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Child devel. > Chapter 4 - Prenatal Devel. and Birth > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Prenatal Devel. and Birth Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 stages of prenatal development

A

period of zygote, embryo, and fetus

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2
Q

how long does the period of the zygote begin and last

A

begins with fertilization and lasts about 2 weeks (when fertilized egg implants itself in wall of uterus)

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3
Q

what is a fertilized egg called

A

zygote

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4
Q

what is the period of zygote mainly characterized by

A

rapid growth through cell division

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5
Q

in zygote period, how often does cell division occur

A

every 12 hours

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6
Q

by the end of the first week, what happens to the zygote and what is next

A

recheas the uterus
-implantation

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7
Q

what is implantation, how long does it take and what does it trigger

A

burrowing of zygote into uterine wall and connects to the mothers blood vessel
-takes about a week
-triggers hormonal changes that prevent menstruation

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8
Q

what is the germ disc of a zygote

A

small cluster of cells near center that eventually develops into the baby

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9
Q

what is the layer of cells of the zygote closest to the uterus called

A

placenta

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10
Q

what marks the end of the period of the zygote

A

implantation and differentiation of cells

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11
Q

when does the period of the embryo begin and end

A

once zygote completely embeds istelf in uterine wall
-begins around 3rd week after conception and lasts until end of 8th week

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12
Q

what is the period of the embryo mainly characterized by

A

development of body structures and internal organ

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13
Q

what are the 3 layers that form in the embryo at the beginning of th eperiod and what will they become

A

-outer: ectoderm - hair, outer layer of skin and NS
-middle: mesoderm - msucles, bones, and circulatory system
-inner: endoderm - digestive system and lungs

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14
Q

in what period of prenatal development can you begin to see eyes, jaw, arm and legs

A

period of the embryo

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15
Q

where does the embryo rest inside the mother

A

amniotic sac

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16
Q

what is the purpose of amniotic fluid

A

to cushion embryo and maintain constant temperature

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17
Q

what allows nutrients, oxygen, vitamins, and waste products to be exchanged between mother and embryo

A

the villi from the umbilical blood vessels that lie close to the mothers blood vessel

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18
Q

what are the 2 important principles of grwoth in the period of the embryo

A

-cephalocaudal: growth from the top and extending downward
-proximodistal: growth from the center and extending outward

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19
Q

what is the longest phase of prenatal developmetn and how long does it last

A

period of the fetus
-from the ninth week after conception until birth

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20
Q

what is the period of the fetus mainly characterized by

A

child becomes much larger and its bodily systems begin to work

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21
Q

at what period of prenatal development can the mother start to feel the baby

A

period of the fetus

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22
Q

at 4 weeks after conception, during the fetus period, what main thing happens

A

-flat set of cells curls to form a tube
-at one end it swells to form brain
-rest forms spinal cord

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23
Q

describe the brain at the beginning of the fetus period

A

-has distinct structures and begun to regulate body functinoing
-all regions of brain grow especially cerebral cortex

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24
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

folded surface of the brain that regulates many important human behaviours

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25
Q

when do male embryos develop testes and females develop ovaries

A

near the end of the embryonic period

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26
Q

when do female fetuses develop a vagina and labia

A

thrid month

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27
Q

what secretes the hormone that causes cells to develop into a penis and scrotum and what happens if this hormone is not secreted

A

-testes
-will have female genitalia

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28
Q

when do eyebrows eyelashes and scalp hair emerge

A

in fift and sixth month

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29
Q

what is vernix

A

thick, greasy coating on skin that protects baby during gestation

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30
Q

what are the 3 general risk factors of prenatal development

A

nutrition, stress and a mothers age

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31
Q

most pregnant women need to increase their intake of calories by how much and why

A

10-20 precent
-to meet the needs of prenatal development

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32
Q

when does weight gain of th emotehr tend to be higher during pregnancy and why

A

second half of pregnancy
-as fetus grows

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33
Q

what are the 3 areas that cause a womens weight gain during pregnancy

A

-weight of baby, placenta and amniotic fluid
-increases in a womens fat stores
-increased volume of blood and size of her breasts and uterus

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34
Q

what 2 vitamins are important for a babys NS

A

-folic acid
-B vitamins

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35
Q

what are babies at risk for if mothers do not consume enough folic acid, describe this disorder

A

spina bifida
-embryos neural tube does not close properly during first month of pregancy
-neural tube develops into brain and spinal cord, result is permament damage to spinal cord and NS

