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Medical Terminology pt 2 > Chapter 5 definitions > Flashcards

Chapter 5 definitions Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

define anemia

A

blood disorder characterized by a deficiency of RBC production and hemoglobin, increased RBC destruction, or blood loss

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2
Q

what is aplastic anemia?

A

failure of bone marrow to produce stem cells because it has been damaged by disease, cancer, radiation, chemotherapy; rare but serious

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3
Q

what is pernicious anemia?

A

deficiency of erythrocytes resulting from inability to absorb vitamin B12 into body

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4
Q

what is sickle cell anemia?

A

inherited genetic disease of abnormal hemoglobin that produces sickle-shaped erythrocytes resulting in obstruction of normal blood flow

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5
Q

what is thalassemia?

A

group of hereditary anemias characterized by less hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells in the body than normal; Mediterranean people

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6
Q

what is angina pectoris?

A

mild to severe pain or pressure in the chest caused by ischemia; also called angina

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7
Q

define bruit

A

abnormal blowing sound heard on auscultation and caused by turbulent blood flow through an artery

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8
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis

A

formation of a blood clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most commonly in legs or thighs

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9
Q

what is embolus?

A

a mass of undissolved matter (blood clot, fatty plaque, air bubble) that becomes lodged in a blood vessel

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10
Q

what is heart block?

A

interference with normal conduction of electrical impulses that control activity of the heart muscle

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11
Q

what is 1st degree heart block?

A

atrioventricular block where atrial electrical impulses are delayed before being conducted to the ventricles

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12
Q

what is 2nd degree heart block?

A

AV block in which occasional electrical impulses from SA node fail to be conducted to the ventricles

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13
Q

what is 3rd degree heart block?

A

AV block in which electrical impulses from atria fail to reach the ventricles (CHB; complete heart block) (treatment is atropine or pacemaker insertion)

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14
Q

what is heart failure? (HF)

A

the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body

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15
Q

what is congestive heart failure (CHF)?

A

HF that occurs when blood returning to the heart backs up into the lungs or other parts of body to cause congestion

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16
Q

define hypertension

A

consistently elevated blood pressure (BP) that is higher than 140/90 mm Hg, causing damage to blood vessels and heart

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17
Q

what is ischemia

A

deficiency of blood flow to an organ or tissue as a result of circulatory obstruction

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18
Q

what is mitral valve prolapse (MVP)?

A

condition in which leaflets of mitral valve prolapse into the left atrium during systole, resulting in backflow of blood

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19
Q

what is a myocardial infarction? (MI)

A

necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by partial or complete occlusion of coronary arteries; heart attack

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20
Q

what is patent ductus arteriosus?

A

failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, resulting in an abnormal opening between pulmonary artery and aorta

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21
Q

what is Raynaud disease?

A

vascular disorder in which fingers and toes become cold, numb, painful, as a result of temporary constriction of blood vessels in the skin

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22
Q

what is rheumatic heart disease?

A

streptococcal infection that causes damages to heart valves and heart muscle, most commonly in children and young adults

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23
Q

what is acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

A

deficiency of cellular immunity induced by infection with HIV, characterized by increasing susceptibility to infections, malignancies, and neurological diseases

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24
Q

what is a lymphoma?

A

any malignant tumor of lymph nodes or other lymph tissue

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25
Q

what is a Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

characterized by painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue, splenomegaly, and Reed-Sternberg cells

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26
Q

what is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

lymphoma that originates in the lymphatic system and develops from lymphocytes

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27
Q

what is a Kaposi sarcoma?

A

malignancy of connective tissue, including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue; also called malignant neoplasm of soft tissue

28
Q

what is mononucleosis?

A

acute infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and characterized by a sore throat, fever, fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes

29
Q

what is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

A

chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by unusual antibodies in the blood that target tissues of the body with a butterfly-shaped rash that appears on the face

30
Q

what is cardiac catheterization?

A

insertion of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery, usually of an arm or leg to provide evaluation of the heart

31
Q

what are cardiac enzyme studies?

A

tests that measure levels of enzymes and proteins in blood; the levels increase with an injury to the heart muscle, such as from a heart attack

32
Q

what is echocardiography?

A

use of ultrasound to evaluate the heart and great vessels and diagnose cardiovascular lesions

33
Q

what is electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)?

