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Child devel. > Chapter 8 - Physical Growth in Preschool > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Physical Growth in Preschool Flashcards

1
Q

when is growth more rapid, preschool or infant and toddler years

A

infant and toddler years

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2
Q

why can we more accurately predict a childs height as an adult

A

because growth is stable during the preschool years

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3
Q

is weight easy to rpedict from childhood to adulthood

A

no, because its based on multiple factors

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4
Q

whent does first tooth appear

A

6 to 10 months

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5
Q

by what age to children typically have all 20 primary teeth

A

3

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6
Q

what age do children start losing teeth

A

5 to 6

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7
Q

when should proper dental care begin

A

as soon as first tooth appears

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8
Q

how should parents clean childrens gums prior to first tooth coming in

A

with a damp cloth

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9
Q

in preschool years, what happens to the connective tissues on neurons that are understimulated

A

they are pruned back
-this continues through preschool years and adolescence

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10
Q

when does myelinization progresses and name a region and why is this important

A

during prechsool years
-corpus callosum
allows hemispheres to communicate more effectively with each other

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11
Q

what does the corpus callosm consist of

A

bundles of neurons that link the left and right hemisphere to communicate

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12
Q

language-related skills such as speaking and comprehending speech, become more localized in what region of brain during preschool years

A

left hemishpere

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13
Q

skills associate with understanding emotions and comprehending spatial relations becomes more localized in what region of brain during preschool ears

A

right hemisphere

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14
Q

the more specialized the brain is the less what is it and what does this risk

A

plasticity
-less able to recover from injury or adapt ot functional loss

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15
Q

what hormone is secreted when children are sleeping

A

growth hormone

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16
Q

what are 3 common sleep problems in preschool children

A

-falling asleep
-refusing to sleep alone
-waking up during the night

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17
Q

more often then not, bedtime problems reflect what

A

the absence of a regular bedtime routine thats followed consistently

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18
Q

sometimes, sleep problems, particularly difficulty falling asleep or refusing to sleepd alone can be linked to what

A

later development of depression or anxiety

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19
Q

how long does a good bedtime routine usually take

A

15 to 45 min

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20
Q

during bedtime routine what helps children be aware of and remeber the routing until they have mastered it themselves

A

prompting them with questions like whats next

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21
Q

why should you avoid rushing through bedtime routine

A

most children will know when their parent arent really paying attention to them
-this will make a child more uptight than relaxed and willr esult in having hard time settling down to sleep

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22
Q

just when children start to get settled into bed, what do they want and what should you do

A

to talk
-make sure to keep convo light and not wake them up, if bring up something reassure them and make sure to bring it up the next day

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23
Q

when parents respond to unnecessary bedtime requests what are they doing

A

reinforcing the child behaviour, making it more likely that child will call out after bedtime on subsequent nights

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24
Q

what could persisten, repeated or troubling nightmares indicate

A

delays in the development of a childs ability o differentiate fantasy from relaity

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25
Q

night terrors usually seem to be a by-product of what

A

waking too rapidly from a deep sleep

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26
Q

what do night terrors indicate

A

rarely indicate any underlying problem in children

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27
Q

what have researchers discovered about sleep walking

A

it is not uncommon
-tends to be associated with childrens experience of bedtime anxiety and poor sleep routine

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28
Q

bedwetting is often more of a problem in what gender

A

boys

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29
Q

in north america when are children ususally toilet trained

A

between 2 and 3

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30
Q

is toilet training consistent throught the world

A

no, there are significant differences in terms of toilet trainig practices

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31
Q

how many hours should children engage in various physical activities in a day

A

3h

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32
Q

what are the movemnt guidlines for children

A

min of 60min should be spent in energetic play
-more than 60 is preferabel

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33
Q

what are the sleep guidliens for preschoolers

A

-total of 10 to 13 h of good quality sleep (may or may not include nap)
-keeping bedtimes and wake-up times consistent

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34
Q

children should not be sitting or restrained for more thna how much time

A

1 hour

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35
Q

what is the maximum of time spent being sedentary on a screen

A

60 min

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36
Q

what can preschoolers do when it comes to running

A

children run easily
-quickly changing direction or speed

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37
Q

what can preschoolers do when it comes to hopping

A

can hop long distances on one foot or alternate hopping first on one foot a few tiems and then on the other

38
Q

what can most 2 year olds do when it comes to running

A

hurried walk instead of a true run
-move their ligs stiffly rather than bending at knees and are not airbone

39
Q

what can 2 to 3 year olds do when it comes to hopping

A

will hop a few times on foot
-typically keeping upper body very stiff

40
Q

what can 2-3 year olds do when it comes to throwing

A

using forearm almost exclusively

41
Q

what can 6 years odls do when it comes to throwing

A

step into a throw
-rotating uper body to help propel ball

42
Q

what can 2 year old do when it comes to cathcing

A

onoly if it happens to land sqaurely on the extended forearms

43
Q

what can a 6 year old do when it comes to catching

A

use legs to move to ball and adjust their upper body and forearms to absorb the force fo the ball