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36
Q

wwhat are symptoms of spina bifida

A

many children need crutches, rbaces or wheelchairs

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37
Q

what happens to infant if pregnant women does not provide adequate nourishment

A

likely to be born prematurely and to be underweight

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38
Q

in prenatal development, when is the time of rapid brain growth

A

last few months of pregnancy

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39
Q

correlational studies show what about women who report greater stress during pregnancy

A

give birth early or have babies who weigh less than average

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40
Q

when is the optimal age for having a child

A

25 and 34

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41
Q

what is thalidomide

A

agent that disrupts normal prenatal development
-pregnant women were prescribed this to help them sleep and control symptoms of nausea

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42
Q

potential consequences for developing baby when pregnant mother has AIDS

A

-frequent infections
-neurological dirsorders
-death

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43
Q

potential consequences for developing baby when pregnant mother has cytomegalovirus

A

-deafness
-blindness
-abnormally small head
-cognitive delay

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44
Q

potential consequences for developing baby when pregnant mother has genital herpes

A

-encephalitis
-enlarged spleen
-improper blood clotting

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45
Q

potential consequences for developing baby when pregnant mother has rubella (german measles)

A

-cognitive delay
-damage to eyes, ears and heat

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46
Q

potential consequences for developing baby when pregnant mother has syphilis

A

damage to CNS, teet and bones

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47
Q

whcih diseases pass from mother through the placenta to attack embryo or fetus directly

A

-cytomegalovirus
-rubella
-syphylis
-AIDS

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48
Q

what diseases attack babies at birth and how

A

-AIDS
-genital herpes
-virus is present in the lining of the birth cana, baby is infected as it passes through to be born

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49
Q

what drug can cause deficits in intelligence, attention, and motor skills in prenatal baby

A

aspirin

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50
Q

when pregnant women consume alcohol what are the 4 possible damages ot baby

A

-fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
-cognitive deficits
-heart damage
-retarted growth

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51
Q

what drug causes lower birth weight and decreased msucle tone to baby when rpegnant women consume too mcuh

A

caffeine

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52
Q

what drug causes low birth weight and less motor control to baby when pregneant women consumes

A

marijuana

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53
Q

what drug causes retarted growth and possible cognitive impairments to baby when pregnant women consume

A

nicotine

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54
Q

prior to pregnancy, what can smoking result in

A

-lowered rate of fertilit
-infertility
-implantation in the fallopian tube rather than uterus (ectopic pregnancy)

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55
Q

smoking during rpegnancy is related to what 5 complications

A

-problems with placenta and premature membrane rupture
-low birth weight
-peterm birth
-cleft palate
-sudden infant death syndrome

56
Q

smoking after child is born can increase what 4 things

A

-child respiratory tract infection
-ear infection
-asthma
-sudden infant death synodrome

57
Q

what are 5 problems caused by fetal acholohol spectrum disroder

A

-usually grow more slowly than normal
-heart problems
-intellectual delay
-poor social judgement
-limited motor skills, language and motor coordination

58
Q

what are 4 physical characteristics of infant with fetal alcohol disorder

A

-small head
-thin upper lip
-short nose
-widely spaced eyes

59
Q

what are the most common environmental teratognes

A

chemicals associated with industrial waste

60
Q

potential consequences ond eveloping baby from led

A

cognitive delay

61
Q

potential consequences ond eveloping baby from mercury

A

-retarted growth
-cognitive delay
-cerebral palsy

62
Q

potential consequences ond eveloping baby from polychlorinated biphenyls

A

impaired memory and verbal skills

63
Q

potential consequences ond eveloping baby from x-rays

A

-retarded growth
-leukemia
-cognitive delay

64
Q

what were polychlorinated biphenyls used in

A

paints and electrical transformers

65
Q

what environemtnal hazard substance has the most effect on cognitive and behavioural functioning of new borns

A

heavily chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls

66
Q

what is bisphenol A often used in and what can this cause for babies

A

plastics such as baby bottles and water bottles
-hormonal functioning
-linked to agression and other behaviorual problems in girls exposed during gestation

67
Q

what are 4 thigns pregnant women should try to do when it comes to eating

A

-clean foods thoroughly to rid them of insecticides
-avoid convenience foods that contain additives
-stay away from air contaminated by household products (cleaners, fertilizers)
-try not to handle cats and kitty-litter boxes

