Chapter 1 - Theories and Themes Flashcards
freud beleived that development proceeds best when childrens needs at each stage are what and what are consequences if this does not happen
met but not exceeded
-not met: will find it difficult to move on to the next stage
-exceeded (overindulged/spoil): see little need to progress to more advanced stages
what are environmental reactions
familys response to heredity conditions
what is body ego and when does it develop
a person’s sense of the self as an individual
-develops in early years during the process of closeness and separation between child and parent
what is psychic skin and what helps create this in a child
a person’s capacity for protecting their emotional states (holds sense of self together)
-nurturing child through physical and emotional care
what is neuropsychoanalysis
study of relationship between psychoanalytic theory and biological approaches in psychology
erik erikson believed that what 2 aspects of development are just as important as the bioligical and sexual aspects
psychological and social1
what is a psychodynamic theory and give an example
theories that are offshoots of freudian psychoanalysis
-Eriksons psychosociak theory
eriksons ideas about lifespan development were rooted in knowledge gained from where
first nations peoples in the US
define erikson psychosocial theory
development occurs in a sequence of stages defined by a unique crisis or social challenge
according to erikson, adolescents who do not meet the challenge of developing and identity will have difficulty with what and are at risk of what
-establishing truly intimate relationships
-risk becoming overly dependent on their partners as a source of identity
psychodynamic theorists emphasize that the journey to adulthood is full of what
obstacles
what is john lockes view on the infants mind
that is a blank slate on which experience writes
watsons extended the work of what theory in his learning theory
classical condition
-theory of associative learning
watson argued that learning is crucial factor in determining cours of a childs development abd behaviour and assumed what
with correct techniques, anything could be learned by almost anyone
how did watson demonstrated his learning theory
little alert experiment
-getting the baby to fear a rat by producing loud and frightening sound whenevr baby would reach for the rat
what is operant conditioning
behavioural theory about how the consequences of a behaviour can affect future occurence of that behaviour
in operant conditioning, describe a reinforcement consequence
increases reoccurrence of specific behaviour
-positive: giving a rewards
-negative: rewarding by taking away something unpleasant
describe punishemnt consequence in operant learning
decreases future likelihood of behaviour
-either by causing something unnpleasant to occur or by witholding pleasant event
what 2 things do not play a role in early behavioural theory
thinking or cognition
Bandura proposed that people can learn without what and with what other means
-without personal reinforcement
-through imitation or vicarious (observational) learning
children are more likely to imitate what type of person
someone who they admire in some way or when they want to fit into a particular group
describe the social cognitive theory
theory of personality that views the environemnt, behaviour and cognition as important in shaping development
what are the 2 beliefs of bandura in his social cognitive theory
-children are actively trying to understand their world
-other people are important sources of info about the world
bandura argued that experience gives a children a sense of what
self-efficacy
whether a child imitates another person depends on what 3 things
-their self efficacy,
-who the person is
-whether persons behaviour is rewarded
the cognitive developmental perspective focuses on what 2 things
-how children think
-how their thinking changes over time
piaget argued that children act like what
scientists in creating theories about the physical and social worlds they are trying to understan
what did jean piaget beliveve in relation to the cognitive developmental perspective
that children are naturally motivated to make sense of the physical and social world
according to piaget, at a few points in development children realize what and what happens
a theory cannot be revised
-when this happens, radical changes take place, theory is discarded and a completely new theory about the world develops
piaget claimed that radical revisions occur when
-about age 2
-age 7
-just before adolescence
what are the 4 distinct stages piaget theorized children go through in cognitive development and what do these stages represent
- sensorimotor
- peroperational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
represents fundamental change in how children understand and organize their experiences
what does the contextual perpective take into consideration
the people an individual is surrounded by and culture
since a fundamental aim of society is to enable chilren to acquire essential cultural values and skills, what did Vygotsky believe
every aspect of a childs development must be considered in cultural context
what is ecological theory
theory of development that views the child as embedded in a series of complex and interactive systems
Bronfenbrenners ecological theory divided the environment into what 5 levels
-microsystem
-mesosystem
-exosystem
-macrosystem
-chronosystem
what is the microsystem
consists of people and objects in an individuals immediate environement
-such as parents or siblings
how many microsystems does a person have
can have mroe then one, depedns on person
-example, daycare, family, extended family
what creates a mesosystem and what does this represent
connection/interaction of microsystems
-what happens in one can influence the others
the exosystem includes what
social settings that a person might not experience first hand but still influence development
what is the broadest envrionemtnal context in Bronfenbrenners ecological theory
macrosystem
the macrosystem includes what
subcultures and cultures in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded
what is the chronosystem
emphazises that development takes place over time and during certain ers
