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Child devel. > Chapter 1 - Theories and Themes > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Theories and Themes Flashcards

1
Q

freud beleived that development proceeds best when childrens needs at each stage are what and what are consequences if this does not happen

A

met but not exceeded
-not met: will find it difficult to move on to the next stage
-exceeded (overindulged/spoil): see little need to progress to more advanced stages

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2
Q

what are environmental reactions

A

familys response to heredity conditions

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3
Q

what is body ego and when does it develop

A

a person’s sense of the self as an individual
-develops in early years during the process of closeness and separation between child and parent

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4
Q

what is psychic skin and what helps create this in a child

A

a person’s capacity for protecting their emotional states (holds sense of self together)
-nurturing child through physical and emotional care

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5
Q

what is neuropsychoanalysis

A

study of relationship between psychoanalytic theory and biological approaches in psychology

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6
Q

erik erikson believed that what 2 aspects of development are just as important as the bioligical and sexual aspects

A

psychological and social1

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7
Q

what is a psychodynamic theory and give an example

A

theories that are offshoots of freudian psychoanalysis
-Eriksons psychosociak theory

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8
Q

eriksons ideas about lifespan development were rooted in knowledge gained from where

A

first nations peoples in the US

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9
Q

define erikson psychosocial theory

A

development occurs in a sequence of stages defined by a unique crisis or social challenge

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10
Q

according to erikson, adolescents who do not meet the challenge of developing and identity will have difficulty with what and are at risk of what

A

-establishing truly intimate relationships
-risk becoming overly dependent on their partners as a source of identity

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11
Q

psychodynamic theorists emphasize that the journey to adulthood is full of what

A

obstacles

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12
Q

what is john lockes view on the infants mind

A

that is a blank slate on which experience writes

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13
Q

watsons extended the work of what theory in his learning theory

A

classical condition
-theory of associative learning

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14
Q

watson argued that learning is crucial factor in determining cours of a childs development abd behaviour and assumed what

A

with correct techniques, anything could be learned by almost anyone

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15
Q

how did watson demonstrated his learning theory

A

little alert experiment
-getting the baby to fear a rat by producing loud and frightening sound whenevr baby would reach for the rat

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16
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

behavioural theory about how the consequences of a behaviour can affect future occurence of that behaviour

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17
Q

in operant conditioning, describe a reinforcement consequence

A

increases reoccurrence of specific behaviour
-positive: giving a rewards
-negative: rewarding by taking away something unpleasant

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18
Q

describe punishemnt consequence in operant learning

A

decreases future likelihood of behaviour
-either by causing something unnpleasant to occur or by witholding pleasant event

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19
Q

what 2 things do not play a role in early behavioural theory

A

thinking or cognition

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20
Q

Bandura proposed that people can learn without what and with what other means

A

-without personal reinforcement
-through imitation or vicarious (observational) learning

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21
Q

children are more likely to imitate what type of person

A

someone who they admire in some way or when they want to fit into a particular group

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22
Q

describe the social cognitive theory

A

theory of personality that views the environemnt, behaviour and cognition as important in shaping development

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23
Q

what are the 2 beliefs of bandura in his social cognitive theory

A

-children are actively trying to understand their world
-other people are important sources of info about the world

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24
Q

bandura argued that experience gives a children a sense of what

A

self-efficacy

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25
Q

whether a child imitates another person depends on what 3 things

A

-their self efficacy,
-who the person is
-whether persons behaviour is rewarded

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26
Q

the cognitive developmental perspective focuses on what 2 things

A

-how children think
-how their thinking changes over time

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27
Q

piaget argued that children act like what

A

scientists in creating theories about the physical and social worlds they are trying to understan

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28
Q

what did jean piaget beliveve in relation to the cognitive developmental perspective

A

that children are naturally motivated to make sense of the physical and social world

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29
Q

according to piaget, at a few points in development children realize what and what happens

A

a theory cannot be revised
-when this happens, radical changes take place, theory is discarded and a completely new theory about the world develops

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30
Q

piaget claimed that radical revisions occur when

A

-about age 2
-age 7
-just before adolescence

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31
Q

what are the 4 distinct stages piaget theorized children go through in cognitive development and what do these stages represent

A
  1. sensorimotor
  2. peroperational
  3. concrete operational
  4. formal operational
    represents fundamental change in how children understand and organize their experiences
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32
Q

what does the contextual perpective take into consideration

A

the people an individual is surrounded by and culture

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33
Q

since a fundamental aim of society is to enable chilren to acquire essential cultural values and skills, what did Vygotsky believe

