) alliance
B) cooperation
C) commitment
D) support
A) alliance
A form of newborn care in which mothers (and sometimes fathers) rest their babies on their naked chests is called _____.
A) couvade
B) a doula
C) kangaroo care
D) parent-infant bond
C) kangaroo care
Epidurals, often used in hospital births to manage pain during childbirth, have been shown to _____.
A) help prevent unnecessary c-sections
B) encourage breast-feeding from the beginning
C) decrease the newborn’s readiness to suck
D) induce labor
C) decrease the newborn’s readiness to suck
Drugs, viruses, pollutants, malnutrition, and stress during pregnancy are referred to as “______.”
A) threshold effects
B) risk factors
C) teratogens
D) vulnerability factors
C) teratogens
Studies show that the timing of pregnancy may increase the risk of negative developmental outcomes. In one study, researchers found that second-born children are twice as likely to have _____ if they are born within a year of the first-born child.
A) autism spectrum disorder
B) ADHD
C) a learning disability
D) cerebral palsy
A) autism spectrum disorder
A common reason that couples do not seek genetic counseling is that _____.
A) they have never been exposed to teratogens
B) they already eat a well-balanced diet
C) their pregnancy is unplanned
D) they are well over the age of 35
C) their pregnancy is unplanned
Which of the following statements about international rates of low birthweight is true?
A) The U.S. rate is higher than that of virtually every other developed nation.
B) Japan has the lowest rate of low-birthweight babies in the world.
C) Germany, Denmark, and Australia have higher rates of low birthweight than the U.S.
D) Canada, Sweden, and the U.S. have the lowest rate of low birthweight babies in the world.
A) The U.S. rate is higher than that of virtually every other developed nation.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a newborn reflex?
A) sneezing
B) sleeping
C) sucking
D) stepping
B) sleeping
A person who supports a mother through the birth process from early labor at home through delivery at home or in a hospital is called a _____
A) humanitarian
B) doctor
C) postpartum nurse
D) doula
D) doula
