CHAPTER 5: The First Two Years (Biosocial Development) Flashcards
The average baby will grow \_\_\_\_\_ inches in his or her first year. A) 10 B) 14 C) 16 D) 20
A) 10
A typical child at 24 months of age weighs about \_\_\_\_\_ pounds. A) 19 B) 28 C) 41 D) 52
B) 28
The average newborn weighs \_\_\_\_\_ pounds at birth. A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 8
C) 7
The average newborn triples his weight by \_\_\_\_\_. A) 6 months B) 9 months C) 12 months D) 24 months
C) 12 months
Children reach half their adult height by the age of \_\_\_\_\_ years. A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 6
A) 2
Clara's weight is in the 30th percentile. This means that \_\_\_\_\_ percent of all babies her age weigh less than she does. A) 19 B) 29 C) 69 D) 79
B) 29
Jordan’s weight is in the 50th percentile. This means that _____.
A) he weighs 50 percent more than other children his age
B) he weighs 50 percent less than other children his age
C) the average weight for his age is 50 percent more than his weight
D) 49 percent of children his age weigh less than he does
D) 49 percent of children his age weigh less than he does
Growth is often expressed in a \_\_\_\_\_, indicating how one person compares to another. A) normal score B) standard deviation C) percentile D) norm
C) percentile
Alma brought her 6-month-old son to the doctor for a well-baby visit. The doctor said that her son's weight is in the 20th percentile. What does this definitely mean? A) He is large for his age. B) He is not growing properly. C) He is malnourished. D) He is small for his age.
D) He is small for his age.
Parents are told that their newborn is in the 90th percentile for height. This means that their child is _____.
A) above average in height
B) below average in height
C) average in height
D) 90 percent of the desired height for his weight
A) above average in height
The human body is equipped to protect the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth. This protective feature is known as \_\_\_\_\_. A) the blood-brain barrier B) brain-override C) head-sparing D) caudal protection
C) head-sparing
A newborn's brain weight is \_\_\_\_\_ an adult's brain weight. A) greater than B) the same as C) 50 percent of D) 25 percent of
D) 25 percent of
Brain cells are called \_\_\_\_\_. A) frontal cells B) axons C) dendrites D) neurons
D) neurons
A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_. A) frontal cell B) axon C) dendrite D) neuron
D) neuron
Which statement describes the brain’s cortex?
A) It is found in the center of the brain and is responsible for primitive emotions and reflexes.
B) It makes up a small percentage of the outer brain and is responsible for movement.
C) It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing.
D) It is the gray matter of the brain where the intersections of dendrites and axons form.
C) It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing.
At birth, the human brain has \_\_\_\_\_. A) billions of neurons B) trillions of neurons C) 25 percent of its adult neurons D) 50 percent of its adult neurons
A) billions of neurons
The outer layers of the brain are referred to as \_\_\_\_\_. A) the cortex B) axons C) dendrites D) synapses
A) the cortex
The areas at the very front of the cortex _____.
A) are responsible for visual functions
B) help humans to understand spoken words
C) enable people to plan and decide
D) are well developed in newborns
C) enable people to plan and decide
The part of the brain that is very immature at birth is the \_\_\_\_\_. A) axons B) dendrites C) synapses D) prefrontal cortex
D) prefrontal cortex
The area in the brain that is involved in planning, anticipating, and deciding is the \_\_\_\_\_ lobe. A) frontal B) parietal C) temporal D) striate
A) frontal
Neurons in the brain meet at "intersections" called \_\_\_\_\_. A) synapses B) cortexes C) axons D) dendrites
A) synapses
Synapses are _____.
A) intersections where the axons of one neuron meet the dendrites of another neuron
B) where neurons make direct contact with one another
C) chemical structures that allow dendrites to send their messages to axons
D) the areas where neurons determine whether a stimulus exceeds the absolute threshold or not
A) intersections where the axons of one neuron meet the dendrites of another neuron
The function of neurotransmitters is to _____.
A) bind the neurons of the central nervous system together
B) form the synapse between neurons
C) carry information from one neuron to another
D) assist in the formation of new neurons
C) carry information from one neuron to another
Dendrite growth is the main reason that brain weight \_\_\_\_\_ from birth to the age of 2. A) decreases B) doubles C) triples D) quadruples
C) triples
Brain weight triples during the first two years of life primarily because of the growth of \_\_\_\_\_. A) axons B) dendrites C) neurons D) synapses
B) dendrites
From birth until age 2, dendrites in the cortex increase \_\_\_\_\_. A) twofold B) threefold C) fivefold D) tenfold
C) fivefold
The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent. Due to its rapidity and temporary nature, this rapid brain growth is called \_\_\_\_\_. A) dendrite proliferation B) pruning C) cortex multiplication D) transient exuberance
D) transient exuberance
Transient exuberance is the _____.
A) rapid growth of dendrites during the first few years of life
B) high energy that toddlers experience following a nap
C) friendliness that infants display prior to the onset of stranger wariness
D) rapid growth of axons during the first few years of life
A) rapid growth of dendrites during the first few years of life
The process through which unused dendrites atrophy and die is called \_\_\_\_\_. A) pruning B) degeneration C) transient exuberance D) myelination
A) pruning
Pruning is the process by which _____.
