Chapter 10 - Social and Emotion Devel. Preschool Flashcards
a particularly important element in childs early search for the self is what 2 thigns
develop,ent of gender identy
learning behaviours commonly associated with that gender
whta is a social role
set of cultural guidelines for how a person should behave
what social roles are the first that children learn
associated with gender
traits stereotypicaly associated with men are called what and why
instrumental
-describe individuals who act on teh environment and ifnluence it
traits stereotypically associated with women are called what and why
expressive
-describe emotional functioning and individuals who value interpersonal relations
are north american views of men and women sahred wordlwide give example
no
-here see men as agressive, in Nigeria most do not
what continents gender stereotypes are the most extreme
north america
preschoolers who did not conform to traditional gender roles tend to be seen as hat
less likeable
-particularly strong effect regarding attitudes towards boys
who are the primary and secondyr influences for development of conepcts about gender
1 - family
2 - peers, firends, school, media
a childs gender identity is often spurred by what
curiosity about how the childs body is same or diffrent from that of others
according to social learning theorists, children learn gender roles in what way
reinforcment and observational learning
neurosciences has demonstrated that own gender imitation also activates reward centers in brain leading them to conclude what
neural mechanisms in the brain act to reinforce own-gender imitation and learning from otehrs of same gender
parents tend to what equally and differently when it comes ot gender of children
equal- interact
not - choice of toys as wll as literature (both genders more male characters)
what parent is more likely to treat different gender children differentlt
fathers
fathers pushed who toward indepence and accept depencene from who
sons
daughters
how do mothers respond to diffeent gender of child
based on their knowledge of the individual childs needs
in relation to gender roles, children who watch a lot of tv have had what
highly stereotyped viewsof males and females
what does cognitive development perspective focus on when it comes to gender
on childrens active construction of hteir own understanding of gender, rather than being restricted by biological or scocial influences
what is gender labelling
either boys or girsla nd label themselves accordinglywh
what is gender stability
understand that gender is typically stable (boys will become men vice versa)
-in prschool, believe that girl who wears hair like boy will become boy and vice versa
what is gender consistency
believe that maleness and femalness do not change over situations or according to personal wishes
-understand gender is unaffected by chlothing or toys child likes
what is gender constancy
knowledge that gender can be identified is stable and remains conssitent over time
childrens interest in gender typical behaviour usually emerges only after what
understand gender constancy
what combo is impossible in gender according to kohlbergs theory
lacking gender constancy but knew about gender-stereotyped activities
children who demonstrate problems in development of gender identity tend to what
have a lag in their developmet of gender constancy
in kohlbers theory about gender what does it not explain
how such learnign takes place
what is the gender schema theory
using gender based info to decide whether an activity or object is owrth learning mroe about
-pay attention to experiences and events that are gender appropriate
what stage does sex expression on chromosome occur
embryonic
what is the wolffian duct
can develop into male reproductive tracts in embryo
what are mullerian ducts
can develop ino female reproductive tracts in embryo
if testes begin to develop in embryo, what will they start to produce
testosterone and anti-mullerian hormone
are level of sex hormones related to gender identity
in early years of development but not in adulthood
on questionnaires measured instrumental traites associate with males and traits associated with females, who asnwere more similiarl fraternal or identical twins and what does this suggest
identical
-how expressive or intrumental a child might be depends in part on heredity
during prenatal development, adrenal gland sometimes malfunctions and casues whas
some females are inadvertently exposed to unusally large amounts of male hormones, such as androgen
-some of these girls may rpefer masculine activities to greater extent
according ot erikson, purpose is achieved with a balance between what
individual initiative and willingness to cooperate with others
childrn who see themselves as prosocial tended to what
help their friends more and to engage more in prosocial behaviour during free paly
harter and pike measured childrens self worth in what 4 areas
cognitive competence
physical competence
acceptance by peers
acceptance by mother
preschool children have very what views of themselves across many different domains
positive
when is self esteem at its peak and when does it drop
when in preschool and drops when enter schoolq
most current theories view families as what
system of interacting elemants, parents and cildren influence one another
-parents influence their children indirectly and directly
when children resist discipline what might parents sue
verbal reasoning less and be more inclined to use physical methods or become authoritarian
fathers behaviorus can affect what
mother child relationships
when siblings argue constantly, parents can become preoccupied with what
managing conflict rather than providing a richly stimulating home environment
late afternoon and evening shift work has a pronouned effect on what
childrearing for prescholers, school age and adolescnets, particularly in single parent homes
parenting in cultures around the world have what 3 primary objectives
-looking out fo childrens safety and health
-preparing children for productive adulthood
-sharing cultural values with children
what are the 2 general dimensions of parental behaviour
degree of warmth and responsiveness paretn shows children
amount of control parents exert over their children
when parents are warm toward children they feel
secure and better behaved
when parents are uninvolved or hostile toward childrent hey feel
anxious and behaviourally challengeg
-develop low self-esteem
