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Child devel. > Chapter 7 - Social and Emotional Devel. > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Social and Emotional Devel. Flashcards

1
Q

each basic emotion consists of what 3 elements

A

subjective feeling
psychological change
overt behaviour

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2
Q

pride, guilt and embarrassment is what type of emotion

A

complex

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3
Q

whats the difference between complex and basic emotions

A

complex emotions have an evaluative component to them
-also not expressed the same way in all cultures

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4
Q

in children and adults, what happens in brian when happy

A

left frontal cortex of brian tends to have more electrical acitivty then the right frontal cortex

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5
Q

by 5 to 6 months, infants facial expressions change in what way

A

predictably and meaningdully in response to events

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6
Q

when are facial expressinos fairly reliable indicators of an infants emotional state

A

middle of first year

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7
Q

what are social smiles and when does this start to occur

A

smiling in response to seeing another human face
-2 months

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8
Q

at about 4 months, smiling is joined by what whne parents are clowning

A

laughter

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9
Q

at 4 months, infants primarily laugh at what

A

novelty, social context and salience of others emotions

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10
Q

between 5 and 8 months, infants are more what when it comes to laughter

A

able to independently figure out what kinds of things are funny

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11
Q

earliest development of possitve feeligns are linked to what

A

physical states, such as feeling full or being tickled

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12
Q

when children become angry when their attempts to achieve a goal are not met, this reflects their growing understanding of what

A

goal directed behaviour

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13
Q

when do the first disntinct signs of fear emerge

A

6 months, become wary in the presence of unfamiliar adults

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14
Q

infants tend to be less fearful of strangers when what

A

environment is familiar

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15
Q

amount of infant anxiety depends on what when it comes to baby interacting with stranger

A

the strangers behaviour
-should talk to parent first for a bit instead of rushing toward baby
-offer a toy mayb
-will make baby curious about stranger instead of fearful

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16
Q

stranger wariness relates to what concept in child development

A

attachment

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17
Q

stranger anxiety is adpative because what

A

emerges at same time that children begin to master creepign and crawling
-provides a natural restraint against tendency to wander away from familiar caregivers

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18
Q

when does wariness of strangers gradually decline and why

A

during second year
-learn to interpret facial expressions and become better at recognizing when a stranger is friendly

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19
Q

when do complex emotions emerge

A

18 to 24 months, after basic emotions

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20
Q

what do complex emotions depend on

A

childs reflexive understanding of the self

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21
Q

basic emotions are more what based compared to complex emotions

A

biologically based

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22
Q

by 6 or 7 months children begin to distinguish what when it comes to emotions

A

that different facial expressions
are associated with different emotions

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23
Q

what gender is more accurate at recognixing adults facial expressions of emotions

A

baby girls

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24
Q

infants often match their own emotions to what

A

other peoples emotions

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25
Q

infants look longer at happy and angry faces when what

A

happy - hear happy sounding talk
angrt - hear angry soundgin talk

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26
Q

babies have difficulty matching what when it comes to emotions

A

the correct emotion to the correct situation

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27
Q

a baby would study an expression of sadness over hapiness true or false

A

false

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28
Q

what is social referencing

A

looking at a trusted caregiver for clues about how to react to a situation

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29
Q

when parents looked afraid, what emotions would a child show

A

afraid as well

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30
Q

when infants saw an adult express happiness when looking inside one box but disgust when looking inside another, which box would the infant be more likley to loo inside

A

the box of hapiness

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31
Q

what 2 things provide infants with enough info to decide whether they want to explore an unfimiliar object

A

facial or vocal expressions

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32
Q

infants form expectations of other people based onw hat

A

how those people have responded to them in previous situations

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33
Q

the more infants understand about causal relations between events in the world the more they will what

A

socially reference adults reactions to those events

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34
Q

children who grow up with poor caregiver models of emotion and behaviour regulation could be at risk for wha

A

themselves developing poort strategies for emotion and behaviour regulation

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35
Q

when something frightens or confuses and infant they will often what to regulate their emotions

