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Child devel. > Chapter 3 - Genetic Bases of Child Devel. > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Genetic Bases of Child Devel. Flashcards

1
Q

gametes are created through what process

A

meiosis

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2
Q

for boys, when does the process of meiosis begin and end

A

in puberty and continues throughout the lifespan

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3
Q

for girls when does meiosis occur

A

during babies gestation, with all eggs being present in her at birth

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4
Q

how many eggs does one meiotic division in girls produce

A

one viable egg and 3 that die off immediately

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5
Q

how many sperm does each meiotic division in boys make

A

4

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6
Q

bodily cells other than gametes are produced through what

A

mitosis

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7
Q

The refferd to louise Brown as what and why

A

test-tube baby
-first person to be born after being conceived in a lab

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8
Q

what is ectogenesis

A

fertilizing an egg outside the uterus

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9
Q

what is the best known technique of having a baby for those who are unable

A

in vitro fertilization
-artificial form of egg fertilixation in which egg and sperm are united in a laboratory dish

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10
Q

techinically, how many parents can one baby have

A

5
-sperm donor
-egg donor
-surrogate
-parents who raise the child

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11
Q

What rules have the 2004 canadian assitsted human reproduction act set

A

-people may not pay for gametes or surrogacy services
-surrogate mothers cannot be under age of 21

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12
Q

about what percentage of in vitro fertilization succeed, and when it does, what likelihood becomes higher

A

20
-having twins or triplets

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13
Q

resulting 23 pairs of chromosmes after fertilization defines what in a child

A

their genotype - complete inherited biological makeup

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14
Q

the first 22 pairs of chromosmes in a normal human cell are called what and describe the size

A

autosomes and are about the same size

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15
Q

what is the 23rd pair fo chromosome in a human cell and describe the size

A

Sex chromosomes
-defines the sex of the child
-for boys on chromosome is much larger than the other
-larger=X
-smaller=Y

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16
Q

an egg and sperm contain what sex chromosomes

A

-egg always contains an X
-sperm can contain either

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17
Q

what gamete is the sex of a child determined by

A

sperm

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18
Q

what is phenotype

A

a persons genotype plus all other environemntal influences that make up that person physical behavioural, psychological charactersitics

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19
Q

eye colour is determined by a persons what

A

genotype

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20
Q

a persons total facial appearance is part of a persons what

A

phenotype

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21
Q

in sickkle cell disease, describe the genes of the child

A

2 alleles are present on chromosome 11
-homozygous: both alleles for sickle shaped red blood cells
-heterozygous: one for normal and other for sickle shaped

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22
Q

what is single nucleotide polymorphism

A

a change in the expected nucleotide base at a particualr location within a strand o DNA

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23
Q

is sickle shaped cells a recessive or dominant allele

A

dominant

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24
Q

what is one reason as to why groups of people might share physical and other genetic traits and what does it mean

A

endogamy
-preference for mating with people from ones own social or cultural group

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25
Q

what is clinical variation

A

continuous genetic variation observed between geographic regions

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26
Q

sickle cell disease primarly affects people of what heritage

A

african

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27
Q

what is a unique benefit of sickle cell

A

resistant to malaria (transmitted by mosquitose)

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28
Q

why are people from african heritage more have the highest likelihood of having sickle cell disease

A

those with sickle cell alleles are less likely to die from malaria, which is a disease common in warm climates passed down by mosquitos, so it was probably passed down to next generation

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29
Q

what is polygenic inheritance

A

contribution of many genes to a persons phenotypic expression

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30
Q

why cant we usually trace the contribution of each gene directly

A

because so many genes are involved in polygenic inheritance

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31
Q

what distribution characterizes many behavioural and psychological traits

A

bell shaped distribution

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32
Q

over history of behavioural genetic research, dozen findings indicated what about siblings cognitive and social development, and what do these findings point to the importance of

A

they are not very much alike
-nonshared environemntal influences

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33
Q

what are the 2 reasons why researchers have had difficulty sorting out the objective effects of prenatal maternal stress on infant development

A

-peoples subjective reactions to stress vary
-mothers may genetically transmit characteristics of themoerament to their developing child

34
Q

in a study where they examined the impact of pregnant womens experience of stress on their infants later development what results did they find

A

-a major stressful event can negatively affect the language and cognitive development of an unborn child
-severity and timing of the stressor can affect infant tempreamnet, physical development, behavioural and emotional functionint

35
Q

which one is dominant and recessive, curly and straight hair

A

D: curly
r: straight

36
Q

which one is dominant and recessive normal hair or pattern baldness

A

d: normal
r: baldness

37
Q

which one is dominant and recessive dark or blond hair

A

d - dark
r - blond

38
Q

which one is dominant and recessive thick or thin

A

d - thick
r - thin

39
Q

which one is dominant and recessive

A

d - thick
r - thin

40
Q

which one is dominant and recessive no dimples or dimples

A

d - dimples
r - none

41
Q

which one is dominant and recessive normal hearing or some type of deafness

A

d - normal
r - deafness

42
Q

which one is dominant and recessive normal vision or nearsightedness

A

d - normal
r - not

43
Q

which one is dominant and recessive normal vision or farsightedness

A

d - far
r - normal

44
Q

which one is dominant and recessive red-green colour blindness or normal colour visiond

