CHAPTER 5: The First Two Years (Biosocial Development) Flashcards
1
Q
The average baby will grow \_\_\_\_\_ inches in his or her first year. A) 10 B) 14 C) 16 D) 20
A
A) 10
2
Q
A typical child at 24 months of age weighs about \_\_\_\_\_ pounds. A) 19 B) 28 C) 41 D) 52
A
B) 28
3
Q
The average newborn weighs \_\_\_\_\_ pounds at birth. A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 8
A
C) 7
4
Q
The average newborn triples his weight by \_\_\_\_\_. A) 6 months B) 9 months C) 12 months D) 24 months
A
C) 12 months
5
Q
Children reach half their adult height by the age of \_\_\_\_\_ years. A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 6
A
A) 2
6
Q
Clara's weight is in the 30th percentile. This means that \_\_\_\_\_ percent of all babies her age weigh less than she does. A) 19 B) 29 C) 69 D) 79
A
B) 29
7
Q
Jordan’s weight is in the 50th percentile. This means that _____.
A) he weighs 50 percent more than other children his age
B) he weighs 50 percent less than other children his age
C) the average weight for his age is 50 percent more than his weight
D) 49 percent of children his age weigh less than he does
A
D) 49 percent of children his age weigh less than he does
8
Q
Growth is often expressed in a \_\_\_\_\_, indicating how one person compares to another. A) normal score B) standard deviation C) percentile D) norm
A
C) percentile
9
Q
Alma brought her 6-month-old son to the doctor for a well-baby visit. The doctor said that her son's weight is in the 20th percentile. What does this definitely mean? A) He is large for his age. B) He is not growing properly. C) He is malnourished. D) He is small for his age.
A
D) He is small for his age.
10
Q
Parents are told that their newborn is in the 90th percentile for height. This means that their child is _____.
A) above average in height
B) below average in height
C) average in height
D) 90 percent of the desired height for his weight
A
A) above average in height
11
Q
The human body is equipped to protect the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth. This protective feature is known as \_\_\_\_\_. A) the blood-brain barrier B) brain-override C) head-sparing D) caudal protection
A
C) head-sparing
12
Q
A newborn's brain weight is \_\_\_\_\_ an adult's brain weight. A) greater than B) the same as C) 50 percent of D) 25 percent of
A
D) 25 percent of
13
Q
Brain cells are called \_\_\_\_\_. A) frontal cells B) axons C) dendrites D) neurons
A
D) neurons
14
Q
A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_. A) frontal cell B) axon C) dendrite D) neuron
A
D) neuron
15
Q
Which statement describes the brain’s cortex?
A) It is found in the center of the brain and is responsible for primitive emotions and reflexes.
B) It makes up a small percentage of the outer brain and is responsible for movement.
C) It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing.
D) It is the gray matter of the brain where the intersections of dendrites and axons form.
A
C) It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing.
16
Q
At birth, the human brain has \_\_\_\_\_. A) billions of neurons B) trillions of neurons C) 25 percent of its adult neurons D) 50 percent of its adult neurons
A
A) billions of neurons
17
Q
The outer layers of the brain are referred to as \_\_\_\_\_. A) the cortex B) axons C) dendrites D) synapses
A
A) the cortex
18
Q
The areas at the very front of the cortex _____.
A) are responsible for visual functions
B) help humans to understand spoken words
C) enable people to plan and decide
D) are well developed in newborns
A
C) enable people to plan and decide
19
Q
The part of the brain that is very immature at birth is the \_\_\_\_\_. A) axons B) dendrites C) synapses D) prefrontal cortex
A
D) prefrontal cortex
20
Q
The area in the brain that is involved in planning, anticipating, and deciding is the \_\_\_\_\_ lobe. A) frontal B) parietal C) temporal D) striate
A
A) frontal
21
Q
Neurons in the brain meet at "intersections" called \_\_\_\_\_. A) synapses B) cortexes C) axons D) dendrites
A
A) synapses
22
Q
Synapses are _____.