A

every aspect of a childs development must be considered in cultural context

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34
Q

what is ecological theory

A

theory of development that views the child as embedded in a series of complex and interactive systems

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35
Q

Bronfenbrenners ecological theory divided the environment into what 5 levels

A

-microsystem
-mesosystem
-exosystem
-macrosystem
-chronosystem

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36
Q

what is the microsystem

A

consists of people and objects in an individuals immediate environement
-such as parents or siblings

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37
Q

how many microsystems does a person have

A

can have mroe then one, depedns on person
-example, daycare, family, extended family

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38
Q

what creates a mesosystem and what does this represent

A

connection/interaction of microsystems
-what happens in one can influence the others

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39
Q

the exosystem includes what

A

social settings that a person might not experience first hand but still influence development

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40
Q

what is the broadest envrionemtnal context in Bronfenbrenners ecological theory

A

macrosystem

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41
Q

the macrosystem includes what

A

subcultures and cultures in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded

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42
Q

what is the chronosystem

A

emphazises that development takes place over time and during certain ers

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43
Q

according to contextual theorists, what aspect of a childs life means the most to development

A

the environment

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44
Q

how is bronfenbrenners ecological theory limited

A

limited in its ability to capture the dynamics of an individual-group relations
-does not capture the capacity of for an individual to relate to others

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45
Q

because of Bronfenbrenners ecological theory, researchers have suggested adding what to concepts and why

A

-resilience and entrepreneurship
-place an emphasis on understanding a persons ability to cope with difficulties in life and shape their interactions with others

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46
Q

what controversy surrounfds Bronfenbrenners ecological theory and how

A

its ability or inability to help understand child development in Indigenous cultures
-inability to capture the impact of colonization
-fundamental difference from indigenous forms of theories of knowledge (theory separates individual from the natural world)

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47
Q

information processing theorists draw heavily on the example of how what works and why

A

computers
-just as computers consist of hardware and softwarem human cognition consisits of mental hardware and software

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48
Q

what are 3 newer approaches to child development

A

-information-processing
-evolutionary theory
-developmental psychopathology

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49
Q

mental hardware refers to what

A

cognitive structures including memories and where they are stored

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50
Q

mental software inclueds what

A

organized sets of cognitive processes that allow individuals to perform taksk

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51
Q

how is piagets theory of cognitive development different then information processing theory

A

piaget
-single, comphrensive theory (emphasized the whole of cognitive development)
-emphasized qualitative change in cognition (thinking remained in one stage for years and changed as moved to next)
IPT:
-represents a general approaches (emphazsies the parts of it)
-produce steady increase in skill (cognitive change is continuous and gradual, quantitative)

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52
Q

what muscles are in the thenar compartment of the hand

A

-abductor pollicis brevis
-flexor pollicis brevis
-opponens pollicis

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53
Q

what muscles are in the hypothenar compartment of the hand

A

-abductor digiti minimi
-flexor digiti minimi
-opponens digiti minimi

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54
Q

what muscle is in the adductor compartment of the hand

A

adductor pollicis

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55
Q

what muscle is in the central compartment of the hand

A

lumbricals

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56
Q

where are the interossei muscles of hand located

A

in seperate interossei compartments between the metacarpals

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57
Q

what 2 thenar muscles abduct

A

abductor pollicis longus and abductor pollicis brevis

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58
Q

what thenar muscle opposes

A

opponens pollicis

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59
Q

what 2 thenar muscles adduct

A

adductor pollilis and 1st dorsal interossei

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60
Q

what 3 thenar muscles extend

A

extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus

61
Q

what 2 thenar muscles flex

A

flexor pollicis longus
flexor pollicis brevis

62
Q

what thenar muscle opposes

A

opponens pollicis

63
Q

bjorklund and pellegrini described what theory as an approach to unite various subfields within psychology

A

evolutionary theory

64
Q

what is developmental psychopathology

A

theory of child development that tries to explain how abnormal development occurs

65
Q

lumbricals 1 and 2 attachments

A

PROXIMAL
-lateral 2 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
DISTAL
-lateral sides of extensor expansions of digits 2-5

66
Q

what muscle shape are lumbricals 1 and 2

A

unipennate

67
Q

innervatino of lumbricals 1 and 2

A

median nerve

67
Q

lumbrical 3 and 4 attachment

A

PROXIMAL
-medial 3 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
DISTAL
-lateral sides of extensor expansions of digits 2-5