A

d - normal
r - blindness

45
Q

which one is dominant and recessive type a or type o blood

A

d - a
r - o

46
Q

which one is dominant and recessive type b or o blood

A

d - b
r - o

47
Q

which one is dominant and recessive rh-positive or negative blood

A

d - positive
r - negative

48
Q

what are the 2 ways genetics can derail development

A

-disorder inherited
-eggs or sperm do not have 23 chromosomes

49
Q

sickle cell disease affects people who inherit what allelles

A

2 recessive
-homozygous

50
Q

describe albinism

A

-skin lack melanin causes
-visual problems
-extreme sensitivity to light

51
Q

describe cystic fibrosis

A

excess mucus clogs respiratory and digestive tracts
-lung infections are common

52
Q

desribce phenylketonuria

A

phenylalanine, an amino acid, accumulates in the body
-damages NS causing cognitive delay

53
Q

describe Tay-Sachs disease

A

NS degenerates in infancy causing
-deafness
-blindness
-cognitive delay
-during preschool years, death

54
Q

what common disorder associated with recessive alleles is frequent in 1 in 15 000 births

A

albinism

55
Q

what common disorder associated with recessive alleles is frequent in 1 in 3000 births among european americans, less common in africana nd asian americans

A

cystic fibrosis

56
Q

what common disorder associated with recessive alleles is frequent in 1 in 10000 births

A

phenylketonuria

57
Q

what common disorder associated with recessive alleles is frequent in 1 in 2500 births among jews of european descent

A

Tay-Sachs disease

58
Q

why are relatively few serious disorders caused by dominant alleles

A

every person with at least one of these alleles would have disorder and individuals affected might not live long enough to reproduce

59
Q

what serious disorder is caused by dominant alleles on what chromosome and describe it

A

Huntingtons disease
-progressive degeneration of NS
-chromosome 4
-typically develop normally until middle age then cells begin to deterioate

60
Q

what are 3 symptoms of huntingtons disease

A

-muscle spasms
-depression
-significant changes in personality

61
Q

why is Huntingtons disease one of the few serious disorders caused by dominant alleles

A

symptoms of huntingtons disease often appear after affected adults have produced children, many of whom go on to develop the disease themselves

62
Q

what is dow syndrome caused by

A

genetic disroder caused by an extra 21st chromosome

63
Q

what are 4 symptoms of down syndrome

A

-cognitive delay
-almond-shaped eyes
-fold over eyelid
-other developmental challenges

64
Q

in children with down syndrome, what parts of their body are usually smaller than normal

A

head, neack and nose

65
Q

why is parenting a child with down syndrome challenging

A

in part because thier development in terms of typical milestones can be delayed

66
Q

the extra chromosome in individuals with down syndrome is usuallly provided by what gamete and why

A

egg
-reason is unknown

67
Q

likelihood of women giving birth to a child with down syndrome in her late 20s and early 40s

A

20 - 1 in 1000
40 - 1 in 50

68
Q

what is a possible reason as to why the older a women is, the higher the chance of giving birth to a child with down syndrome

A

since eggs have been in ovaries since prenatal dvelopment, eggs migth deterioate over time as part of aging or longer history of exposure to hazards in the environement

69
Q

what are 4 of the most frequent disroders associated with atypical numbrs of X and Y chromosomes in order starting with most frequent

A

-klinefelters syndrome
-XYY complement
-Turners syndrome
-XXX syndrome

70
Q

whcih are more frequent, PKU and huntington diseases or abnormal sex chromosomes

A

sex chromosomes

71
Q

chromome s of Klinefelters syndrome and characteristics

A

XXY
-tall
-small testicles
-sterile
-below normal intelligence
-passive

72
Q

XXY complement characteristics

A

-tall
-some cases have belo normal intelligence

73
Q

chromosome of turners syndrome and characterisitcs

A

X
-short
-limited development of sexondary sex characteristics
-problem perciving spatial

74
Q

characteristics of XXX syndrome

A

-normal stature (height) but delayed motor and language development

75
Q

how do genes cause behaviour

A

indirectly
-by making behaviours more or less likely

76
Q

what is genetic reductionism

A

reducing the cause of environmental conditions and behaviours exclusively to genes

77
Q

what causes phenylketonuria

A

msising an enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine
-when this accumulates, damages the NS and leads to cognitive delay

78
Q

why are there warnings on product that contains phenylanine like diet pop

A

researchers have found that children with phenylketonuria who are not exposed to phenylalanine will have normal intelligence

79
Q

what is reaction range

A

extent to which full genetic expression can occur, based on the limits imposed by the environment

80
Q

describe passive-gene environment relation

A

parents pass on genotypes tot heir children and provide much of the early environemnt for their young children
-children are passive recipients of heredity and environment

81
Q

describe evocative gene-environment relation

A

relationship between heredity and environment in which different genotypes evoke different responses from the environment
-a childs genotype evokes people to respond differently to the child

82
Q
A

Child devel. (13 decks)

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