Chapter 9 - Cognitive Devel. in Preschoolers Flashcards
many 4 year olds theories of biology include what 5 elements
movement
growth
internal parts
inheritance
healing
what do preschoolers understand about movement
that animals can move themselves but inanimate objects can be moved only by other objects or people
what do children understand about growth
from first appearance animals get bigger and physically more complex but that inanimate objects do not change in this way
what do 4 year olds know about internal parts
blood and bones are more likely to be inside an animate object but that cotton and metal are more likely to be inside an inanimate object
what do children realize about inheritance
only living things have offspring that resemble their parents
what do 4 year olds understand about healing
animate things, when injured, heal by regrowth whereas inanimate things, whne broken must be fixed by humans
what is a common misconception of preschoolers biolody theory
adopted children will physically resemble their adoptive parents
what is a theory of mind
persons understanding of the relations between mind and behviour
what is the 1st phase of a preschoolers theory of mind
2 years old
-aware of desires and often speak of their wants and likes
-alsoc link their desires to their behaviour
-understand that they and other people have desires and that desires are related to behaviour
what is the second phase of a preschoolers theory of mind
3 years old
-clearly distinguish the mental world from the physical world
-use mental verbs like think, believe ect.
-usually emphasize desires when trying to exlain why people act as they do
-become capable of lying to cover up bad behaviour
what is the 3rd phase of a preschoolers theory of mind
4 years old
-mental states take center stage in childrens understanding of their own and others actions
-understanf that their own and others behaviour is absed on their beliefs about events and situations, even when those beliefs are wrong
what is necassary for a child to engage in pretend play with other children
theory of mind
deficits in pretend play for children with autism may be linked to what
deficits in theory of mind
theory of mind deficits may be due to difficulties in what
executive functinoing present early in life
-childs ability to engage in intentional, self-regulated behaviours
what have some researchers noticed in children with autism that could potentially disrupt information processing
white matter abnormalities
-particurlarly across the corpus callosum
what are false belief tasks
situation is set up so that the child being tested has accurate info but someone else does not
what plays a role in developing theory of mind and describe
counterfactual thinking
-persons understanding that a situation or fact is counter or opposite to reality
age relate improvements in reasoning and problem solving can be linkged to childrens continuous improvements in what
information processing asa well as increased retention of information in working memory
in information processing what is attention
process by which we select info to be processed further
when does attention improve in child development
preschool years
although preschool children are more attentiv than younger children, what do they struggle with
spent less than half the time in a state of focused attention
why does attention usually improve with age
-older children are more likely to remind themselves to pay attention
-more liekly to have picked up on some strategies for improving their attention
in attention, what is a strategy that improves accuracy and efficiency in making comparisons
systemic comparison
when children are able to observe the gestures and eye gaze of an adult along with hearing a new word, what can they figure out
what the word might mean
where does autobiographical memory originate
in preschool years whne parents encourage children to think about the past by asking them to recall recent events
when parents reminisce about events in a highly elaborate manner, asking many questions with new info contained in them and discussing childrens responses, their children tend to what
remember those events in mroe ocmplex detail when they recall them later
what is the one to one principle
must be one and only one number name for each object that is counted
ex: counts 3 objects as 1, 2, a
-number of numbr words matches the number of objecys
what is the stable order principle
number names must be counted in same order
ex: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
what is the cardinality principle
last number name differs from previous ones in a counting sequence by denoting the number of objects in a set
ex: reveal understanding of this principle by repeating the last number name, often with emphasis “1, 2, 4, 8, EIGHT”
during when do children master the counting principles
in preschool years
if a child has mastered all the counting principles, will they always count correctly
no
-must mast conventional seuquence of number names and counting principles to count accurately
why do childre stop counting at a numbre ending in 9
cause dont know the next decade name
learning to count beyond 10 is more complicated in what language
english
whta 3 language number systems are almost perfectly regularly
chines
japanese
korena
preschoolers abilitty to perform simple arithmetic operations is affected by what
information they are able to hold in working memory
what else can affect a childs learning int erms of counting and early reading skills
temperament
a childs processing speed supports greater ability in working memory which may have a direct impact on what
ability to engage in inductive reasoning
how does piaget and neo-piagetian theorists describe childrens developmental journey
as one they make alone
Kessen pointed out that what should be avoided in theory and research in child development
seeing child as a unit of analysis seperate from other people and culture
how did vygotsky see development of c hild
social relationship through which children collaborate with others who are more experienced
vygotsky believes that for children, learning arises when what
oiut of their interactions with their caregivers
why are vygotskys ideas imporant
fill some gaps in the piagetian and neo-piagetian accounts
what were vygotskys 2 primary contributions to field of psych
socio-cultural theory of cognitive developent
-his support for a theory of disability
what is zone of proximal development
difference between what a child can do without support of experienced caregiver and what the child can do with the support
what is scaffolding
teaching style that matches the amount of necessary assistance to the learners needs
-giving help but not more than is needed
what is private speech in vygotsky theory
comments not directed ot tohers but that help children regulate their own behaviour
-talk to themselves while playing
what is vygotskys term for thought
inner speech
when will a child use private speech most
on difficult tasks rather than easy oens
deaf children with deaf mothers tended to use what type of private speeach compared to those who did not
more sophisticated an mature form
what are 3 theories that help understanding cognition through thte preschool years
piagets
information processing
vygotskys wokr
children learn words more rapidly if their parents do what
parents speak to them often
