Chapter 3 - Genetic Bases of Child Devel. Flashcards
gametes are created through what process
meiosis
for boys, when does the process of meiosis begin and end
in puberty and continues throughout the lifespan
for girls when does meiosis occur
during babies gestation, with all eggs being present in her at birth
how many eggs does one meiotic division in girls produce
one viable egg and 3 that die off immediately
how many sperm does each meiotic division in boys make
4
bodily cells other than gametes are produced through what
mitosis
The refferd to louise Brown as what and why
test-tube baby
-first person to be born after being conceived in a lab
what is ectogenesis
fertilizing an egg outside the uterus
what is the best known technique of having a baby for those who are unable
in vitro fertilization
-artificial form of egg fertilixation in which egg and sperm are united in a laboratory dish
techinically, how many parents can one baby have
5
-sperm donor
-egg donor
-surrogate
-parents who raise the child
What rules have the 2004 canadian assitsted human reproduction act set
-people may not pay for gametes or surrogacy services
-surrogate mothers cannot be under age of 21
about what percentage of in vitro fertilization succeed, and when it does, what likelihood becomes higher
20
-having twins or triplets
resulting 23 pairs of chromosmes after fertilization defines what in a child
their genotype - complete inherited biological makeup
the first 22 pairs of chromosmes in a normal human cell are called what and describe the size
autosomes and are about the same size
what is the 23rd pair fo chromosome in a human cell and describe the size
Sex chromosomes
-defines the sex of the child
-for boys on chromosome is much larger than the other
-larger=X
-smaller=Y
an egg and sperm contain what sex chromosomes
-egg always contains an X
-sperm can contain either
what gamete is the sex of a child determined by
sperm
what is phenotype
a persons genotype plus all other environemntal influences that make up that person physical behavioural, psychological charactersitics
eye colour is determined by a persons what
genotype
a persons total facial appearance is part of a persons what
phenotype
in sickkle cell disease, describe the genes of the child
2 alleles are present on chromosome 11
-homozygous: both alleles for sickle shaped red blood cells
-heterozygous: one for normal and other for sickle shaped
what is single nucleotide polymorphism
a change in the expected nucleotide base at a particualr location within a strand o DNA
is sickle shaped cells a recessive or dominant allele
dominant
what is one reason as to why groups of people might share physical and other genetic traits and what does it mean
endogamy
-preference for mating with people from ones own social or cultural group
what is clinical variation
continuous genetic variation observed between geographic regions
sickle cell disease primarly affects people of what heritage
african
what is a unique benefit of sickle cell
resistant to malaria (transmitted by mosquitose)
why are people from african heritage more have the highest likelihood of having sickle cell disease
those with sickle cell alleles are less likely to die from malaria, which is a disease common in warm climates passed down by mosquitos, so it was probably passed down to next generation
what is polygenic inheritance
contribution of many genes to a persons phenotypic expression
why cant we usually trace the contribution of each gene directly
because so many genes are involved in polygenic inheritance
what distribution characterizes many behavioural and psychological traits
bell shaped distribution
over history of behavioural genetic research, dozen findings indicated what about siblings cognitive and social development, and what do these findings point to the importance of
they are not very much alike
-nonshared environemntal influences
what are the 2 reasons why researchers have had difficulty sorting out the objective effects of prenatal maternal stress on infant development
-peoples subjective reactions to stress vary
-mothers may genetically transmit characteristics of themoerament to their developing child
in a study where they examined the impact of pregnant womens experience of stress on their infants later development what results did they find
-a major stressful event can negatively affect the language and cognitive development of an unborn child
-severity and timing of the stressor can affect infant tempreamnet, physical development, behavioural and emotional functionint
which one is dominant and recessive, curly and straight hair
D: curly
r: straight
which one is dominant and recessive normal hair or pattern baldness
d: normal
r: baldness
which one is dominant and recessive dark or blond hair
d - dark
r - blond
which one is dominant and recessive thick or thin
d - thick
r - thin
which one is dominant and recessive
d - thick
r - thin
which one is dominant and recessive no dimples or dimples
d - dimples
r - none
which one is dominant and recessive normal hearing or some type of deafness
d - normal
r - deafness
which one is dominant and recessive normal vision or nearsightedness
d - normal
r - not