68
Q

why should pregnant women try not to handle cats

A

they can spread toxoplasmosis
-disease harmful to developing babies

69
Q

what does the impact of teratogen depend on

A

genotype of the child

70
Q

what was the difference between pregnant women and rats and rabbits they took thalidomide

A

-women: gave birth to children with deformed limbs
-rats: offspring had normal limbs

71
Q

during the period of zygtoe exposure to teratogens usually results in what

A

spontaneous abortion of the fertilized egg

72
Q

during the period of embryo exposure to teratogens usually results in what

A

major defects in body structure

73
Q

what happens to babies when pregnant women contract rubella during the embryonic period

A

heart defects

74
Q

during the period of fetus exposure to teratogens usually results in what

A

minor defects in body structures or cause body systems to function improperly

75
Q

what happens to baby when pregnant women drink alcohol during fetal period

A

fetus develops fewer brain cells

76
Q

what are 5 effects on baby when mom uses cocaine while pregnant

A

-impact on language skills
-neurobiological development
-cognitive functioning
-behavioural regualtion difficulties
-increased risk for mental health difficulties

77
Q

when is the heart of baby most sensitive to teratogens

A

during first 2-3 of the embryonic peiord

78
Q

what did pregnant women take the drug diethylstibestrol for and what effect did this have ont heir babies

A

to rpevent miscarriages
-appeared normal at birth
-as adults, girls more likely to ahve rare cancer of vagina and difficulty becoming pregnant
-sons can be less fertile and at risk for cancer of th etestes

79
Q

when can ultrasounds be used to see baby

A

four or five weeks after concepition

80
Q

when can you see gender of baby in ultrasound

A

16 to 20 weeks after conception

81
Q

what is amniocentesis

A

medical procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is taken and tested for genetic disorders

82
Q

what is chorionic villus sampling

A

medical procedure in which a sample of placental cells is taken and tested for genetic disordes

83
Q

what method to see if baby has any disorders is often preferred

A

chorionic villus sampling
-can be done about 8 weeks after concpetion (2 motnhs earlier than amniocentesis)

84
Q

what is one price of amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling

A

miscarriages are slighlty mroe likely after

85
Q

some cases of spina bifida have beend corrected in what way

A

fetal sugery in 7 to 9 month of pregnancy
-cut through abdominal wall and repair spinal cord and put baby back

86
Q

how is endoscopic procedures perfored

A

through small cuts in the mothers abdmone, which a camera is insrterd and surgery is performed

87
Q

out of open fetal surgery and endoscopic preocedures, which one is thought ot have fewer complications

A

open fetal surgery

88
Q

how long do newborns sleep daily, and how could this cause problems for paretns

A

16-18h
-newborns sleep in naps, go through cycle of being awake for around an hour and sleep for 3

89
Q

when do most babies begin to sleep through the night

A

around 3 or 4 months

90
Q

what stage of sleep do newborns spend about half in and describe how babies act during it

A

REM
-rapid eye movement sleep

91
Q

when does REM sleep become less frequent for newborns

A

as infant grows
-by 4 months only 40% in REM
-by 1 year REM drops to 25%
-average adult REm is 20%

92
Q

in regular sleep (non-REM) how do newborns act

A

breathing, heart rate and brian activity are steady
-lie quietly without twwitching like in RE,

93
Q

what do we know about REM and what do we believe about it

A

know
-its associated with increased production of proteins and stimulation of learning and memory in the brain
believe
-stimulates brain in some way that helps foster growth in the nervous system

94
Q

in general, in 4 ways how is sleep important related to infants

A

-learning in infacncy due to its ability to facilitate neural maturation
-consolidate memory for events that happened during periods of wakefulness
-help infants process snesory stimuli and relationships in environment
-connected to immune function as well as other regulatory systems in body

95
Q

what is sudden infant death syndrome

A

crib death
-a healthy baby suddenly and unexpectedly dies, for no apparent reason

96
Q

what is the most common cause of postneonatal death

A

sudden infant death syndrome

97
Q

what are 5 contributing factors to sudden infant death syndrome

A

-born prematurely
-born with low birth weight
-if parents smoke cigarettes
-when baby sleeps on stomach
-winter, when baby become overheated from too many blankets

98
Q

what are 5 signs of postpartum depression

A

-feelings of low self-worth
-disturbed sleep
-poor appetite
-apathy
-might not touch, cuddle or talk to their babies much