67
Q

innervation of lumbricals 3 and 4

A

ulnar nerve

67
Q

what muscle shape are lumbricals 3 and 4

A

bipennate

68
Q

2 actions of lumbricals

A

-flex ,metacarphophalangeal joints
-extend joints fo digits 2-5

69
Q

dorsal interossei attachments

A

PROXIMAL
-adjacent sides of 2 metacarpals
DISTAL
-bases of proximal phalanges
-extensor exapnsions of digits 2-4

70
Q

innervation of dorsa interossei

A

ulnar nerve

71
Q

palmar interossei attachments

A

PROXIMAL
-palmar surfaces of digits 2, 4, and 5
DISTAL
-bases of proximal phalanges
-extensor expansions of digits 2, 4, and 5

72
Q

muschle shape of dorsal and palmar interossei

A

dorsal: bipennate
palmar: unipennate

73
Q

what is the passageway deep to the flexor retinaculum called

A

carpal tunnel

74
Q

where is the carpel tunnel located

A

deep to the flexor reticanulum and between the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium on lateral side and the pisiform and hook of hamate on the medial side

75
Q

what is the ulnar nerve reffered to as what and why

A

nerve for fine movements
-because it innervates muscles that are concerned with intricate hand movements

76
Q

what type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint

A

plane synovial joint

77
Q

what type of joint is the glenohumeral joint

A

ball and socket synovial joint

78
Q

what type of joint is the elbow joint

A

hinge type synovial joint

79
Q

what type of joint is the proximal and distal radioulnar joint

A

pivot type of synovial joint

80
Q

what type of joint is the radiocarpal joint

A

condyloid synovial joint

81
Q

articulation of radiocarpal joint

A

distal end of radius and articular disc with proximal row of carpal bones (except pisiform)

82
Q

what is the radiocarpal joint capsule lined with

A

synovial membrane

83
Q

what are the 2 ligaments that strengthen the radiocarpal fibrous capsule

A

posterior and anterior ligaments
-ulnar collateral ligament
-radial collateral ligament

84
Q

what are the 5 movements of the radiocarpal joint

A

felxion
extension
adduction
abduction
circumduction

85
Q

what type of joint are the intercapal joints

A

plane synovial joint

86
Q

where are the 4 different articulations of the intercarpal joints

A

-between carpal bones of proximal row
-between carpal bones of distal row
-midcarpal joints: between proximal and distal row
-pisiform joint: between pisiform and triquetrum

87
Q

what is the joint capsule of hte intercarpal joints lined by

A

synovial membrane

88
Q

what ligaments unite the carpal bones

A

anterior, posterior and interosseous ligaments

89
Q

what are the 3 actions of the intercarpal joints

A

-small amount of gliding
-flexion and abduction of hand at the midcarpal joints

90
Q

what type of joint is carpometacarpal joints and intermetacarpal joints

A

plane synovial joint
-except for CMC joint (saddle-shaped synovial joint)

91
Q

what are the articulations of the carpometacarpl joints

A

caprals with metacarpalas
-CMC joint of thumb between trapezium and base of 1st metacarpal

92
Q

the joint capsule of the carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal joitns are lined by what

A

synovial membrane on the internal surfacr

93
Q

the boens of the carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal joints are united by what ligaments

A

podsterior, anterior and interosseous ligaments

94
Q

describe the movemnt allowed of each carpometacarpal joints

A

1st digit
-flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
2nd and 3rd digit
-almost no movement
4th digit
-slightly mobile
5th digit
-very mobile

95
Q

what 2 ligemants limit flexion at the wrist and carpal joints

A

-posterior radiocarpal joint
-posterior part of joint capsule

96
Q

what 3 structures limit extension at the wrist and carpal joints

A

-anterior radiocarpal ligament
-anterior part of joint capsule
-bony apposition between radisu and carpal bones

97
Q

what 3 structures limit abduction of the wrist and carpal joints

A

-ulnar collateral ligament
-medial part of joint capsule
-bony apposition between styloid process of radius and scaphoid

98
Q

what 2 structures limit adduction of the wrist and carpal joints

A

-radial collateral ligament
-lateral part of joint capsule

99
Q

name of joint between proximal and distal row of carpal bone

A

midcarpal joint

100
Q

what structure is between the distal radioulnar joint and the radiocarpal joint

A

and articular disc

101
Q

what type of joint are the metacarpophalangeal joints

A

condyloid synovial joints

102
Q

what is the articulation of the metcarpop0halangeal joints

A

heads of metacarpls with base of proximal phalanges

103
Q

what encloses each joint of the metacarpophalangeal jionts and interphalangela joints and what is this structure lined by