A) intersections where the axons of one neuron meet the dendrites of another neuron
B) where neurons make direct contact with one another
C) chemical structures that allow dendrites to send their messages to axons
D) the areas where neurons determine whether a stimulus exceeds the absolute threshold or not
A
A) intersections where the axons of one neuron meet the dendrites of another neuron
23
Q
The function of neurotransmitters is to _____.
A) bind the neurons of the central nervous system together
B) form the synapse between neurons
C) carry information from one neuron to another
D) assist in the formation of new neurons
A
C) carry information from one neuron to another
24
Q
Dendrite growth is the main reason that brain weight \_\_\_\_\_ from birth to the age of 2. A) decreases B) doubles C) triples D) quadruples
A
C) triples
25
```
Brain weight triples during the first two years of life primarily because of the growth of _____.
A) axons
B) dendrites
C) neurons
D) synapses
```
B) dendrites
26
```
From birth until age 2, dendrites in the cortex increase _____.
A) twofold
B) threefold
C) fivefold
D) tenfold
```
C) fivefold
27
```
The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent. Due to its rapidity and temporary nature, this rapid brain growth is called _____.
A) dendrite proliferation
B) pruning
C) cortex multiplication
D) transient exuberance
```
D) transient exuberance
28
Transient exuberance is the _____.
A) rapid growth of dendrites during the first few years of life
B) high energy that toddlers experience following a nap
C) friendliness that infants display prior to the onset of stranger wariness
D) rapid growth of axons during the first few years of life
A) rapid growth of dendrites during the first few years of life
29
```
The process through which unused dendrites atrophy and die is called _____.
A) pruning
B) degeneration
C) transient exuberance
D) myelination
```
A) pruning
30
Pruning is the process by which _____.
A) brain centers are rewired following localized brain damage
B) the left hemisphere specializes for language processing
C) the frontal lobe disengages from the prefrontal cortex
D) unused connections between neurons are eliminated
D) unused connections between neurons are eliminated
31
```
According to research, increased brainpower is most likely due to _____.
A) transient exuberance
B) synaptic regeneration
C) axon pruning
D) dendrite pruning
```
D) dendrite pruning
32
Trent is an infant who lacks the toys and videos that promote brain development. He spends much of his day in a playpen with kitchen items for toys, listening to his grandmother sing while his mother works outside the home. In this situation, Trent's brain development will most likely _____.
A) proceed normally due to experience-expectant growth
B) flourish due to the self-excelling tendency
C) be somewhat impaired due to his limited environment
D) be extremely impaired due to his limited environment
A) proceed normally due to experience-expectant growth
33
```
Frequent exposure to the stress hormone cortisol early in life can make a person _____ lifelong.
A) hypervigilant or emotionally flat
B) exceptionally outgoing
C) less intelligent
D) more intelligent
```
A) hypervigilant or emotionally flat
34
```
Brandi, a 14-month-old, is frequently a witness to her parents' violent arguments. She is terrified each time her parents argue. As a result of this frequent exposure to the stress hormone cortisol early in life, Brandi is likely to be _____ lifelong.
A) hypervigilant or emotionally flat
B) exceptionally outgoing
C) less intelligent
D) more intelligent
```
A) hypervigilant or emotionally flat
35
```
A life-threatening condition that occurs when infants are shaken back and forth sharply and quickly is called _____.
A) self-righting
B) head-sparing
C) shaken baby syndrome
D) transient exuberance
```
C) shaken baby syndrome
36
An abusive caregiver shakes an infant to get her to stop crying. The infant stops crying. Why?
A) The infant is so startled by the shaking that she can't cry.
B) Blood vessels in the infant's brain rupture and neural connections break.
C) Experience has taught the infant to stop crying.
D) The infant's airway is damaged.
B) Blood vessels in the infant's brain rupture and neural connections break.
37
```
Dominique was an infant with very few toys, but she concocted things to play with out of what was available in her home. As a result, her brain developed normally. This is an example of _____.