98
Q

what may reduce risk of sudden infant death syndrome

A

sleeping with a pacifier

99
Q

what biology thing contributes to placing women at risk postpartum depression

A

high levels of hormones during later phases of pregnancy

100
Q

if postpartum depression lasts for months and month, what effect does this have on the baby

A

they are more likely to become depressed themselves and are also at risk for other behavioural problems

101
Q

when does labour begin

A

when the muscles of the uterus start to contract, forcing amniotic fluid against the opening at the bottom of the uterus

102
Q

wave like motion of the amniotic fluid with each contraction causes what

A

the cervix to enlarge gradually

103
Q

what are the contractions like in early and end phase of stage 1

A

-weak and spaced irregularly
-stronger and occur at regular interval

104
Q

by the end of stage 1, what size is the cervix

A

7-8 cm in diameter

105
Q

women report what stage to be the most painful part about labour and why

A

transition phase of stage 1
-contractions are intense and sometimes occur without interruption

106
Q

at the end of the transition stage of labour, what size is the cervix

A

10cm

107
Q

how long does stage 1 of labout typically last

A

12-24h

108
Q

when does the second satge of labour begin

A

when the cervix is fully dialted

109
Q

what is breech presentation

A

when baby comes out feet first or bottom firts
-small percentage

110
Q

what have some researchers found about babies born as breech presentation

A

have normal neuromotor development
-may actually experience a roomier environment in utero than fetuses developing head down

111
Q

what marks the end of the second stage of labour

A

birth of baby

112
Q

what is the third stage of labour and how long does it last

A

afterbirt, placenta is expelles from the uterus
-10 -15 min

113
Q

what is a doula

A

person who provides professional support and education about birth but does not provide medical intervention

114
Q

why are natural methods of dealing with pain during birth emphasized over medication

A

when anaesthetized cant use abdomnial msucles to help psuh the baby through birth canal

115
Q

what are the 3 ways childbirth classes teach to counteract labour pain without drugs

A

-deep breathing
-visual imagery
-involve a supportive coach

116
Q

who experiences the most amount of birth related fear

A

women over 40

117
Q

what is anoxia

A

complete lack of oxygen

118
Q

what can cause anoxia in babies in uterus

A

sometimes during labour and delivery because umbilical cord is pinched or squeezed shut, cutting off flow of blood
or
placenta abruptionL occurs when placenta beocmes detached from wall of uterus, severing connection to mothers blood supply

119
Q

what are 2 thigns anoxia can lead to in babies

A

-cognitive delay
-death

120
Q

what is reduced oxygen supply called

A

hypoxia

121
Q

when are infants normally born and when are premautre infants bron

A

normal: 38 weeks
not: less than 38 weeks

122
Q

out of premature and low weigh t, which is the less serious one

A

prematurity

123
Q

at what age do premature ifnants start to develop normally

A

by age 2 oor 3

124
Q

what is one of the greatest challneges for premature infants

A

damage to or underdevelopment of the cerebellum of rbain
-can result in later deficits in aspects of cognition, behaviour, and socializatoin

125
Q

small for date babies are msot often born to women who what

A

smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol frequently during pregnancy or who not eat enough nutritious foods

126
Q

at what weight do babies usually not survive and what happens if they do

A

1500
-delayed in cognitive and motor development

127
Q

babies low birth weight are typically how many grams

A

2500

128
Q

in the apgar score, what are the 5 vital signs health professionals look for

A

breathing, heartbeat. muscle tone, presence of reeflexes, skin tone

129
Q

what do the scores mean in the apgar score

A

7 or more - good physical condiiton
4 to 6 - need special attentiona nd care
3 or less - life threatenening situation

130
Q

what is the purpose of the neonatal behavioural assessment

A

evaluates broad range of newborn abilities and behaviours that the infant needs to adjust to life outside the uterus

131
Q

newborns spend most of their day alternating between whay 4 stages

A

-alert inactivity (calm and eyes open)
-waking activity (eyes open unfocused)
-crying
-sleeping

132
Q

describe a basic baby cry

A

starts softly then gradually becomes more intensen

133
Q

babies basic cry usually when

A

when hungry or tired

134
Q

describe a mad cry

A

more intense verios of basic cry

135
Q

descibe a pain cry

A

begins with a sudden long burst of crying, followed by a long pause and gasping

Child devel. (13 decks)

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