chapter 6 definitions

Question 1

define ascites

Answer 1

abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Question 2

define borborygmus

Answer 2

gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine caused by gas moving through the intestines

Question 3

define cirrhosis

Answer 3

chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice

Question 4

define celiac disease

Answer 4

disorder that damages the lining of the small intestine in response to gluten ingestion, which results in malabsorption of nutrients

Question 5

define diverticular disease

Answer 5

condition in which bulging pouches (diverticula) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract push the mucosal lining through the surrounding muscle

Question 6

define dysentery

Answer 6

inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon, which may be caused by chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites

Question 7

define fistula

Answer 7

abnormal passage from one organ to another or from a hollow organ to the surface

Question 8

define gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)

Answer 8

backflow (reflux) of gastric contents into the esophagus caused by malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Question 9

define hematochezia

Answer 9

passage of stools containing bright red blood

Question 10

define hemorrhoid

Answer 10

mass of enlarged, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside or just outsife the rectum; known as piles

Question 11

define hernia

Answer 11

protrusion or projection of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

Question 12

define inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 12

ulceration of the colon mucosa

Question 13

define crohns disease

Answer 13

chronic IBD that usually effects the ileum but may affect any portion of the intestinal tract; regional enteritis

Question 14

define ulcerative colitis

Answer 14

chronic IBD of the colon characterized by episodes of diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and pain

Question 15

what is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer 15

condition characterized by gastrointestinal signs and symptoms, including constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating all in the absence of organic pathology; aka splastic colon

Question 16

define obesity

Answer 16

condition in which a person accumulates an amount of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or greater than the ideal body weight

Question 17

define morbid obesity

Answer 17

severe obesity in which a person has a BMI of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 pounds more than the ideal body weight

Question 18

define pancreatitiss

Answer 18

inflammation of the pancreas where pancreatic enzymes attack pancreatic tissue

Question 19

define peritonitis

Answer 19

bacterial or fungal infection of the peritoneum that can result from any rupture (perforation) in the abdomen or as a complication of other medical conditions

Question 20

define polyp

Answer 20

small, stalklike growth that resembles a mushroom and protrudes upward or outward from a mucous membrane surface

Question 21

define volvulus

Answer 21

twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction

Question 22

define barium enema (BE)

Answer 22

radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after administration of barium into the rectum; called lower GI series

Question 23

define barium swallow

Answer 23

radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of barium; upper GI series

Question 24

define computed tomography (CT)

Answer 24

tomography in which a narrow beam of x-rays rotates in a full arc around the patient to acquire multiple views of the body; which a computer interprets to produce cross-sectional images of an internal organ or tisse

Question 25

define endoscopy

Answer 25

visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities with a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope

Question 26

define capsule

Answer 26

endoscopy using a tiny, wireless camera the size of a vitamin pill that is swallowed and travels through the digestive tract taking thousands of photos that are transmitted to a recorder worn on a belt around the waist

Question 27

define upper GI

Answer 27

endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

Question 28

define lower GI

Answer 28

endoscopy of the colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum and anal canal

Question 29

define magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 29

radiographic procedure that uses electromagnetic energy to produce cross-sectional images of the body

Question 30

define stool guaiac

Answer 30

laboratory test performed on feces to detect the presence of blood in the stool (bowel movement) that is not apparent on visual inspection; hemoccult test

Question 31

define ultrasonography (US)

Answer 31

radiographic procedure in which a small transducer passed over the skin transmits high-frequency sound waves

Question 32

define appendectomy

Answer 32

surgical removal of an infected appendix

Question 33

what is a laparoscopic appendectomy

Answer 33

less invasive performed through small incisions made into the abdomen

Question 34

define bariatric surgery

Answer 34

group of procedures that treat morbid obesity

Question 35

what is a vertical banded gastroplasty?

Answer 35

bariatric surgery in which upper stomach is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch and a band is inserted to cause a feeling of fullness

Question 36

what is a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)

Answer 36

bariatric surgery in which stomach is stapled then jejunum is shortened, causing duodenum to form a Y configuration to reduce absopriton of calories

Question 37

define lithotripsy

Answer 37

procedure for eliminating a stone within the gallbladder or urinary system by crushing the stone surgically or using a noninvasive method, such as ultrasonic shock waves, to shatter it

Question 38

define extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Answer 38

use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to destroy stones in the gallbladder and biliary ducts

Question 39

define nasogastric intubation

Answer 39

insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach

Question 40

define antacids

Answer 40

neutralize acids in the stomach

Question 41

define antidiarrheals

Answer 41

control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract

Question 42

define antiemetics

Answer 42

control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain

Question 43

what are H2 blockers?

Answer 43

blocl H2 receptors in the stomach to prevent the release of acid to treat heartburn, peptic ulcers, and GERD

Question 44

laxatives?

Answer 44

relieve constipation and facilitate passage of feces through th elower GI tract