Chapter 9 Complex Cognitive Processes Flashcards
Processes such as selective attention, rehearsal, elaboration, and organization that influence encoding, storage, and retrieval of information of memory
Executive Control Processes
Metacognition
Knowledge about our own thinking processes
KWL
Strategy to guide reading and inquiry: What do I already know? What do I want to know? What have I learned?
A special kind of procedural knowledge-knowing how to approach a learning task
Learning Strategies
Concept Map
A drawing that charts the relationships among ideas
Tools for concept mapping developed by the Institute for Human and Machine Cognition that are connected to many knowledge maps and other resources on the internet
Cmaps
A five-step reading strategy: Review headings; Examine boldface words; Ask “What do I expect to learn?”; Do it-Read; Summarize in your own words
READS
CAPS
A strategy that can be used in reading literature: Characters, Aim of story, Problem, Solving
Students learn problem-solving strategies, but do not apply them when they could or should
Production Deficiency
Any situation in which you are trying to reach some goal and must find a means to do so
Problem
Problem Solving
Creating new solutions for problems
To represent the problem and set a goal you have to…
Focus attention on relevant information, Understand the words of the problem, Activate the right schema to understand the whole problem
When worked examples actually interfere with the expert’s learning because the examples fill working memory space with information the experts already understand and don’t need is called what
Expert Reversal
What supports learning and memory
Pay attention, process deeply, and connect with what you already know
What is a critical component of making learning from worked examples active, not passive
Self-explanation
Theory stating that cognitive processes develop from real-time, goal-directed interactions between humans and their environment
Embodied Cognition
What develops cognitively depends on our sensorimotor engagement with what
The World
Recognizing a problem as a “disguised” version of an old problem for which one already has a solution
Schema-driven problem solving
Step-by-step procedure for solving a problem; prescription for solutions
Algorithm
General strategy used in attempting to solve problems
Heuristic
Heuristic in which a goal is divided into subgoals
Means-end Analysis
Heuristic in which you start with the goal and move backward to solve the problem
Working-Backward Strategy
Heuristic in which one limits the search for solutions to situations that are similar to the one at hand
Analogical Thinking
Verbalization
Putting your problem-solving plan and its logic into words
Functional Fixedness
Inability to use objects or tools in a new way
Response Set
Rigidity; the tendency to respond in the most familiar way
Judging the likelihood of an event baed on how well the events match your prototypes-what you think is representative of the category
Representativeness Heuristic
Judging the likelihood of an event based on what is available in your memory, assuming those easily remembered events are common
Availability Heuristic
The tendency to hold on to beliefs, even in the face of contradictory evidence
Belief Perseverance
Seeking information that confirms our choices and beliefs, while ignoring disconfirming evidence
Confirmation Bias
How many years or hours do some estimate it takes to become an expert in a field
10 years or 10,000 hours of deliberate, focused, sustained practice
Evaluating conclusions by logically and systematically examining the problem, the evidence, and the solution
Critical Thinking
What is the goal of critical thinking
To influence beliefs and guide actions
The Delphi Report listed three categories of skills necessary for critical thinking. What they are?
Cognitive skills, Affective dispositions, Approaches to specific problems
What are the three elements to teach critical elements
Dialogue, Authentic Instruction, and Mentorship
Argumentation
The process of debating a claim with someone else
What are the two styles of argumentation?
Disputative and Deliberative
Supporting your position with evidence and understanding and then refuting your opponent’s claims and evidence is what type of argument (Who is Right)
Disputative
What type of argument has a goal to collaborate in comparing, contrasting, and evaluating alternatives, then arrive at a constructive conclusion (Which Idea is Right)
Deliberative
Influence of previously learned material on new material; the productive (not reproductive) uses of cognitive tools and motivations
Transfer
Gary Phye describes three phases in developing strategic transfer what are they?
Acquisition Phase, Retention Phase, Transer Phrase
How to us the strategy as well as When and Why are what types of knowledge?
Procedural and Self-Regulatory Knowledge
Overlearning
Practicing a skill past the point of mastery
The three characteristics of robust knowledge are?
Deep, Connected, and Coherent Knowledge