A) brain centers are rewired following localized brain damage
B) the left hemisphere specializes for language processing
C) the frontal lobe disengages from the prefrontal cortex
D) unused connections between neurons are eliminated
D) unused connections between neurons are eliminated
According to research, increased brainpower is most likely due to \_\_\_\_\_. A) transient exuberance B) synaptic regeneration C) axon pruning D) dendrite pruning
D) dendrite pruning
Trent is an infant who lacks the toys and videos that promote brain development. He spends much of his day in a playpen with kitchen items for toys, listening to his grandmother sing while his mother works outside the home. In this situation, Trent’s brain development will most likely _____.
A) proceed normally due to experience-expectant growth
B) flourish due to the self-excelling tendency
C) be somewhat impaired due to his limited environment
D) be extremely impaired due to his limited environment
A) proceed normally due to experience-expectant growth
Frequent exposure to the stress hormone cortisol early in life can make a person \_\_\_\_\_ lifelong. A) hypervigilant or emotionally flat B) exceptionally outgoing C) less intelligent D) more intelligent
A) hypervigilant or emotionally flat
Brandi, a 14-month-old, is frequently a witness to her parents' violent arguments. She is terrified each time her parents argue. As a result of this frequent exposure to the stress hormone cortisol early in life, Brandi is likely to be \_\_\_\_\_ lifelong. A) hypervigilant or emotionally flat B) exceptionally outgoing C) less intelligent D) more intelligent
A) hypervigilant or emotionally flat
A life-threatening condition that occurs when infants are shaken back and forth sharply and quickly is called \_\_\_\_\_. A) self-righting B) head-sparing C) shaken baby syndrome D) transient exuberance
C) shaken baby syndrome
An abusive caregiver shakes an infant to get her to stop crying. The infant stops crying. Why?
A) The infant is so startled by the shaking that she can’t cry.
B) Blood vessels in the infant’s brain rupture and neural connections break.
C) Experience has taught the infant to stop crying.
D) The infant’s airway is damaged.
B) Blood vessels in the infant’s brain rupture and neural connections break.
Dominique was an infant with very few toys, but she concocted things to play with out of what was available in her home. As a result, her brain developed normally. This is an example of \_\_\_\_\_. A)transient exuberance B) cognitive independence C) self-righting D) selective attention
C) self-righting
An infant's inborn drive to remedy deficits is called \_\_\_\_\_. A) self-efficacy B) experience-expectant brain function C) experience-dependent brain function D) self-righting
D) self-righting
The part of the brain that seems to be devoted to perceiving faces is the \_\_\_\_\_. A) prefrontal cortex B) fusiform face area C) countenance perception area D) neurofacial transmitter
B) fusiform face area
Children as young as \_\_\_\_\_ old exhibit signs of the own-race effect. A) 3 months B) 9 months C) 1 year D) 3 years
A) 3 months
Research found that 3-year-olds _____ were better at recognizing differences in newborn faces.
A) with older siblings
B) with younger siblings
C) who spent time looking at different monkey faces
D) with broad multiethnic experience
B) with younger siblings
Approximately how many hours per day does the average newborn spend sleeping? A) 13 to 14 B) 15 to 17 C) 18 to 19 D) 20 to 21
B) 15 to 17
The dozing, half-awake state often seen in newborns is called \_\_\_\_\_. A) REM sleep B) paradoxical sleep C) transitional sleep D) postnatal sleep
C) transitional sleep
Slow-wave sleep \_\_\_\_\_. A) increases at about 3 or 4 months of age B) is also known as REM sleep C) is also known as paradoxical sleep D) rarely occurs until 2 years of age
A) increases at about 3 or 4 months of age
REM sleep \_\_\_\_\_ over the early weeks of life. A) increases B) decreases C) stays the same D) begins to appear
B) decreases
Co-sleeping may be harmful to the baby if the mother _____.
A) is in a fetal position around the baby
B) is a light sleeper
C) has been drinking
D) awakens frequently
C) has been drinking
In addition to cultural influences, what is a compelling reason that causes parents to choose to co-sleep with their infant?
A) Co-sleeping makes nighttime feedings easier.
B) Co-sleeping allows the infant to sleep more deeply for longer periods.
C) Co-sleeping helps the baby’s digestion.
D) Co-sleeping infants become more independent.
A) Co-sleeping makes nighttime feedings easier.
Twelve-month-old Emily has slept in her parents' bed since she was born. This custom is called \_\_\_\_\_. A) co-bedding B) shared sleep C) sleep accommodation D) bed-sharing
D) bed-sharing
The process that first detects an external stimulus is \_\_\_\_\_. A) perception B) sensation C) interpretation D) cognition
B) sensation
Whenever the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, or mouth detect a stimulus, a(n) \_\_\_\_\_ has occurred. A) perception B) interpretation C) sensation D) response
C) sensation
You see a beautiful yellow flower while walking through a meadow. The light reflected from the flower activates your retinas, producing \_\_\_\_\_. A) knowing B) cognition C) sensation D) perception
D) perception
Which of the following is a sense organ? A) retina B) neuron C) brain D) fusiform are
A) retina
