Chapter 9 Diseases & Conditions

Question 1

Addison disease

Answer 1

hyposecretion of cortisol that results when adrenal cortex is damaged or atrophied

Question 2

diabetes mellitus (DM)

Answer 2

chronic metabolic disorder of impaired metabolism caused by insufficient production of insulin

Question 3

type 1 diabetes

Answer 3

abrupt in onset, caused by failure of pancreas to produce insulin

Question 4

type 2 diabetes

Answer 4

gradual in onset, body’s deficiency in producing insulin or resistance to insulin

Question 5

panhypopituitarism

Answer 5

total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity

Question 6

pheochromocytoma

Answer 6

rare adrenal gland tumor that causes excessive release of epinephrine and norepinephrine and induces severe blood pressure elevation

Question 7

Alzheimer disease

Answer 7

common form of dementia that is a progressive disease also called cerebral degeneration

Question 8

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Answer 8

degenerative disorder in which progressive loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem leads to muscle weakness and paralysis; (ALS or Lou Gherigs)

Question 9

epilepsy

Answer 9

neurological disorder in which nerve cell activity in brain is distubred causing seizures

Question 10

huntington chorea

Answer 10

hereditary nervous disorder caused by the progressive loss of brain cells, leading to dancelike movements

Question 11

multiple sclerosis (MSO

Answer 11

progressive degenerative disease of the CNS characteruzed by inflammation, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout spinal cord and brain , which produces weakness

Question 12

neuroblastoma

Answer 12

malignant tumor composed principally of cells resembling neuroblasts

Question 13

palsy

Answer 13

partial or complete loss of motor function

Question 14

bell palsy

Answer 14

facial paralysis on one side of face cause of inflammation of a facial nerve mostly caused by viral infection

Question 15

cerebral palsy

Answer 15

bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis which is usually caused by damage to cerebrum during gestation or by birth trauma

Question 16

paralysis

Answer 16

loss of voluntary motion caused by inability to contract one or more muscles

Question 17

paraplegia

Answer 17

paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs

Question 18

quadriplegia

Answer 18

paralysis of all four extremities, and usually the trunk

Question 19

parkinson disease

Answer 19

progressive, degenerative neurological disorder affecting th eportiion of the brain responsible for controllingmovement

Question 20

poliomyelitis

Answer 20

disease in which gray matter of spinal cord is destroyed by slow acting virus, leading to paralysis and muscular atrophy

Question 21

sciatica

Answer 21

severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, which travels from hip to foot

Question 22

seizure

Answer 22

abnormal, uncontrolled discharge of electrical activity in the brain; symptom of brain pathology; aka convulsion

Question 23

tonic clonic (grand mal)

Answer 23

seizure characterized by unconsciousness with excessive motor activity and the body alternating between excessive muscle tone with rigidity (tonic) and involuntary (clonic) in the extremities

Question 24

absence (petit mal)

Answer 24

seizure with brief, sudden, loss of consciousness only lasts couple seconds

Question 25

shingles

Answer 25

eruption of acute herpetic vesicles on trunk of the body along a peripheral nerve caused by herpes zoster virus

Question 26

spina bifida

Answer 26

congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal and meninges may protrude

Question 27

spina bifida occulta

Answer 27

most common, least severe, without protrusion of spinal cord or meninges

Question 28

spina bifida cysticca

Answer 28

most sever, protrusion of meninges

Question 29

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer 29

short episodes of neurological dysfunction; temporary interference with blood supply to brainl ministroke

Question 30

fasting blood glucose (FBG)

Answer 30

test that measures glucose levels in blood after the patient has fasted (not eaten) for at least 8 hours

Question 31

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

Answer 31

screening test where patient fasts, ingests glucose, then undergoes blood draws to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from blood

Question 32

radioactive iodine uptake

Answer 32

imaging procedure that measures levels of radioactivity in the thyroid gland after oral or intravenous administration of radioactive iodine

Question 33

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

Answer 33

laboratory test in which CSF is obtained through a lumbar puncture is evaluated macroscopically for clarity and color

Question 34

electroencephalography

Answer 34

diagnostic procedure in which electrodes on the scalp record patterns of electrical activity within the brain

Question 35

lumbar puncture (LP)

Answer 35

insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column at the level of the fourth intervertebral space to withdraw CSF to perform various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures

Question 36

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer 36

noninvasive functional imaging technique in which magnetic forces associated with the electrical activity of the brain are recorded externally on the scalpl

Question 37

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 37

radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body

Question 38

positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 38

radiographic technique that combines CT with radiopharmaceuticals to produce cross-sectional (transverse) image of the distribution of radioactivy

Question 39

insulin pump therapy

Answer 39

a small, computerized device continuously delivering precise doses of insulin through a catheter placed under the skin

Question 40

transsphenoidal hypophysectomy

Answer 40

minimally invasive endoscopic surgery that removes pituitary tumors through nasal cavity via the sphenoid sinus (transsphenoidal) without affecting the brain tissue

Question 41

craniotomy

Answer 41

surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain during neurosurgical procedures

Question 42

thalamotomy

Answer 42

partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis, intractable pain, or involuntary movements, including tremors in Parkinson disease

Question 43

trephination

Answer 43

excision of a circular disk of bone using a specialized saw, called a trephine, to reveal brain tisse during neurosurgery or to relieve intracranial pressure

Question 44

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Answer 44

correct a deficiency in hormones, such as estrogen, testosterone, or thyroid hormone

Question 45

oral hypoglycemics

Answer 45

stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic cells in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes, with some pancreatic function

Question 46

anesthetics

Answer 46

produce partial or complete loss of sensation, with ot without loss of consciousness

Question 47

anticonvulsants

Answer 47

prevent or reduce the severity of epileptic or other cn=onvulsive seizures

Question 48

antiparkinsonian agents

Answer 48

control tremors and muscle rigidity associated with Parkinson disease by increasing dopamine levels in the brain

Question 49

antipsychotics

Answer 49

alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia

Question 50

antipsychotics

Answer 50

alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia

Question 51

hypertrophy is

Answer 51

increase in volume of an organ (size)