A

creation and study of graphic records (electrocardiograms) produced by electric activity generated by the heart muscle; also called cardiography

34
Q

what is a Holter monitor?

A

device worn by a patient that records prolonged electrocardiograph readings on a portable tape recorder while patient lives day

35
Q

what is a lipid panel?

A

panel of blood tests measuring cholesterol components to assess the risk of heart disease

36
Q

what is a stress test?

A

test in which an ECG is recorded under controlled exercise conditions to determine the heart’s response to physical exertion (stress)

37
Q

what is a nuclear stress test?

A

stress test that uses a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow

38
Q

what is troponin I?

A

a blood test that measures protein released into the blood by a damaged heart muscle

39
Q

define ultrasonography

A

radiographic procedure in which a small transducer passed over the skin transmits high frequency sound waves that bounce off body

40
Q

what is Doppler?

A

ultrasonography used to assess blood flow through blood vessels and heart; ultrasonography using sound pitch

41
Q

what is a bone marrow aspiration biopsy?

A

removal of living bone marrow tissue, usually taken from the sternum or iliac crest, for microscopic examination

42
Q

what is enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)?

A

blood test that detects antibodies in the blood, including screening for antibody to HIV

43
Q

what is lymphangiography?

A

radiographic examination of lymph glands and lymphatic vessels after an injection of a contrast medium; used to identify enlarged lymph nodes, lymphomas, blocked lymphatic drainage

44
Q

what is tissue typing?

A

technique that determines the histocompatibility of tissues used in grafts and transplants

45
Q

define angioplasty

A

endovascular procedure that widens or opens blocked coronary arteries to restore blood flow to the heart muscle

46
Q

what is a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

angioplasty in which a balloon catheter is inserted and threaded through the femoral or radial artery into the blocked coronary artery because of atherosclerosis

47
Q

what is catheter ablation?

A

using radiofrequency energy to destroy a small area of heart tissue that is causing arrhythmias

48
Q

what is cardioversion?

A

delivery of brief discharges of electricity that pass across the chest to stop a cardiac arrhythmia and restore normal sinus rhythm; defibrillation

49
Q

what is a coronary artery bypass graft? (CABG)

A

bypass surgery that creates new routes around blocked arteries to allow sufficient blood flow to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle

50
Q

what is a defibrillator?

A

device designed to administer a shock to restore normal SA

51
Q

whats a cardioverter defibrillator?

A

surgically implanted that automatically detects and corrects fatal arrhythmias

52
Q

what is an automatic external defibrillator?

A

portable defibrillator that analyzes patient’s heart rhythm and delivers an electrical shock to stimulate a heart in cardiac arrest (CA)

53
Q

what is an endarterectomy?

A

surgical removal of the lining of an artery

54
Q

what is carotid?

A

endarterectomy of an occluded carotid artery

55
Q

what is sclerotherapy?

A

a chemical injection into a varicose vein that causes inflammation and formation of fibrous tissue, which closes the vein

56
Q

what is a valvuloplasty?

A

plastic or restorative surgery on a heart valve to correct a prolapse or stenosis

57
Q

what is a lymphangiectomy?

A

removal of a lymph vessel

58
Q

what is a bone marrow transplant?

A

infusion (transplantation) of healthy bone marrow stem cells to stimulate blood cell production once diseased bone marrow is destroyed by radiation or chemotherapy drugs

59
Q

what are anticoagulants?

A

they prevent blood clot formation

60
Q

what are antiarrhythmics

A

conteract cardiac arrhythmias by stabilizing the electrical conduction system of the heart

61
Q

what are antihypertensives

A

treat hypertension (high blood pressure)

62
Q

what are beta blockers?

A

decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta receptors

63
Q

what are diuretics?

A

block sodium from being absorbed back into blood

64
Q

what are statins?

A

lower cholesterol levels in blood and reduce production of cholesterol in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it

65
Q

define thrombolytics

A

dissolve blood clots and help prevent damage to the heart muscle

66
Q

what are antivirals?

A

inhibit development of specific viruses

67
Q

what are immunosuppressants?

A

suppress the immune response to prevent organ rejection after transplantation or to slow the progression of autoimmune disease

Medical Terminology pt 2 (15 decks)

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