according to contextual theorists, what aspect of a childs life means the most to development
the environment
how is bronfenbrenners ecological theory limited
limited in its ability to capture the dynamics of an individual-group relations
-does not capture the capacity of for an individual to relate to others
because of Bronfenbrenners ecological theory, researchers have suggested adding what to concepts and why
-resilience and entrepreneurship
-place an emphasis on understanding a persons ability to cope with difficulties in life and shape their interactions with others
what controversy surrounfds Bronfenbrenners ecological theory and how
its ability or inability to help understand child development in Indigenous cultures
-inability to capture the impact of colonization
-fundamental difference from indigenous forms of theories of knowledge (theory separates individual from the natural world)
information processing theorists draw heavily on the example of how what works and why
computers
-just as computers consist of hardware and softwarem human cognition consisits of mental hardware and software
what are 3 newer approaches to child development
-information-processing
-evolutionary theory
-developmental psychopathology
mental hardware refers to what
cognitive structures including memories and where they are stored
mental software inclueds what
organized sets of cognitive processes that allow individuals to perform taksk
how is piagets theory of cognitive development different then information processing theory
piaget
-single, comphrensive theory (emphasized the whole of cognitive development)
-emphasized qualitative change in cognition (thinking remained in one stage for years and changed as moved to next)
IPT:
-represents a general approaches (emphazsies the parts of it)
-produce steady increase in skill (cognitive change is continuous and gradual, quantitative)
what muscles are in the thenar compartment of the hand
-abductor pollicis brevis
-flexor pollicis brevis
-opponens pollicis
what muscles are in the hypothenar compartment of the hand
-abductor digiti minimi
-flexor digiti minimi
-opponens digiti minimi
what muscle is in the adductor compartment of the hand
adductor pollicis
what muscle is in the central compartment of the hand
lumbricals
where are the interossei muscles of hand located
in seperate interossei compartments between the metacarpals
what 2 thenar muscles abduct
abductor pollicis longus and abductor pollicis brevis
what thenar muscle opposes
opponens pollicis
what 2 thenar muscles adduct
adductor pollilis and 1st dorsal interossei
what 3 thenar muscles extend
extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus
what 2 thenar muscles flex
flexor pollicis longus
flexor pollicis brevis
what thenar muscle opposes
opponens pollicis
bjorklund and pellegrini described what theory as an approach to unite various subfields within psychology
evolutionary theory
what is developmental psychopathology
theory of child development that tries to explain how abnormal development occurs
lumbricals 1 and 2 attachments
PROXIMAL
-lateral 2 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
DISTAL
-lateral sides of extensor expansions of digits 2-5
what muscle shape are lumbricals 1 and 2
unipennate
innervatino of lumbricals 1 and 2
median nerve
lumbrical 3 and 4 attachment
PROXIMAL
-medial 3 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
DISTAL
-lateral sides of extensor expansions of digits 2-5
innervation of lumbricals 3 and 4
ulnar nerve
what muscle shape are lumbricals 3 and 4
bipennate
2 actions of lumbricals
-flex ,metacarphophalangeal joints
-extend joints fo digits 2-5
dorsal interossei attachments
PROXIMAL
-adjacent sides of 2 metacarpals
DISTAL
-bases of proximal phalanges
-extensor exapnsions of digits 2-4
innervation of dorsa interossei
ulnar nerve
palmar interossei attachments
PROXIMAL
-palmar surfaces of digits 2, 4, and 5
DISTAL
-bases of proximal phalanges
-extensor expansions of digits 2, 4, and 5
muschle shape of dorsal and palmar interossei
dorsal: bipennate
palmar: unipennate
what is the passageway deep to the flexor retinaculum called
carpal tunnel
where is the carpel tunnel located
deep to the flexor reticanulum and between the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium on lateral side and the pisiform and hook of hamate on the medial side
what is the ulnar nerve reffered to as what and why
nerve for fine movements
-because it innervates muscles that are concerned with intricate hand movements
what type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint
plane synovial joint
what type of joint is the glenohumeral joint
ball and socket synovial joint
what type of joint is the elbow joint
hinge type synovial joint
what type of joint is the proximal and distal radioulnar joint
pivot type of synovial joint
what type of joint is the radiocarpal joint
condyloid synovial joint
articulation of radiocarpal joint
distal end of radius and articular disc with proximal row of carpal bones (except pisiform)
what is the radiocarpal joint capsule lined with
synovial membrane
what are the 2 ligaments that strengthen the radiocarpal fibrous capsule
posterior and anterior ligaments
-ulnar collateral ligament
-radial collateral ligament
what are the 5 movements of the radiocarpal joint
felxion
extension
adduction
abduction
circumduction
what type of joint are the intercapal joints
plane synovial joint
where are the 4 different articulations of the intercarpal joints
-between carpal bones of proximal row
-between carpal bones of distal row
-midcarpal joints: between proximal and distal row
-pisiform joint: between pisiform and triquetrum
what is the joint capsule of hte intercarpal joints lined by
synovial membrane
what ligaments unite the carpal bones
anterior, posterior and interosseous ligaments
what are the 3 actions of the intercarpal joints
-small amount of gliding
-flexion and abduction of hand at the midcarpal joints
what type of joint is carpometacarpal joints and intermetacarpal joints
plane synovial joint
-except for CMC joint (saddle-shaped synovial joint)
what are the articulations of the carpometacarpl joints
caprals with metacarpalas
-CMC joint of thumb between trapezium and base of 1st metacarpal
the joint capsule of the carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal joitns are lined by what
