Chapter 7 - Social and Emotional Devel. Flashcards
each basic emotion consists of what 3 elements
subjective feeling
psychological change
overt behaviour
pride, guilt and embarrassment is what type of emotion
complex
whats the difference between complex and basic emotions
complex emotions have an evaluative component to them
-also not expressed the same way in all cultures
in children and adults, what happens in brian when happy
left frontal cortex of brian tends to have more electrical acitivty then the right frontal cortex
by 5 to 6 months, infants facial expressions change in what way
predictably and meaningdully in response to events
when are facial expressinos fairly reliable indicators of an infants emotional state
middle of first year
what are social smiles and when does this start to occur
smiling in response to seeing another human face
-2 months
at about 4 months, smiling is joined by what whne parents are clowning
laughter
at 4 months, infants primarily laugh at what
novelty, social context and salience of others emotions
between 5 and 8 months, infants are more what when it comes to laughter
able to independently figure out what kinds of things are funny
earliest development of possitve feeligns are linked to what
physical states, such as feeling full or being tickled
when children become angry when their attempts to achieve a goal are not met, this reflects their growing understanding of what
goal directed behaviour
when do the first disntinct signs of fear emerge
6 months, become wary in the presence of unfamiliar adults
infants tend to be less fearful of strangers when what
environment is familiar
amount of infant anxiety depends on what when it comes to baby interacting with stranger
the strangers behaviour
-should talk to parent first for a bit instead of rushing toward baby
-offer a toy mayb
-will make baby curious about stranger instead of fearful
stranger wariness relates to what concept in child development
attachment
stranger anxiety is adpative because what
emerges at same time that children begin to master creepign and crawling
-provides a natural restraint against tendency to wander away from familiar caregivers
when does wariness of strangers gradually decline and why
during second year
-learn to interpret facial expressions and become better at recognizing when a stranger is friendly
when do complex emotions emerge
18 to 24 months, after basic emotions
what do complex emotions depend on
childs reflexive understanding of the self
basic emotions are more what based compared to complex emotions
biologically based
by 6 or 7 months children begin to distinguish what when it comes to emotions
that different facial expressions
are associated with different emotions
what gender is more accurate at recognixing adults facial expressions of emotions
baby girls
infants often match their own emotions to what
other peoples emotions
infants look longer at happy and angry faces when what
happy - hear happy sounding talk
angrt - hear angry soundgin talk
babies have difficulty matching what when it comes to emotions
the correct emotion to the correct situation
a baby would study an expression of sadness over hapiness true or false
false
what is social referencing
looking at a trusted caregiver for clues about how to react to a situation
when parents looked afraid, what emotions would a child show
afraid as well
when infants saw an adult express happiness when looking inside one box but disgust when looking inside another, which box would the infant be more likley to loo inside
the box of hapiness
what 2 things provide infants with enough info to decide whether they want to explore an unfimiliar object
facial or vocal expressions
infants form expectations of other people based onw hat
how those people have responded to them in previous situations
the more infants understand about causal relations between events in the world the more they will what
socially reference adults reactions to those events
children who grow up with poor caregiver models of emotion and behaviour regulation could be at risk for wha
themselves developing poort strategies for emotion and behaviour regulation
when something frightens or confuses and infant they will often what to regulate their emotions
look away, move closer to parent
how do infants typically respond to frustration
by scanning their environemnt and less frequently physical acting out
infants who are more easily frustrated demonstrate what 2 things
less adaptive responding
-more likly to kick or bang thigns
less easily distracted compred to those who are less easily frustrated
when does emotional regulation being
in infancy
emotion regulation appears to be mediated by what areas of the brain
prefrontal cortex in frontal lobe
-exert control over other areas of the brain
areas of the frontal lobe in children who tend to internalize emotions are
typically more sensitive to anxiety then brains of children who externalize emotion
impact of genetic presdisposition when it comes to emotional regulation appears to be greater when what
occurs in a context of insensitive parenting, abusive or neglectful environments or otehr engative family contexts
when it comes to emotions, research points to evidence of a relatinship between marital conflict and what
infant emotional withdrawl
according ot bowlby, chidlren who form an attachment to an adult are more likely to what
survive
if by 3 months of age a mother does not interact with her alert baby what happens
baby becomes moderatly distressed, looking away from her and sometimes crying
how does an infant formign an attachment with a caregiver show important cognitive growth
means infant has a mental representation fo the mother, and understanding that she will be there to meet infants needs