A

look away, move closer to parent

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36
Q

how do infants typically respond to frustration

A

by scanning their environemnt and less frequently physical acting out

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37
Q

infants who are more easily frustrated demonstrate what 2 things

A

less adaptive responding
-more likly to kick or bang thigns
less easily distracted compred to those who are less easily frustrated

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38
Q

when does emotional regulation being

A

in infancy

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39
Q

emotion regulation appears to be mediated by what areas of the brain

A

prefrontal cortex in frontal lobe
-exert control over other areas of the brain

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40
Q

areas of the frontal lobe in children who tend to internalize emotions are

A

typically more sensitive to anxiety then brains of children who externalize emotion

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41
Q

impact of genetic presdisposition when it comes to emotional regulation appears to be greater when what

A

occurs in a context of insensitive parenting, abusive or neglectful environments or otehr engative family contexts

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42
Q

when it comes to emotions, research points to evidence of a relatinship between marital conflict and what

A

infant emotional withdrawl

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43
Q

according ot bowlby, chidlren who form an attachment to an adult are more likely to what

A

survive

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44
Q

if by 3 months of age a mother does not interact with her alert baby what happens

A

baby becomes moderatly distressed, looking away from her and sometimes crying

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45
Q

how does an infant formign an attachment with a caregiver show important cognitive growth

A

means infant has a mental representation fo the mother, and understanding that she will be there to meet infants needs

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46
Q

what is an internal working model

A

set of expectations about parents availability and responsivitiy generally and in times of stress

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47
Q

when fathers engage in physical active play with babies, they have an impact on what and why

A

childrens ability ot regulate emotion
-physically active play often exposes children to intense emotional experiences

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48
Q

moderate amounts of physically active play are associated with what but too much or too little is associated with what and is especially true for whay kind of children

A

positive outcomes in terms of emotional regulation
-not well balanced; worse outcomes
-those are ten to be more emotionally reactive to situations

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49
Q

given opportunitiy to play with mother or fathers who do children chose

A

fathers

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50
Q

when children are distressed what parent do they seek

A

mother

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51
Q

fathers who could identify the smell of thier children showed what

A

more attachment and affection toward their childre
-fewe ignoring behaviours in comparison to those who could not

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52
Q

mothers recognition fo their childrens smell was related to wha

A

-tendency to use less physical punishement

53
Q

what is the strange situation and describe

A

procedure that investigates attachment relationships
-series of episodes
-mother and infant enter room filled with toys
-mother leaves then mother and baby are reunited
-experimenter observes babies reaction of infant on seperation and reunion

54
Q

what is secure attachment

A

-baby might or might not cry when mother leaves
-when she returns baby wants to be with her and if it is crying it will stop

55
Q

what is avoidant attachment

A

-baby is not upset when mother leaves
-when returns, might ignore her by looking or turning away

56
Q

what is resistant attachment

A

-baby upset when mother leaves
-when returns, remains upset or even angry and is difficult to consult

57
Q

what is diorganized (disoriented attachemnt)

A

-baby seems confused when mother leaves
-when returns does not seem to understand whats happening

58
Q

what is the most common form of attachment

A

secure attachement

59
Q

early maternal child attachment is related to what

A

later peer relationships, particularly in terms of clsoe peer relationships in middle childhood

60
Q

findings about infant father attachements were what

A

inconclusive

61
Q

children coming from families where parents have a stable marital relationship tend to be what

A

more likely to have secure attachment

62
Q

infants who experience the trust and compassino of a secure attachement should develop into preschool children who what

A

interact confidently and successfully with their peers

63
Q

infants who do not experience a successful satisfying first relationship should be more prone to what

A

problems in their social itneractoins as preschoolers

64
Q

children with secure attachment relationship have higher-qaulity what and fewer what than children with insecrure attachment relationships

A

friendships
conflicts in their friendships

65
Q

school age children are less likely to have behaviour problems if they ahve waht and are moer likley to if they have what

A

-secure attachment relationships
-insecure

66
Q

securely attached children tend to have superior what compared to insecurely attached children