what extreme of parental behaviour concerning control they have over child is more desirbale
neither
what is a good starting poitn for control over chidlren
-setting expectations appropriate for their age
-showing chil how to meet them
-rewarding child for copmliance
once an expectation is set, how often should it be enforced
consistently
parents in european heritage often want their children to be what
happy and self-reliant
-believe this best achieved by being warm and exert moderate control
in asian and latin american countries, parents see what as less important compared to what
individulasim compared to co operation and collaboratino
in china mother and fathers are more likely to what compared to those in states
emphasize control and less likely to express affection
what is authoritarian parenting
high control with little warmth
-lay down rules and expect to be followed without discussion
-hard work and obedience
-little give and take, do not value childrens needs or wishes
what is authoritative parenting
fair degree of control with being warm and responsive to child
-explain rules and encourage fiscussion
-explain decision and find comporimes
what is indulgent permissive parenting
warmth and caring but little parental control
-accept childs behaviour and rarely provide consequences
-readily agree to childs request
what is indifferent uniinvolved parenting
neither warmth nor control
-provides basic physical needs but little else
-minimize amount of time spent with child and avoid becoming emotionally involved
children who ten to try to do things without asking have what type parenting style and why do they do this
indifferetn uninvolved
-know parents wouldnt care and would rather not be bothered
out of all parenting styles, which usually bests servs children
authoritative parenting
child with lower self-esteem and are less social skilled were raised with what parenting style
authoritarian
childen who are impulsive and easily frustrated are ussually rasied by what parenting style
indulgent permissive parents
children who tend to have low-self estessm and be umpulsive, agressive and moody are usually raised by what parenting style
indifferent uninvolved
authoritatiran parenting can benefit what children and why
growing up in poverty
-ususally in neighbohouords with a lot of violence and crime
what is direct instruction
telling a child what to do, when to do it, and why
what is counterimitation
learning what not to do
what is disinhibition
tendency to exhibit bold or agressive behaviorus in unfamiliar situations
what is inhibition
a behvaiour becomes less likely
observational learning can be related to inhibitino and disinhibition but what else can be related
temperament
children who demonstrate disinhibition are more liekly to what
experience mood and behaviour disorders later in childhood
feedback comes in what 2 forms
reinforcement and punishment
what is negative reinforcement trap
reinforcing the very behaviours that are being targeted for elimination
-parents often do this unwittingly
what are the 3 steps of negative reinforcement trap
- tells son to do something doesnt want to do
- son responds with some behaviour that most parents find intolerable (complains and whines profusely)
- mother gives in
what is corporal punishment
physical punishment
what is the most common forsm of child discipline in the wolrd
spanking
what is a more effective form of punishement that is not spanking
time out
-not more effective than comprimising or reasining but useful
where are 2 of the worst places to put a child in time out
bathroom or kitchen
what is time away
childtrn are diverted from an activity that was generating conflict to some other, usulally quiter, activity
what is a diversion and what is a consequence
d: time away
c: time out
time outs are usually how long
brief
no more than 1 min per year of childs age
parenting behaviours and styles evolve often as
consequence of childs behaviour
what is formal grandparents
stron interest in grandchild but maintain hands off attitude toward child rearing
what are fun seeking grandparents
se themselves asa primary source of thun avoid serious interactions
what are distant grandparents
little contact with child
-except part of holidays or celebratinos
what are dispensing family wisdom grandparents
provide info and advice to parents and child
what are surrogate parent grandparents
assume many of normal roles and responsibilities of a parent
grandparents play a very important role in reinforcing the confidence and strength of family identity in what families
lesbian stepfamilies
why do we know the most abou the surrogate parent grandparent style
common in african american families
majority of same sex couples in canada are what gender
male
children reared by gay cparents seem to develop in what way
much like those rasied by straights
in saskatchewan most families have how many children
one
parent typically have high expectations and are both more affectinoate and punitive with what sibling
first born
with what sibling are parents more relaxed in their discipline and have realistic expectations
later born
what sibling has highr schores on intelliegence tests and more likely to go to uni
first born
what sibling is more willing to conform to parents request
first born
what sibling is mroe popular with peers and more innovative
later born
whose more likely to succed in school, have higher levels of intelligence, leadership, autonomy and maturity, only child or one with siblings
only child
what is a concern as chinese only children enter adulthood
care for their parents
what is a benefit of a siblings birth
fathers become more involved with their older child
4 year olds talk more ot who mothers or siblings
sibling
basic pattern of sibling interaction establishes e=when and seems to remain waht
early development
failry stable
what are primary reason for siblings ot get along or not
gender
-warmrer with same gender
temperament
-when neither sibling is temperamentall emotional
age
-relationship improves as younger appraoches adolescene, being to percieve one another as equals
in relation to parents, siblings most often get along when what
parents have no favourties
-traeat everyone fairly
warm harmonious relationship between parents fosters what type of sibling relatinship
positive
when siblings, particularly young children fight what should parents do
intervene
-arrange for some form of cooperation
how can parents solve fighting between siblings when one is bored