what is an internal working model
set of expectations about parents availability and responsivitiy generally and in times of stress
when fathers engage in physical active play with babies, they have an impact on what and why
childrens ability ot regulate emotion
-physically active play often exposes children to intense emotional experiences
moderate amounts of physically active play are associated with what but too much or too little is associated with what and is especially true for whay kind of children
positive outcomes in terms of emotional regulation
-not well balanced; worse outcomes
-those are ten to be more emotionally reactive to situations
given opportunitiy to play with mother or fathers who do children chose
fathers
when children are distressed what parent do they seek
mother
fathers who could identify the smell of thier children showed what
more attachment and affection toward their childre
-fewe ignoring behaviours in comparison to those who could not
mothers recognition fo their childrens smell was related to wha
-tendency to use less physical punishement
what is the strange situation and describe
procedure that investigates attachment relationships
-series of episodes
-mother and infant enter room filled with toys
-mother leaves then mother and baby are reunited
-experimenter observes babies reaction of infant on seperation and reunion
what is secure attachment
-baby might or might not cry when mother leaves
-when she returns baby wants to be with her and if it is crying it will stop
what is avoidant attachment
-baby is not upset when mother leaves
-when returns, might ignore her by looking or turning away
what is resistant attachment
-baby upset when mother leaves
-when returns, remains upset or even angry and is difficult to consult
what is diorganized (disoriented attachemnt)
-baby seems confused when mother leaves
-when returns does not seem to understand whats happening
what is the most common form of attachment
secure attachement
early maternal child attachment is related to what
later peer relationships, particularly in terms of clsoe peer relationships in middle childhood
findings about infant father attachements were what
inconclusive
children coming from families where parents have a stable marital relationship tend to be what
more likely to have secure attachment
infants who experience the trust and compassino of a secure attachement should develop into preschool children who what
interact confidently and successfully with their peers
infants who do not experience a successful satisfying first relationship should be more prone to what
problems in their social itneractoins as preschoolers
children with secure attachment relationship have higher-qaulity what and fewer what than children with insecrure attachment relationships
friendships
conflicts in their friendships
school age children are less likely to have behaviour problems if they ahve waht and are moer likley to if they have what
-secure attachment relationships
-insecure
securely attached children tend to have superior what compared to insecurely attached children
understanding of emotions
regulate emotions
more emotional expressiveness
attachement quality is posited to affec what when it comes to the brain
basic neural systems and brain development
a secure attachemnt is most likely to happen when parents do what
respond to infants predictably and appropriately
infants were more likely to have a secure attachment relationship at 12 months when their parents were what
senstive and reponsded quickly and appropriately to them at 3 months
study conducted in isreak, infants were less likely to develop secure attachment when they what
slept in dormitories with toher children where they received inconsistent attention when they became upset overnight
in netherlands, ifnants were more likely to form a secure attachement when their mothers had three months of what
training that emphasized monitoring an infants signals and responding appropriately and promptly
what type of adult “descibe childhood experiences objectively and mention both positive and negative aspects of their parents”
autonomous
what type of adult “describe childhood experiences in very general terms and often idealize their parents”
dismissifve
what tpye of adult “describe childhood experiences emotionally and often express anger or confusion regarding their relationships with their parent”
preoccupied
according to attachement theory, onyl parents who are what kind of adults are likely to provide sensitve caregiving that promotes secure attachment
autonomous
infants with secure attachment tend to become what type of adult
autonomous
what type of babues are more prone to develope insecure attachemnt
who fuss often and are difficult to console
rigid mothers are liekely to promote what type of attachemnt
insecure
what is reactive attachment disr=order
mental disroder involving disturbances in emotional functioning and a pattern of inappropritae interpersona behaviours in childre, thought to result from dirupted early attachments
what is privation
a condition in which the absic necessities and comforts of life are not adequately provided
employed mothers choosing to stay home tended to provide what compared to those who continued working
unstable care for their cihldren and to be more depressed
preverbal infants tend to prefer what people
-who help others rather than harm or hinder others
-neutral individual compared to one who hinders other
-but a helpful individual compared to a netural one
what is nonsocial play
playing along or watching others play
what is parallel play
playing alone but near others while maintaining an interest in waht the others are doing
what is simple social play