synovial membrane on the internal surfacr
the boens of the carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal joints are united by what ligaments
podsterior, anterior and interosseous ligaments
describe the movemnt allowed of each carpometacarpal joints
1st digit
-flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
2nd and 3rd digit
-almost no movement
4th digit
-slightly mobile
5th digit
-very mobile
what 2 ligemants limit flexion at the wrist and carpal joints
-posterior radiocarpal joint
-posterior part of joint capsule
what 3 structures limit extension at the wrist and carpal joints
-anterior radiocarpal ligament
-anterior part of joint capsule
-bony apposition between radisu and carpal bones
what 3 structures limit abduction of the wrist and carpal joints
-ulnar collateral ligament
-medial part of joint capsule
-bony apposition between styloid process of radius and scaphoid
what 2 structures limit adduction of the wrist and carpal joints
-radial collateral ligament
-lateral part of joint capsule
name of joint between proximal and distal row of carpal bone
midcarpal joint
what structure is between the distal radioulnar joint and the radiocarpal joint
and articular disc
what type of joint are the metacarpophalangeal joints
condyloid synovial joints
what is the articulation of the metcarpop0halangeal joints
heads of metacarpls with base of proximal phalanges
what encloses each joint of the metacarpophalangeal jionts and interphalangela joints and what is this structure lined by
fibrous layer of the joint
-internal surface lined by synovial membrane
what is attached to the phalanges and metacarpals in the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
strong palmar ligaments
what unites the joints of digits 2-5 by doing what
deep transverse ligemnts
-holding the heads of the metacarpal and heads of the phalanx joints together
what ligament passes from heads of metacarpals to bases of phalanges
collateral ligaments
what 5 movements do the metcarpophalangeal joints allow at the digits 2-5
flexion
extension
adduction
abduction
circumduction
what are the 4 movements the metacarpophalangeal joints allow at the 1st digit
flexion
extension
adduction and abdcution is limited
what type of joint are the interphalangela joints
hinge synovial joint
what is the articulation of the interphalangela joints
heads of phalanges with bases of more distally located phalangesbases
what 2 movement does the interphalangela joints allow
flexion and extention
what is the key assumptions of the biological perspective
development is determined primarily by biological forces
what perspective is the maturational theory
biological
what perspective is the ethological theory
biological
whats the key assumption of the psychodynamic perspective
development is determined primarily by how a child resolves conflict at different agesna
what perspective is freuds stages of psychosexual development
psychodynamic
what perspective is eriksons stages of psychosocial development
psychodynamic
what is the key assumption of the learning perspective
development is determined primarily by a childs environment
what perspective is skiiners operant condition
learning
what perspective is banduras social learning theory
learnin
what is the key assumption of the cognitive development perspective
development reflects childrens efforts to understand the world
what perspective is piagets stages of cognitive development
cognitive development
what is the key assumption of the contextual perspective
development is understoob by analogy to the workings of a computer, with mental hardware and software, as well as input and output processes
what is the key assumption of the evolutionary theory perspective
development is influenced by the process of evolution, which favours characteristics of children that have value to the survival of species
what is the key assumption of developmental psychopathology
development outcome is shaped by many different variables, including both biological genetic and envionrmental factors
what do psychologists today believe about piagets theory
that it doesn’t provide the
what is the active-passive child issue
are children
-simply at the mercy of the environment (passive)
or
-actively influence their own development through their unique individual charactersitics (active)
the passive view of a child corresponds to what theorists view on child development
Lockes: child as a blank slate on which experience writes
the active view of a child correpsonds with what theorists view on child development
Rousseaus: development as a natural unfolding that takes place within a child
highly defiant children might encourage parents to behave in what manner
more authoritarian
highly autoritarian parent might envourage a child to behave in what manner
defiance
describe the theme of continuity in development
early development is related to later development but not perfectly
describe the theme of nature and nurture of development
development is always jointly influenced by heredity and environment
describe the theme of active child in development
children help determine their own development
describe the theme of connections in developmen
development in different domains is connected
what theory/perspective takes the hardest line with respect to connectedness across diferent domains of development
piagets cognitive-development theory
what are the 5 traditional broad theortical perspectives
biological
psychodynamic
learning
cognitive-development
contextual
who started the first psychological lab in canada
James Mark Baldwin
in freuds psychodynamic theory, what was emphazied in development
the role of unconscious conflict
in freuds psychodynamic perspective waht 3 factors form the structure of personality
id, ego, and superego
how is the learning perspective different than psychodynamic perspective
focuses on observable behaviour rather than cognition or the unconscious
in piagets cognitive developmental perspective, development occurs via what
maturation and a combination of both qualitative and quantitative change
who proposed that development occurs in the context of interconnected systems
Bronfenbrenner
who emphasized the role of culture and social learning in childrens development
vygotsky