A)transient exuberance
B) cognitive independence
C) self-righting
D) selective attention
```
C) self-righting
38
```
An infant's inborn drive to remedy deficits is called _____.
A) self-efficacy
B) experience-expectant brain function
C) experience-dependent brain function
D) self-righting
```
D) self-righting
39
```
The part of the brain that seems to be devoted to perceiving faces is the _____.
A) prefrontal cortex
B) fusiform face area
C) countenance perception area
D) neurofacial transmitter
```
B) fusiform face area
40
```
Children as young as _____ old exhibit signs of the own-race effect.
A) 3 months
B) 9 months
C) 1 year
D) 3 years
```
A) 3 months
41
Research found that 3-year-olds _____ were better at recognizing differences in newborn faces.
A) with older siblings
B) with younger siblings
C) who spent time looking at different monkey faces
D) with broad multiethnic experience
B) with younger siblings
42
```
Approximately how many hours per day does the average newborn spend sleeping?
A) 13 to 14
B) 15 to 17
C) 18 to 19
D) 20 to 21
```
B) 15 to 17
43
```
The dozing, half-awake state often seen in newborns is called _____.
A) REM sleep
B) paradoxical sleep
C) transitional sleep
D) postnatal sleep
```
C) transitional sleep
44
```
Slow-wave sleep _____.
A) increases at about 3 or 4 months of age
B) is also known as REM sleep
C) is also known as paradoxical sleep
D) rarely occurs until 2 years of age
```
A) increases at about 3 or 4 months of age
45
```
REM sleep _____ over the early weeks of life.
A) increases
B) decreases
C) stays the same
D) begins to appear
```
B) decreases
46
Co-sleeping may be harmful to the baby if the mother _____.
A) is in a fetal position around the baby
B) is a light sleeper
C) has been drinking
D) awakens frequently
C) has been drinking
47
In addition to cultural influences, what is a compelling reason that causes parents to choose to co-sleep with their infant?
A) Co-sleeping makes nighttime feedings easier.
B) Co-sleeping allows the infant to sleep more deeply for longer periods.
C) Co-sleeping helps the baby's digestion.
D) Co-sleeping infants become more independent.
A) Co-sleeping makes nighttime feedings easier.
48
```
Twelve-month-old Emily has slept in her parents' bed since she was born. This custom is called _____.
A) co-bedding
B) shared sleep
C) sleep accommodation
D) bed-sharing
```
D) bed-sharing
49
```
The process that first detects an external stimulus is _____.
A) perception
B) sensation
C) interpretation
D) cognition
```
B) sensation
50
```
Whenever the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, or mouth detect a stimulus, a(n) _____ has occurred.
A) perception
B) interpretation
C) sensation
D) response
```
C) sensation
51
```
You see a beautiful yellow flower while walking through a meadow. The light reflected from the flower activates your retinas, producing _____.
A) knowing
B) cognition
C) sensation
D) perception
```
D) perception
52
```
Which of the following is a sense organ?
A) retina
B) neuron
C) brain
D) fusiform are
```
A) retina
53
```
Puppies can smell more acutely than human babies can, thanks to _____.
A) bigger noses
B) genetic selection
C) smaller noses
D) inbreeding
```
B) genetic selection
54
```
At what point in development is the sense of hearing already quite acute?
A) at birth
B) by 3 months of age
C) by 14 weeks of age
D) by 6 months of age
```
A) at birth
55
```
In terms of visual acuity, newborns _____.
A) possess 20/20 vision
B) are legally blind
C) have binocular vision
D) exhibit organized visual scanning
```
B) are legally blind
56
```
The sense that is the least functional at birth is an infant's _____.
A) hearing
B) taste
C) vision
D) smell
```
C) vision
57
The newborn _____.
A) focuses on objects that are 4 to 30 inches away
B) focuses on objects that are about 10 feet away
C) is legally blind until about age 1
D) has more developed vision than any other sense
A) focuses on objects that are 4 to 30 inches away
58
By 2 months of age, babies not only stare at faces but also smile at them. This change is due to _____.
