Chapter 2 Cognitive Development Flashcards
Students should be taught in the magic middle or the place of the “match” where they are neither bored or frustrated
Magic Middle
Nerve cells that store and transfer information
Neurons
The tiny space between neurons-chemical messages are sent across these gaps
Synapses
Fitting new information into existing schemes
Assimilation
Mental systems of categories or perception and experiences
Schemes
The “out of balance” state that occurs when a person realizes their current ways of thinking are not working to solve a problem
Disequilibrium
Altering existing schemes or creating new ones in response to new information
Accommodation
Search for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment
Equilibration
Piaget’s First Stage of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
0-2 years
Learns through reflexes, senses, and movement
Piaget’s Second Stage of Cognitive Development
Perioperational
2-7 years old
Develops language and begins to use symbols to represent objects
Piaget’s Third Stage of Cognitive Development
Concrete Operational
1st grade to 11 years
Can think logically, Organizes things into categories, reverse thinking
Piaget’s Fourth Stage of Cognitive Development
Formal Operational
Adolescence to Adulthood
Can think hypothectically, thinking becomes more scientific, can consider multiple perspectives
Principle that a person or object remains the same over time
Identity
Assuming that others experience the world the way you do
Egocentric
A child’s cultural development first appears between people
Interpsychological
Sociocultural Theory: A child’s cultural development second appears inside the child
Intrapsychological
Processes we use to organize, focus attention, inhibit impulse, make plans, and use memory to manipulate information
Executive Functioning
Vygotsky: Real tools that help people communicate and solve problems: Computers, mobile devices, internet, and calendars
Cultural Tools
Vygotsky: Signs and symbols that help people communicate, solve problems, and gain knowledge: Numbers, Language, Graphs
Psychological Tools
Vygotsky: Speech in which children in a group talk but do not really interact or communicate
Collective Monologue
Vygotksy: Children’s self-talk which guides their thinking action
Private Speech
Vygotsky: Support for learning and problem solving: clues, reminders, and encouragement
Scaffolding
Vygotsky: Phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support
Zone of Proximal Learning
Orderly, adaptive changes we go through between conception and death
Development
Like walking up a ramp to go higher and higher; progress is steady is an example of what type of development
Continuous or quantitative
Like walking up stairs; there are level periods, and then you ascend the next step all at once is an example of what type of development
Discontinuous or qualitative
Changes in body structure and function over time
Physical Development
Changes in personality that take place as one grows
Personal Development
Changes over time in the ways we relate to others
Social Development
Gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated
Cognitive Development
Genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time
Maturation
Joint actions of individual biology and the environment-each shapes and influences the other
Coactions
A technique that uses X-ray technology to provide enhanced, 3-dimensional images of the part of the body scanned
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
A method of localizing and measuring brain activity using computer-assisted motion pictures of the brain
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
A technique that measures electrical patterns in the brain created by neuron movements using electrodes attached to the scalp
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Measurements that assess electrical activity of the brain through the skull or scalp
Event-related potential (ERP)
An MRI is an imaging technique that uses a magnetic field along with radio waves and a computer to create detailed pictures of the inside of the body.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
A technique that uses an optical fiber to transmit near-infrared light through the scalp and into the brain
Near-infrared optical tomography (NIR-OT)
The production of new neurons
Neurogenesis
These transmit information out to the muscles, glands, or other neurons
Axons
These receive information and transmit it to the neuron cell themselves
Dendrites
The white matter of the brain
Glial cells
The process by which neural fibers are coated with a fatty sheath that makes messages transfer more efficiently
Myelination
The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain cortex
Lateralization
Adjustment to the environment
Adaptation
The understanding that objects have a separate, permanent existence
Object permanence
Deliberate actions toward a goal
Goal-directed actions
Actions a person carries out by thinking them through instead of literally performing the actions
Operations
Focusing on more than one aspect at a time
Decentering
Principle that some characteristics of an object remain the same despite changes in appearance
Conservation
Mental tasks tied to concrete objects and situations
Concrete operations
A characteristic of Piagetian logical operations the ability to think through a series of steps, then mentally reverse the steps and return to the starting point
Reversibility
Grouping objects into categories
Classification
Mental tasks involving abstract thinking and coordination of a number of variables
Formal Operations
More recent theories that integrate findings about attention, memory, and strategy use with Piaget’s insights about children’s thinking and the construction of knowledge
Neo-Piagetian theories
Emphasizes role in development of cooperative dialogues between children and more knowledgeable members of society
Sociocultrual Theory
A social process in which people interact and negotiate (usually verbally) to create an understanding or to solve a problem
Co-constructed process
Providing strategic help in the initial stages of learning, gradually diminishing as students gain independence
Assisted learning
Major function of the cerebrum
control the voluntary muscular movements of the body
Major functions of the frontal lobe
Responsible for flexible and adaptive behavior, and for highly developed social skills in humans
Major functions of the parietal lobe
receiving and processing sensory input such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain
Major functions of the occipital lobe
Visual processing area; distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation
Major functions of the cerebellum
Controls balance for walking and standing and other complex motor functions
