Chapter 7 Behavioral Views of Learning Flashcards
Behavioral Views of Learning
The process through which experience causes a permanent change in knowledge or behavior
Learning
Explanations of learning that focus on external events as the cause of changes in observable behaviors
Behavioral Learning Theories
The teaching and therapy approaches based on behavioral views of learning is what?
Applied Behavior Analysis
The teachers says South_________ the class replies Dakota. The students are demonstrating what concept?
Contiguity
Event that activates behavior
Stimulus
Observable reaction to a stimulus
Response
Association of two events because of repeated pairing
Contiguity
Association of automatic responses with new stimuli
Classical Conditioning
Responses (generally automatic or involuntary) elicited by specific stimuli
Respondents
Stimulus not connected to a response
Neutral Stimulus
Stimulus that automatically produces an emotional or physiological response
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Naturally occurring emotional or physiological response
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Stimulus that evokes an emotional or physiological response after conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
Voluntary (and generally goal-directed) behaviors emitted by a person or an animal
Operants
Learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents
Operant Conditioning
A word for what people do in a particular situation
Behavior
Events that precede an action
Antecedents
Events that follow an action
Consequences
Use of consequences to strengthen behavior
Reinforcement
Any event that follows a behavior and increases the chances that the behavior will occur again
Reinforcer
Strengthening behavior by presenting a desired stimulus after the behavior
Positive Reinforcement
Strengthening behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when the behavior occurs
Negative Reinforcement
Process that weakens or suppresses behavior
Punishment
Decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by presenting an aversive stimulus following the behavior, also called Type I punishment
Presentation Punishment
Decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by removing a pleasant stimulus following the behavior, also called Type II punishment
Removal Punishment
Reinforcers reduce what?
Tension
Presenting a reinforcer after every appropriate response
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Presenting a reinforcer after some but not all responses
Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule
Length of time between reinforcers
Interval Schedule
Reinforcement based on the number of responses between reinforcers
Ratio Schedule
Extinction
The disappearance of a learned response
Capacity for the presence or absence of antecedents to cause behaviors
Stimulus Control
Instructions that are concise, clear, and specific, and that communicate an expected result. Statements work better than questions
Effective Instruction Delivery (EID)
Providing a stimulus that “sets up” a desired behavior
Cueing
The application of behavioral learning principles to understand and change behavior
Applied Behavior Analysis
The principle states that a more preferred activity can serve as a reinforcer for a less preferred activity
Premack Principle
Clean your room and then we can go get ice cream is an example of what principle
Premack Principle
Reinforcing each small step of progress toward a desired goal or behavior. It’s reinforcing progress instead of waiting for perfection
Shaping
Reinforcing small steps to reach a goal; the small component steps that make up a complex behavior
Successive approximations
System for breaking down a task hierarchically into basic skills and subskills
Task Analysis
Practicing correct responses immediately after errors
Positive Practice
Practice make ________________
Permanent
A contract between the teacher and a student specifying what the student must do to earn a particular reward or privilege
Contingency Contract
A system in which tokens earned for academic work and positive classroom behavior can be exchanged for some desired reward
Token Reinforcement System
What system should only be used in three situations 1) to motivate students who are completely uninterested in their work 2) to encourage students who have consistently failed to make academic progress 3) to deal with a class that is out of control
Token Reinforcement System
Arrangement where a class is divided into teams and each team receives demerit points for breaking agreed-upon rules of good behavior
Good Behavior Game
Rewards or punishments given to a class as a whole for adhering to or violating rules of conduct
Group Consequences
Reprimands
Criticisms for misbehavior; rebukes
Response Cost
Punishment by loss of reinforcers
Removal of a disruptive student for 5 to 10 minutes
Social Isolation
Technically, the removal of all reinforcement. In practice, the isolation of a student from the rest of the class for a brief time
Time Out
Procedures used to obtain information about antecedents, behaviors, and consequences to determine the reason or function of the behavior
Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)
Interventions designed to replace problem behaviors with new actions that serve the same purpose for the student
Positive Behavior Supports (PBS)
A-B-C
Antecedents-Behavior-Consequences
Management of your behavior and acceptance of responsibility for your actions. Also the use of behavioral learning principles to change your behavior
Self-Management
Controlling (selecting and administering) your reinforcers
Self-Reinforcement
Theory that emphasized learning through observation of others
Social Learning Theory
Learning by doing and experiencing the consequences of your actions
Enactive Learning
Learning by observation and imitation of others-vicarious learning
Observational Learning