A) increased interest in other humans
B) increased awareness of caregivers' identities
C) changes in willingness to interact with adults
D) improvements in vision
D) improvements in vision
59
Binocular vision refers to the ability to _____.
A) focus on objects at a distance
B) bring an object in and out of focus
C) coordinate both eyes to see one image
D) visually distinguish between similar colors
C) coordinate both eyes to see one image
60
```
Binocular vision appears between _____ months of age.
A) 2 and 4
B) 6 and 8
C) 10 and 12
D) 14 and 16
```
A) 2 and 4
61
```
Depth perception appears by _____ months of age.
A) 3
B) 6
C) 10
D) 14
```
A) 3
62
```
Due to _____, breast-fed babies whose mothers used a chamomile balm on their nipples preferred that smell almost two years later.
A) innate preferences
B) individual differences
C) adaptation
D) culture
```
C) adaptation
63
Due to smell recognition, babies prefer to sleep _____.
A) alone in a crib with freshly washed sheets
B) nuzzled into their caregivers' chests
C) near a kitchen while food is being prepared
D) in the room in which they were born
B) nuzzled into their caregivers' chests
64
Newborns' sense of touch allows them to _____.
A) determine who is touching them
B) be comforted by their caregivers
C) feel no pain
D) make up for their lack of hearing at birth
B) be comforted by their caregivers
65
```
Newborns who have to undergo a medical procedure experience less pain when given _____.
A) a taste of sugar
B) a drop of alcohol
C) a shot of lidocaine
D) general anesthesia
```
A) a taste of sugar
66
```
The ability to move and control some parts of the body is referred to as _____.
A) instinct
B) facilitation
C) motor skill
D) reflex
```
C) motor skill
67
```
Reflexes can become skills if _____.
A) the infant has natural talent
B) they are practiced and encouraged
C) infants are successful every time they try
D) the culture values the skill
```
B) they are practiced and encouraged
68
```
Gross motor skills are _____.
A) head motions
B) small movements
C) large movements
D) foot motions
```
C) large movements
69
```
Large movements that coordinate many parts of the body are known as _____ motor skills.
A) athletic
B) fine
C) primitive
D) gross
```
D) gross
70
The first gross motor skill that Jan displayed was lifting her head to look around. Control of the head is a common first gross motor skill because _____.
A) gross motor skills follow a cephalocaudal direction
B) the head has more muscles than other body parts
C) infants are more motivated by behaviors involving the head
D) fine motor skills rely on control of the head
A) gross motor skills follow a cephalocaudal direction
71
Most infants can control their upper body before they can control their arms because _____.
A) gross motor skills follow a cephalocaudal direction
B) gross motor skills follow a proximodistal direction
C) infants are more motivated by behaviors involving the upper body
D) control of the upper body is a gross motor skill, and control of the arms is a fine motor skill
B) gross motor skills follow a proximodistal direction
72
```
Infants in some institutions for orphaned children are never propped up, and as a result, they sit _____ other children.
A) much earlier than
B) at the same time as
C) much later than
D) in a different posture than
```
C) much later than
73
```
Most infants are able to inch forward on their bellies by the age of _____ months.
A) 5
B) 8
C) 10
D) 12
```
A) 5
74
```
On average, children begin to walk well at approximately _____ of age.
A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 18 months
D) 2 years
```
B) 1 year
75
```
Between _____ months of age, most infants can lift their midsections and crawl on "all fours."
A) 8 and 10
B) 10 and 12
C) 12 and 14
D) 14 and 16
```
A) 8 and 10
76
Renee is concerned because her son is 13 months old and is starting to walk before learning to crawl. What advice would a pediatrician give to Renee?
A) She should not let her son continue to walk until he has learned to crawl.
B) He needs to be tested because this may be a sign of a serious learning disability.
C) She should wait another month or so to see if he crawls and walks at the same time.
D) She should not be worried since some babies do not crawl.
D) She should not be worried since some babies do not crawl.
77
```
By _____ months of age, around 50 percent of babies can usually sit up unsupported.