44
Q

when it comes to dressing oneself what can 2-3 year olds do

A

put on simple clothing and use zippers but not buttons

45
Q

what can 4 - 4 year olds to when it comes to dressing themselve

A

can fasten buttons and take off their clothes when going to bathroom

46
Q

what can 5 year olds do when it comes to dressing themselves

A

dress and undress themselvesh

47
Q

what age do children master tying shoes

A

6

48
Q

why do childrens printing improve in preschool

A

start to hold pens more efficiently

49
Q

compared to young preschool children, what do older preschool children have when it comes to drawing or painting

A

a plan for what they want to draw - concerned about art being realistic

50
Q

by what age is a childs handedness clear and are rights or lefts more common

A

2 (at this age, ocasionally use nonpreffered hand for tasks)
-right

51
Q

what hand does child aged 6 to 10 use

A

their nonpreffered hand only whne preferred is busy doing something else

52
Q

what hand does a 10 year old use

A

use nonpreffered hand particularlyl if they are performing a task on that side of the body

53
Q

at age 2, what type of draiwing do schildren do and why

A

scribble
-delight by the simple lines htat are created just by moving a crayon

54
Q

what type of drawing do children do at age 3

A

shape stage
-draw six basic shapes: rectangles, triangles, crosses, Xs, and odd-shaped forms

55
Q

at age 3 or 4, what type of drawings do they do

A

design stage
-combine six basic shapes to create more complex patterns

56
Q

at age 4 or 5 what type of drawing do they do

A

pictorial stage
-begin to depict recognizable objects

57
Q

movement of right side of body is controlled by what region of the brains

A

left hemisphere and vice versa

58
Q

what is brain laterilzation

A

each half of the brian has functional specilization making 2 halves different from each other

59
Q

language functions are almost lateralized in what hemisphere for what handedness

A

right handers - almost always left
left handers - pattern is more varied

60
Q

left handed children and adults are moer likely to ahve what

A

migrain , allergies, asthma, mental jealth challenges, langiage based problems and why

61
Q

what type of skill do left handers usually have and why

A

artistically and spatially talented
-perhaps due to right rbian dominance where msucial and spatial abilties usually are lateralzized
*also mathematics

62
Q

do preschool boys and girsl tend to differ in weight

A

no

63
Q

preschool boys have advantage in rely when it comes to motor skills and why

A

tasks that rely on strenght such as running or throwing
-more muscular

64
Q

what gender tends to be more talented in coordinated movement of thei limgs (hoppin, skipping)

A

girls

65
Q

what gender seems to be more talented in thigns that require fine motore coordination

A

girls

66
Q

why is encouragin preschool children to eat healthy foods difficult for parent as they ebcome preschoolers

A

become picky eaters, especially nutritious foods

67
Q

why are children particularly vulnerable to respiratory illneses

A

their lungs are still developing

68
Q

what is the most common chronis disease of childhood

A

asthma

69
Q

why do people get asthma

A

passage in their lungs that carry air become temporarily inflamed, narrow and interfere with air transport

70
Q

gut mircobiomes for babies can differ depending on what

A

how babies are born and whether they are fed with infant formula or breast milk

71
Q

what is a childs gut bacteria like if they were bron from c section

A

especially low richness and diversity of gut bacteria

72
Q

what is an infants bacteria like if they are fed formula

A

hgiher richness of bacteria but also an overrepresentation of bactera such as clostridium difficile

73
Q

what can clostridium difficile lead to

A

health problems like diarrhea

74
Q

what is the leading cause of death in preschoolers

A

accidents

75
Q

what is the greatest sources of machinery related injruy for young people

A

farm related accidents
-head trauma being run over by tractors

76
Q

what are the 3 leading causes of unintentional injury hospitalizations in canada for childre in preschool years

A

falling
poisoning
fire or hot objects

77
Q

how to reduce vehicle accident

A

-ride in properly installed approved car sear
-stay clear of large dnagerous farm equipment

78
Q

how to reduce risk of drowning

A

-never be left unattended near sources of water

79
Q

how to reduce risk of poisoning

A

-keep all medications in containers
-keep harmful substances out of reach

80
Q

how to reduce cycling accidents

A

-seat is installed properly
-child is strapped securely
-wears helmet
-stay off streets
-supervised by a parent

81
Q

how to reduce risk of fire accidents

A

-smoke detectors and check regularly
-fir extinghuuisher handy
-tell children to leave house in case of a fire
-practive leaving house
-have a safety plan

82
Q

children as young as 5 have an implicit understandtin that what can lead to illness

A

stress

83
Q

what are thigns to make childrens stay at hospital less traumatic

A

-parents encourage to spend as time as possible iwht child
-show children what will happen, give tours ahead of time and touch items they will come into contact with
-allow some choices while in hospital, like what to eat or play with (to not feel completely powerless)

84
Q

national defence is a what responsibility

A

federal

85
Q

education is a what rsponsibliyt

A

provincial

86
Q

what is the main reason for first nation children to end up in foster care in canada

A

neglect

87
Q

what does egocentrism refer to and is found in what piaget stage

A

young childrens difficulty in seeing the wolrd from anothers perspective
-preoperational

88
Q

what is centration

A

term for narrowly focused thought, often concentrate on one aspect of a problem but totally ignore the equally relevant aspects

89
Q

in preoperational thinking, preschool children believe an objects appearance tells us hwat

A

what the object is really like

90
Q

what do preoperational children often confuse

A

appearance and reality

91
Q
A

Child devel. (13 decks)

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