A

fibrous layer of the joint
-internal surface lined by synovial membrane

104
Q

what is attached to the phalanges and metacarpals in the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

A

strong palmar ligaments

105
Q

what unites the joints of digits 2-5 by doing what

A

deep transverse ligemnts
-holding the heads of the metacarpal and heads of the phalanx joints together

106
Q

what ligament passes from heads of metacarpals to bases of phalanges

A

collateral ligaments

107
Q

what 5 movements do the metcarpophalangeal joints allow at the digits 2-5

A

flexion
extension
adduction
abduction
circumduction

108
Q

what are the 4 movements the metacarpophalangeal joints allow at the 1st digit

A

flexion
extension
adduction and abdcution is limited

109
Q

what type of joint are the interphalangela joints

A

hinge synovial joint

110
Q

what is the articulation of the interphalangela joints

A

heads of phalanges with bases of more distally located phalangesbases

111
Q

what 2 movement does the interphalangela joints allow

A

flexion and extention

112
Q

what is the key assumptions of the biological perspective

A

development is determined primarily by biological forces

113
Q

what perspective is the maturational theory

A

biological

114
Q

what perspective is the ethological theory

A

biological

115
Q

whats the key assumption of the psychodynamic perspective

A

development is determined primarily by how a child resolves conflict at different agesna

116
Q

what perspective is freuds stages of psychosexual development

A

psychodynamic

117
Q

what perspective is eriksons stages of psychosocial development

A

psychodynamic

118
Q

what is the key assumption of the learning perspective

A

development is determined primarily by a childs environment

119
Q

what perspective is skiiners operant condition

A

learning

120
Q

what perspective is banduras social learning theory

A

learnin

121
Q

what is the key assumption of the cognitive development perspective

A

development reflects childrens efforts to understand the world

122
Q

what perspective is piagets stages of cognitive development

A

cognitive development

123
Q

what is the key assumption of the contextual perspective

A

development is understoob by analogy to the workings of a computer, with mental hardware and software, as well as input and output processes

124
Q

what is the key assumption of the evolutionary theory perspective

A

development is influenced by the process of evolution, which favours characteristics of children that have value to the survival of species

125
Q

what is the key assumption of developmental psychopathology

A

development outcome is shaped by many different variables, including both biological genetic and envionrmental factors

126
Q

what do psychologists today believe about piagets theory

A

that it doesn’t provide the

127
Q

what is the active-passive child issue

A

are children
-simply at the mercy of the environment (passive)
or
-actively influence their own development through their unique individual charactersitics (active)

128
Q

the passive view of a child corresponds to what theorists view on child development

A

Lockes: child as a blank slate on which experience writes

129
Q

the active view of a child correpsonds with what theorists view on child development

A

Rousseaus: development as a natural unfolding that takes place within a child

130
Q

highly defiant children might encourage parents to behave in what manner

A

more authoritarian

131
Q

highly autoritarian parent might envourage a child to behave in what manner

A

defiance

132
Q

describe the theme of continuity in development

A

early development is related to later development but not perfectly

133
Q

describe the theme of nature and nurture of development

A

development is always jointly influenced by heredity and environment

134
Q

describe the theme of active child in development

A

children help determine their own development

135
Q

describe the theme of connections in developmen

A

development in different domains is connected

136
Q

what theory/perspective takes the hardest line with respect to connectedness across diferent domains of development

A

piagets cognitive-development theory

137
Q

what are the 5 traditional broad theortical perspectives

A

biological
psychodynamic
learning
cognitive-development
contextual

137
Q

who started the first psychological lab in canada

A

James Mark Baldwin

137
Q

in freuds psychodynamic theory, what was emphazied in development

A

the role of unconscious conflict

138
Q

in freuds psychodynamic perspective waht 3 factors form the structure of personality

A

id, ego, and superego

139
Q

how is the learning perspective different than psychodynamic perspective

A

focuses on observable behaviour rather than cognition or the unconscious

140
Q

in piagets cognitive developmental perspective, development occurs via what

A

maturation and a combination of both qualitative and quantitative change

141
Q

who proposed that development occurs in the context of interconnected systems

A

Bronfenbrenner

142
Q

who emphasized the role of culture and social learning in childrens development

A

vygotsky

143
Q
A

Child devel. (13 decks)

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