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
```
C) 6
78
What three factors contribute to the ability to walk?
A) muscle strength, parental teaching, practice
B) brain maturation, parental teaching, muscle strength
C) parental teaching, practice, brain maturation
D) muscle strength, brain maturation, practice
D) muscle strength, brain maturation, practice
79
```
Aran's mother has been helping him to walk by holding his hands and supporting him. Aran's legs are strong enough to hold him up, and he's able to move his legs in a coordinated way as long as his mother supports him. What else does Aran need in order to walk on his own?
A) muscle strength
B) brain maturation
C) practice
D) fine motor skills
```
C) practice
80
```
Fine motor skills are _____.
A) head motions
B) small movements
C) large movements
D) feet motions
```
B) small movements
81
```
When they practice walking, toddlers average about _____ steps per hour of free play.
A) 300
B) 800
C) 1,200
D) 2,400
```
D) 2,400
82
```
Small movements made by fingers and toes are known as _____ motor skills.
A) athletic
B) primitive
C) fine
D) gross
```
C) fine
83
```
Fine motor skills are those that _____.
A) develop as a result of brain damage
B) require practice
C) require small body movements
D) use three or more muscles
```
C) require small body movements
84
```
Behaviors that involve small body movements are known as _____ motor skills.
A) gross
B) fine
C) mature
D) micro
```
B) fine
85
```
Ann-Marie started walking when she was 10 months old; Cynthia is just beginning to take steps by herself at 13 months. Which conclusion is true?
A) Ann-Marie is very intelligent.
B) Cynthia is malnourished.
C) Cynthia is mentally handicapped.
D) Both girls are developing normally.
```
D) Both girls are developing normally.
86
```
On average, which skill does an infant develop last?
A) pulling up onto feet
B) standing alone without holding on
C) sitting without support
D) standing while holding on
```
B) standing alone without holding on
87
```
On average, which skill does an infant develop first?
A) running
B) walking backward
C) walking well
D) jumping
```
C) walking well
88
```
Baby Sam can grab objects, but sometimes he closes his hand too early or too late. Sam is probably around _____ months old.
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
```
B) 4
89
```
Most babies learn to grasp and hold onto objects by about _____ months of age.
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
```
C) 6
90
Evidence for the importance of practice and opportunity in the development of fine motor skills was provided by infants who _____.
A) were given "sticky mittens" to grab with
B) spontaneously practiced grabbing more than other infants did
C) played hand games with their parents more often
D) had mastered gross motor skills earlier
A) were given "sticky mittens" to grab with
91
Jian is a 15-month-old from rural China who is not yet walking unsupported. Adad is a 10-month-old from sub-Saharan Africa who has been walking unsupported for a month. What can we say about these two infants?
A) Jian is behind and needs to be assessed by a doctor.
B) Adad is ahead and probably will develop great athletic abilities as he ages.
C) Both infants are on target relative to their local norms.
D) Jian will probably always lag behind in gross motor skills.
C) Both infants are on target relative to their local norms.
92
The fact that fine motor skills are aided by gross motor skill capabilities underscores the _____.
A) dynamic systems of senses and motor skills
B) superiority of fine motor skills
C) superiority of gross motor skills
D) deficits of differences
A) dynamic systems of senses and motor skills
93
```
In the twenty-first century in developed nations, what percentage of 1-month-olds will live to adulthood?
A) 17 percent
B)36 percent
C) 85 percent
D) 99.9 percent
```
D) 99.9 percent
94
```
In the most developed nations, infant mortality is 1 in 200; in the poorest nations, it is 1 in _____.
A) 6
B) 8
C) 28
D) 100
```
A) 6
95
```
What is one effect of lower infant mortality rates?
A) Mothers have more babies.
B) Mothers have fewer babies.
C) Mothers achieve less education.
D) National economies are undermined.
```
B) Mothers have fewer babies.
96
```
Clean water, immunizations, and nourishing food have all had a dramatic impact on _____.
A) infant and child mortality
B) maternal education levels
C) population constriction
D) rates of violence
```
A) infant and child mortality
97
```
When the immune system is primed to resist a particular disease, the process is called _____.