which one is dominant and recessive normal vision or farsightedness
d - far
r - normal
which one is dominant and recessive red-green colour blindness or normal colour visiond
d - normal
r - blindness
which one is dominant and recessive type a or type o blood
d - a
r - o
which one is dominant and recessive type b or o blood
d - b
r - o
which one is dominant and recessive rh-positive or negative blood
d - positive
r - negative
what are the 2 ways genetics can derail development
-disorder inherited
-eggs or sperm do not have 23 chromosomes
sickle cell disease affects people who inherit what allelles
2 recessive
-homozygous
describe albinism
-skin lack melanin causes
-visual problems
-extreme sensitivity to light
describe cystic fibrosis
excess mucus clogs respiratory and digestive tracts
-lung infections are common
desribce phenylketonuria
phenylalanine, an amino acid, accumulates in the body
-damages NS causing cognitive delay
describe Tay-Sachs disease
NS degenerates in infancy causing
-deafness
-blindness
-cognitive delay
-during preschool years, death
what common disorder associated with recessive alleles is frequent in 1 in 15 000 births
albinism
what common disorder associated with recessive alleles is frequent in 1 in 3000 births among european americans, less common in africana nd asian americans
cystic fibrosis
what common disorder associated with recessive alleles is frequent in 1 in 10000 births
phenylketonuria
what common disorder associated with recessive alleles is frequent in 1 in 2500 births among jews of european descent
Tay-Sachs disease
why are relatively few serious disorders caused by dominant alleles
every person with at least one of these alleles would have disorder and individuals affected might not live long enough to reproduce
what serious disorder is caused by dominant alleles on what chromosome and describe it
Huntingtons disease
-progressive degeneration of NS
-chromosome 4
-typically develop normally until middle age then cells begin to deterioate
what are 3 symptoms of huntingtons disease
-muscle spasms
-depression
-significant changes in personality
why is Huntingtons disease one of the few serious disorders caused by dominant alleles
symptoms of huntingtons disease often appear after affected adults have produced children, many of whom go on to develop the disease themselves
what is dow syndrome caused by
genetic disroder caused by an extra 21st chromosome
what are 4 symptoms of down syndrome
-cognitive delay
-almond-shaped eyes
-fold over eyelid
-other developmental challenges
in children with down syndrome, what parts of their body are usually smaller than normal
head, neack and nose
why is parenting a child with down syndrome challenging
in part because thier development in terms of typical milestones can be delayed
the extra chromosome in individuals with down syndrome is usuallly provided by what gamete and why
egg
-reason is unknown
likelihood of women giving birth to a child with down syndrome in her late 20s and early 40s
20 - 1 in 1000
40 - 1 in 50
what is a possible reason as to why the older a women is, the higher the chance of giving birth to a child with down syndrome
since eggs have been in ovaries since prenatal dvelopment, eggs migth deterioate over time as part of aging or longer history of exposure to hazards in the environement
what are 4 of the most frequent disroders associated with atypical numbrs of X and Y chromosomes in order starting with most frequent
-klinefelters syndrome
-XYY complement
-Turners syndrome
-XXX syndrome
whcih are more frequent, PKU and huntington diseases or abnormal sex chromosomes
sex chromosomes
chromome s of Klinefelters syndrome and characteristics
XXY
-tall
-small testicles
-sterile
-below normal intelligence
-passive
XXY complement characteristics
-tall
-some cases have belo normal intelligence
chromosome of turners syndrome and characterisitcs
X
-short
-limited development of sexondary sex characteristics
-problem perciving spatial
characteristics of XXX syndrome
-normal stature (height) but delayed motor and language development
how do genes cause behaviour
indirectly
-by making behaviours more or less likely
what is genetic reductionism
reducing the cause of environmental conditions and behaviours exclusively to genes
what causes phenylketonuria
msising an enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine
-when this accumulates, damages the NS and leads to cognitive delay
why are there warnings on product that contains phenylanine like diet pop
researchers have found that children with phenylketonuria who are not exposed to phenylalanine will have normal intelligence
what is reaction range
extent to which full genetic expression can occur, based on the limits imposed by the environment
describe passive-gene environment relation
parents pass on genotypes tot heir children and provide much of the early environemnt for their young children
-children are passive recipients of heredity and environment
describe evocative gene-environment relation
relationship between heredity and environment in which different genotypes evoke different responses from the environment
-a childs genotype evokes people to respond differently to the child