help child beocme engaged in some activity of htehir own
siblings can engage in constructive negotiations more easliy when they have what type of relationship
high conflict of interest but positive relationship
what play is much less common around 2 to 4 years old
parallel play, cooperative is the norm
children in preschool may recogniz signs of distress but what is limitied and why
attempt to help
-knowledge of what they can do is limitied
during preschool, cooperative play often takes what form, describe in early and late preschool years
make believe
-early: rely on realistic props
-later: no longer need realistic rops, can imagine with different objects
what type of favourtie themes for make believe play for european american child
adventure and fantasy
what type of favourite make believe theme for korean-american child
family roles and everyday activites
what stype of style were european-americans more liekly to have during make believe play
assertive and more likly to disagree with play partners ideas
what type of style do koren-american children have when make believe play
more polite and more likely to strive for harmony
children who spend more time make belive play tend to be more what
advanced in language memory and reasoning, more sophisticated understander of other peoples thoughts beliefs and feelings
what type of child seems to be more socially competent and engage in mroe complex forms of play
more adanced abitlity to sustain attention
what is a benefit of make believe
explore topics that frighten them
are imaginary companions for preschoolers rare
no common
nearly 2 thirds have them
preschoolers with an imaginary companion ten to be what
more socialbel and have mroe real friends
if child prefers to play alone should parent be worried
usually no
what is aimless wandering
type of unhealthy solidaruty play
-never settle into play with others or engage in constructive solitary play
what is hovering
unhealthy type of solitary play
-stands near peers who are playing and just watch
unlhealthy types of solidarity play can suggest presence of what
high social anxiety
when parents demonstrate more advanced forms of play, their children often what
play at more advanced levels later
childrens relationships with peers are most successful when they had what as infants
secure attachment relationship
what are 2 views as to why childs relationship with paretns si internal working model for all future social relationships
-encouraged to form relationship with other people
-makes feel more ocnfident about exploring the environment - provides more opportunity to interact with peers
how does self contol develop in infancy
initially learn about self sooting trhough parental regulatory activities
1st phase of children learning self control
become aware that people ompose demands on them and must react accordingly
-not entirly free to behave as they wish
-others set limites on what they can do
phase 2 of child developming self-control
-internalized some of controls imposed by others
-capable of some self control in parents absence
phase 3 of child developing self control
become capable of greater self regulation
-devise ways to regulate own behaviours
children who have good self control on one task tend ot have what on another
good self control as well
children who are less likely to touch prohibited toys are accoriding to mothers more likely to what
spontaneously confess to misdeeds at home and more likely to do as asked without parental supervision
sefl control is lower in children whose parents are what
strict with them
-overcontrol children
children have greater self control when parents
encourage them to be independent and make their own decisions
what are highly emotional toddlers and preschooler self control like
less able to control themselves
aspect of temperament thats most important for self control is
anxiety and fearfulness
with children who are anxious and fearful, what do parents need to do when not behaving
a simple parental reminder usually guarantees compliance
what are most effective approaches to compliance when it comes to children who are not naturally fearful
positive appeasl to the child to cooperate
-build strong attachment relationship between parent and child
fealress or bold childreen comply with parental requests out of what
positive feeligns for a loved one, not out of ditress
what are 2 ways to rsist remptation
-reminding of importance of long term goals over shot term
-reducing attraction of tempting event
what is delay of gratification
ability to hold off immediate satisfaction in order to obtain a larger reward or a preferable outcome later
what gender is better at delay self gratification
girla
as children learn self control, what else do they learn
moral rules
many moral rules are actually what
socail conventions
do preschoolers know the difference between moral rules from social conventions
yes
do rpeschoolers know difference between lies and mistakes
yes
what siblings tend to tattle more
older
when is middle childhood
between 7 and 11
during middle chldhood how to boys and gilrs size compare
same for most
-girls much more like;y to enter puberty towards end
in middlechildhood somtimes height difference are related to what
ethnic differences
the condition where children do not produce enough growth hormone is trated how
injecting thm daily with synthetic growth hormone, continues through adolescence
what happens when chidlren are treated with growth hormoen therapy
have a brief growth spurt, followed by a more rapid growth than before they started
does growth hormone therapy make children taller
not necessarily
-may just help reach natural adult height sooner
after being treated with growth hormoen, a childs height si what compared to their peers as adult
still tend to be shorter ona verage
what is a downside of growth hormone therapy
make children more prone to infections or result unwanted side effects, increase serum insulin (lead to insulin resistance later)
eating breakfest daily is connected to what
better eprformance in school
-better attendance
-lower chanve of becming overweight
when should breakfast be eaten
within 2h of getting up
eating stimulates what
bowels to move
inadequate what can lead to problems with functinoing of the bowel
fibre and lfuid
what is a significant problem that some children expeerience
constipation and overflow
-when bowels becom packed with hard fecal matter difficult to pass