A) exuberance
B) immunization
C) pertussis
D) head-sparing
```
B) immunization
98
```
For which illness is an immunization no longer necessary, because the disease was eradicated in 1980?
A) malaria
B) measles
C) whooping cough
D) smallpox
```
D) smallpox
99
```
The damage from illness may not be apparent until decades later. Having mumps in childhood, for instance, can cause _____ and doubles the risk of schizophrenia in adulthood.
A) blindness
B) sterility
C) asthma
D) tetanus
```
B) sterility
100
```
When children are immunized, they contribute to the protection of others. This is referred to as _____.
A) community immunity
B) vaccinating
C) herd immunity
D) failure to thrive
```
C) herd immunity
101
```
The rate of missed vaccinations in the United States has been rising over the past decade due to some parents' fears that vaccines cause _____.
A) herd immunity
B) inoculation
C) eradication
D) side effects
```
C) eradication
102
```
_____ is the thick, high-calorie fluid that is secreted by a new mother's breasts in the days immediately following birth.
A) Formula
B) Colostrum
C) Breast milk
D) Immunization
```
B) Colostrum
103
Breast milk _____.
A) is deficient in iron and vitamin C
B) is more likely than formula to produce allergies
C) provides antibodies to fight diseases
D) upsets the baby's digestive system more than formula
C) provides antibodies to fight diseases
104
Why are breast-fed babies less likely to contract infectious diseases than bottle-fed babies?
A) They are less likely to come in contact with viruses and bacteria.
B) Breasts are more sterile than bottles.
C) Breast milk contains antibodies.
D) Most breast-fed babies don't leave the home often.
C) Breast milk contains antibodies.
105
Studies comparing breast-feeding to bottle-feeding show that _____.
A) breast-fed babies have fewer allergies and stomach upsets
B) breast-feeding is recommended for about half of all mothers
C) recent improvements in formula make bottle-feeding more nutritious than breast milk
D) breast-feeding should end as soon as a baby gets a tooth
A) breast-fed babies have fewer allergies and stomach upsets
106
```
In the United States, 81 percent of babies are breast-fed at birth, and _____ percent are breast-fed at 6 months.
A) 25
B) 36
C) 50
D) 75
```
C) 50
107
Shirley returned to full-time employment six weeks after her baby's birth. She exclusively breast-fed during her maternity leave, and then she pumped her breast milk when she returned to work. Now her baby is 3 months old and drinks some formula when at day care. Shirley is weighing the pros and cons of continuing breast-feeding. If you were a pediatric nurse, what would you say to her?
A) She can quit breast-feeding since all of its benefits are achieved within the first three months.
B) She should quit breast-feeding since it is only beneficial if the baby doesn't drink any formula.
C) She should keep breast-feeding until the baby begins to eat solid foods, which is the point at which breast milk loses its nutritional value.
D) She should keep breast-feeding as long as possible since breast-fed babies are less likely to get sick.
D) She should keep breast-feeding as long as possible since breast-fed babies are less likely to get sick.
108
```
A child who is too short for his or her age due to severe malnutrition is suffering from a condition called _____.
A) stunting
B) marasmus
C) wasting
D) protein-calorie malnutrition
```
A) stunting
109
```
When a child is more than two standard deviations underweight for his or her age, the child is suffering from a condition called _____.
A) stunting
B) wasting
C) marasmus
D) protein-calorie malnutrition
```
B) wasting
110
```
Hasan is 2 years old and does not have enough food. As a result, he has unusual swelling in his face and abdomen, and he has thin, colorless hair. Hasan is suffering from _____.
A) kwashiorkor
B) marasmus
C) rickets
D) hypoglycemia
```
A) kwashiorkor
111
```
Lyrissa lives in Africa. She is 9 months old and does not weigh enough due to malnutrition. Her tissues are wasting away. Lyrissa suffers from _____.