youngsters interacting socially during play activities
what form of play supports greater conversational richness between age peers than do toehr forms of play
social pretend play
what is cooperative play
play that is organized around a distinct theme and involves childrent aking on special roles based on that theme
what does a persons self concept refer to
attitudes, behaviours, and values that a person believes make the self unique
how can we know if an infant recognizes themselves in a mirror
have paren place a red mark on infants nose wil wiping babys face, infant is returned to mirror
-many will touch red mark on mirror - showing they notice on the face in the mirror
-by 15 months, they see red mark in mirror then reach up and touch their own nose
toddlers look more at photographs of who
themselves compared to other children
what are 2 changes that self awareness is well established in most children by age 2
refer themselves to personal pronousn
-somtimes know age and gender
young children seemingly dont make the connection between their current self and previous self, give an example
videotape child playing a game, and secretly will place a sticker on head
-few minutes later, child will watch recording
-almost all children recognize themselves
-but fewer than half reached up to take sticker off their head
self recognition requires cognitive skills that emerge after establishemnet of what skill
deferred imitation
once self awareness is established children begin to aquire what and describe
self concept
=begin to wonder who they are, want to define themselves
what period do children jsut begin to become self aware
20 - 28 months
children who are self aware were much more likely to say what while playing with toys than those who are not
mine
self aware children were more likely to make what type of comments during peer interactions
positive
an infants consistent modd and style of behavioru is reffered to as what
temperament
infants who are usually happy and cheerful, tend to adjust well to new situations and folloed regular routines for eating sleeping and toileting are categorzied in what group fo temperemtn
easy
infants who were often unhappy and did not adjust well to new situations, and followed irregular routines for eating and sleeping where categorized into what group in temperemtn
difficult
difficult babies tended to act in what way toward novel experiences and simtulation
experience: withdraw
stimulation: responded intensly
babies who tended to be unhappy and did not adjust well when placed in new situations, but did not respond intensely and tended to not be relatively inactive were categorized in what group of temperament
slow to war up babies
what are the 3 primary dimensinos involved in temperament
emotionality
activity
sociability
what does emotionality refer to in temperament
strenght of infants emotional response to a situation
-ease with which response is triggered, and which infant can be returened to a nonemotional state
what are the 2 extremes of childrens emotional reponses
- strong, easily triggered and not easily calmed
- subdued, relatively difficult to elicit and readily soothed
activity in temperament refers to what
tempo and vigour of a childs movements
what does sociability refer to in temperament
extent to which a person rpefers to be with other people
the temperament types of a child remain relatively stabel for how long and what is associated the them
for the first 4 years of a childs life
-genetically linked characteristics of behaviour and physiology
temperament reflects both what when it comes to aspects of development
heredity and experience
who are mre alike, in terms of temperament identicl or fraternal twins
identical
whose more alike in shyness, persistence and proneness to anger, fraternal or identical twins
identical
infants and toddlers who are upset by novel stimulation have waht physical feature and what does this suggest
narrower faces than those who do not
-genes influence levels of hormones that affect both facial growth and temperamnet
in stressful situations like getting a shot, what group of infants are less likely to cry
japanese and chinese infants
fearful preschoolers tended to be what as older children and adolscents
inhibited
temperament was found to be stable in frist year across what 4 factors
gender
birth order
socioeconomic status
preterm or full term
about 2 thirds of preschoolers with difficult temperaments developed what by the time they entered school
behavioural problems
persistent children are likely to what in school compared to active and distractible childre
succeed
shy inhibited children often have difficulty with what and do not what
interacting with their peers and do not cope effectively with problems
anxoius, fearful children are more likly to what with parents rules and requests
comply
even when parent is not present
extroverted, uninhibited toddlers are more likely to have what
accidents that cause injury
when mothers injur themselves shy or outgoing child more liekly to express concern and provide help
shy and outgoing were euqally likely to
when experimenter feigned injury, shy or outgoing child mroe likely to express concern and provide help
both equally liekly to express concer
-shy less likely to help
what was the marriage difference between shy and outgoing children when they grew up
shy married later than non shy peers
shy boys became fathers later or earlier than non shy boys
later
who was less educated, non shy girls or shy girls
shy girls
when parent asks to pick up toys because it will be helpful, who is more likely to comply, fearful or fearluss children
equal
relation between temperament and compliacne to a parents request depends on what
how the request is framed