when parents carefully describe pictures as they read and askingchildren questions, how does this impact the childs vocabulry
increases
why is questinoing effective when it comes to a childs vocabulary
must match the new word with the pictured activity, and say word aloud
-when not asking questions, children can ignore words they dont understand
children are most likely to learn new words when what
they participate in activties that force them to understnad the meanings of the new words and use those new words
bilingual preschoolers are more liekly to what
-understand that the printed form of a word is unrelated to the meaning
-understand that words are simply arbitrary symbols
-do better on tasks of selective attention and tasks requiring complex information processing along with fast reaction time
french speaking preschoolers performed more poorly on what tasks
counting and number recognition
when it comes to recalling word and cognitive control, monologue or bilingual chilren are better
monologue: word recall
bilingual: cognitive control
what are the 6 principles for supporting second language learning in children
-learn what they hear most
-learn words for things and events that interest them
-interactive and responsive rather than passive contexts promote language learning
-learn new words best in meaningful contxts
-need to hear diverse exmamles of words and language structures
-vocabulary and grammatical development are reciprocal processes
what is telegraphic speech
talk consisting only of words directly relevant to meaning such as important verbs and nouns
what are the 9 possible components of words to express meaning during two word stage
agent (person)
action
possesor (my, your)
possesion
object
location
entity (when describing something about an object, this refers to the object)
demonstrative (that)
attribute
what are grammatical morphemes
words or endings of words that make a sentence grammatical
childrens use of grammatical morphemes is based on what and not jsut memory for individual words
growing knowledge of grammatical rules
what is overregularization
applying rules to words that are exceptions to the rule
children know general rule in grammar but not what
all th ewords that are excpetions of s specfic rule
what is one of the first gramamtical morphemes children master
rule for plurasl - to add s
in context of grammar, by the end of rpeschool years, children have typically mastered what
most of the rules that govern grammatical morphemes
most childrens sentences are what
novel
when children adult sentences, they do not what
imitate adult gramar
according to the view that if grammatical rules are not acquired throguh imitation and reinformcent, perhaps children are born with mechanisms that simplify the task they are born with what
neural circuits that allo them to infer grammar of language they hear
-processes that guide the learning of grammar
what is brocas are
region in left frontal cortex necessary for combining words into meaningful sentences
if grammar is learned solely through imiataion and reifnorcemnt then it should be possible for what
teach rudimentary grammar to nonhumans
what have chimpanzes mastered when it comes to human language
only simply grammatical rules governing 2 word speech
-with intensive and sustained effort (completely unlike preschool chidlrens automatic learning)
when is the critical period for learning language if it is not mastered during this time what
birth to 12 years
-never truly master language later
individuals master grammar of a foreign language at level of a native speaker only if they are what
exposed to language prior to adolescence
in order for people to be able to master a language as well as a native born speaker, they must start to learn ti prior to what age
10
what is the semantic bootstrapping hypothesis
children rely upon their knowledge of word meanings to discover grammatical rules
majority of childrens errors in grammar are go what
uncorrected by parents
to help children with taking turns when it comes to communicating what do they do
carry both sides of a conversation to demonstrate how the roles of speaker and listener alternate
how do preschool children seem to interprest the lack of response
didnt hear me so ill say it again louder
when is the first deliberate attempt to communicate
around 10 months
what are toddlers first convos about
themselves
how do preschoolers formulating a clear message
-senstive to importance of audience
-give mroe elaborate messages to listeners who are unfamiliar with topic
full day kindergarten in canda may not have what
long term benefitr for as many children as anticipated
-positive outcomes limitied to better numeracy skills in girls from low-income areas
what is a benefit of full day kindergarten
large cost saving for famikly instead of paying for daycare
in china, what do parents want from preschools
emphasize academic preperation
in japan what do parents want from preschools
learn value of being a good group member
in creayin preschool programs, many childhood educators have found what theory to be a rich source of ideas
piagets
the ebst teaching experieneces are slightly what
ahead of the childrens current skills
teachers should encourage children to look at the consistency of their thinking but let children tak the lead in qhat
sortin out the inconsistencies
children who graduate from programs that embrace most of NAEYC or CAYC guidlines tend to what
be better prepared for kindergarten and grade 1
-behaviour in classroom more appropriate and work harder and do beter in school
Head start graduates are less likely to what
repeat grade level or be placed in special education classes
head start graduates are moer likely to what
graduate from highschool
preschoolrs who watched childrens television sesame street in 1969 were more what
proficient at the targeted academic skills than those who watched it infrequently
-also adjusted to school more readily
does seasme street remain effective
yes
which are prtrayed more frequently in tv shows,p prosocial or agressive behaviours
agressive
because of tv prigrams consist of many brief segments presented inr apid succession children who watch a lot develop what
short attention spans and have difficulty concentrating in school
researchers have found evidence for connections between early media exposure and what in children
attentional problems
because tv provides ready made, simple to interpret images, children who watch a lot become what
passive, lazy thinkers who are less creative
are the criticisms of tv consistently supported by reasearch
no
in reality tv viewing does not lead to reduced attentin, greater impulsisvity, reduced task persistence or increased activity lvele, tru or false
ture
s study reported connection between watching 3 or mor hours of television per day with what
attention problems in adolescence
many studies found no link between amount of tv viewing and what
creativity
what is one idea as to why negative effects of children watching tv are not found more consistently
effects may depend on what programs children watch and not simply how much they watch
si there strong evidence that exists that tv wathching has harmful effects on childrens ocgnition
no
extended televions watching promotes what
-obesity
-detracts from physical activity
-reduces face to face time with children and adults
television watching should be discouraged in children under what age
2