A) rickets
B) hypoglycemia
C) kwashiorkor
D) marasmus
```
C) kwashiorkor
112
```
Based on research about SIDS, caregivers are advised that babies should be _____.
A) put to sleep on their backs
B) put to sleep on their stomachs
C) kept in a very warm bedroom
D) fed right before being put to bed
```
A) put to sleep on their backs
113
```
Susan Beal hypothesized that _____ played a role in SIDS deaths.
A) birth order
B) ethnicity
C) sleeping position
D) parents' genes
```
C) sleeping position
114
One risk associated with SIDS is _____.
A) being born past one's due date
B) having a mother who drank alcohol during the pregnancy
C) putting an infant to sleep on his or her back
D) using a lambskin blanket
D) using a lambskin blanket
115
```
By his or her first birthday, a newborn's weight typically _____.
A) remains unchanged
B) doubles
C) triples
D) quadruples
```
C) triples
116
```
At 12 months of age, Toni was malnourished. His body stopped growing, but his brain did not. This supports the concept of _____.
A) wasting
B) stunting
C) atrophy
D) head-sparing
```
D) head-sparing
117
```
Which term is used to describe the process in which unused brain connections die?
A) neuron reduction
B) selective elimination
C) pruning
D) dendrite reduction
```
C) pruning
118
Young children quickly begin to recognize attitudes and emotions in the faces of others. Early on, they can differentiate people of their same ethnic background and read expressions of emotionality particular to that culture. The persistence of this ability, often to the detriment of reading unfamiliar expressions of emotion, is called _____.
A) the own-race effect
B) emotional blindness
C) prosopagnosia
D) prejudice
A) the own-race effect
119
Where and how much a child sleeps are shaped by _____.
A) babies' need for privacy
B) availability of separate sleeping quarters
C) brain maturation
D) socioeconomic status
C) brain maturation
120
Linda and Gary, newly arrived back at home with their week-old child after a difficult birth, feel they cannot separate from their baby at night, allowing him to share their bed. This practice is called _____.
A) bed-sharing
B) attachment
C) overlying
D) co-sleeping
A) bed-sharing
121
All _____ are functional at birth, although some are more developed than others.
A) senses
B) brain stems
C) cognitions
D) perceptions
A) senses
122
Which term describes what occurs when a sensory organ detects a stimulus?
A) sensation
B) confusion
C) selection
D) perception
A) sensation
123
Which sense is the least developed at birth?
A) smell
B) sight
C) touch
D) hearing
B) sight
124
Gross motor skill is to crawling as fine motor skill is to _____.
A) standing
B) sitting up
C) grabbing
D) crawling
C) grabbing
125
A process that stimulates the body's immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease is _____.
A) marasmus
B) paralytic
C) immunization
D) sudden infant death syndrome
C) immunization
126
Breast-feeding reduces the risk of which of the following?
A) pruning
B) asthma
C) self-righting
D) head-sparing
B) asthma
127
Malnutrition is serious because of which of the following potential consequences?
A) Some chronic and deadly diseases result directly from malnutrition.
B) An increase in body reserves may result from malnutrition.
C) Marasmus will fail to develop.
D) Brain development will speed up.
A) Some chronic and deadly diseases result directly from malnutrition.
128
According to the text, Beal's hypothesis about _____ led to a campaign that lowered the SIDS death rate significantly in several countries.
A) putting babies on softer mattresses
B) babies sleeping on their backs
C) babies co-sleeping
D) babies getting nothing but milk before bed
B) babies sleeping on their backs
129
You see a beautiful yellow flower while walking through a meadow. Your eyes seeing the flower is a matter of _____. Your brain determining that the flower is yellow is a matter of _____. Imagining how the flower will look in a vase would demonstrate _____.
A) perception; knowing; cognition
B) sensation; perception; knowing
C) perception; sensation; knowing
D) sensation; perception; cognition
D) sensation; perception; cognition
130
A _____ is a ranking between 0 and 100 that compares children of the same age in order to determine whether a particular baby is growing well.
A) normal score
B) standard deviation
C) percentile
D) norm
C) percentile