A

understanding of emotions
regulate emotions
more emotional expressiveness

67
Q

attachement quality is posited to affec what when it comes to the brain

A

basic neural systems and brain development

68
Q

a secure attachemnt is most likely to happen when parents do what

A

respond to infants predictably and appropriately

69
Q

infants were more likely to have a secure attachment relationship at 12 months when their parents were what

A

senstive and reponsded quickly and appropriately to them at 3 months

70
Q

study conducted in isreak, infants were less likely to develop secure attachment when they what

A

slept in dormitories with toher children where they received inconsistent attention when they became upset overnight

71
Q

in netherlands, ifnants were more likely to form a secure attachement when their mothers had three months of what

A

training that emphasized monitoring an infants signals and responding appropriately and promptly

72
Q

what type of adult “descibe childhood experiences objectively and mention both positive and negative aspects of their parents”

A

autonomous

73
Q

what type of adult “describe childhood experiences in very general terms and often idealize their parents”

A

dismissifve

74
Q

what tpye of adult “describe childhood experiences emotionally and often express anger or confusion regarding their relationships with their parent”

A

preoccupied

75
Q

according to attachement theory, onyl parents who are what kind of adults are likely to provide sensitve caregiving that promotes secure attachment

A

autonomous

76
Q

infants with secure attachment tend to become what type of adult

A

autonomous

77
Q

what type of babues are more prone to develope insecure attachemnt

A

who fuss often and are difficult to console

78
Q

rigid mothers are liekely to promote what type of attachemnt

A

insecure

79
Q

what is reactive attachment disr=order

A

mental disroder involving disturbances in emotional functioning and a pattern of inappropritae interpersona behaviours in childre, thought to result from dirupted early attachments

80
Q

what is privation

A

a condition in which the absic necessities and comforts of life are not adequately provided

81
Q

employed mothers choosing to stay home tended to provide what compared to those who continued working

A

unstable care for their cihldren and to be more depressed

82
Q

preverbal infants tend to prefer what people

A

-who help others rather than harm or hinder others
-neutral individual compared to one who hinders other
-but a helpful individual compared to a netural one

83
Q

what is nonsocial play

A

playing along or watching others play

84
Q

what is parallel play

A

playing alone but near others while maintaining an interest in waht the others are doing

85
Q

what is simple social play

A

youngsters interacting socially during play activities

86
Q

what form of play supports greater conversational richness between age peers than do toehr forms of play

A

social pretend play

87
Q

what is cooperative play

A

play that is organized around a distinct theme and involves childrent aking on special roles based on that theme

88
Q

what does a persons self concept refer to

A

attitudes, behaviours, and values that a person believes make the self unique

89
Q

how can we know if an infant recognizes themselves in a mirror

A

have paren place a red mark on infants nose wil wiping babys face, infant is returned to mirror
-many will touch red mark on mirror - showing they notice on the face in the mirror
-by 15 months, they see red mark in mirror then reach up and touch their own nose

90
Q

toddlers look more at photographs of who

A

themselves compared to other children

91
Q

what are 2 changes that self awareness is well established in most children by age 2

A

refer themselves to personal pronousn
-somtimes know age and gender

92
Q

young children seemingly dont make the connection between their current self and previous self, give an example

A

videotape child playing a game, and secretly will place a sticker on head
-few minutes later, child will watch recording
-almost all children recognize themselves
-but fewer than half reached up to take sticker off their head

93
Q

self recognition requires cognitive skills that emerge after establishemnet of what skill

A

deferred imitation

94
Q

once self awareness is established children begin to aquire what and describe

A

self concept
=begin to wonder who they are, want to define themselves

95
Q

what period do children jsut begin to become self aware

A

20 - 28 months

96
Q

children who are self aware were much more likely to say what while playing with toys than those who are not

A

mine

97
Q

self aware children were more likely to make what type of comments during peer interactions

A

positive

98
Q

an infants consistent modd and style of behavioru is reffered to as what

A

temperament

99
Q

infants who are usually happy and cheerful, tend to adjust well to new situations and folloed regular routines for eating sleeping and toileting are categorzied in what group fo temperemtn

A

easy

100
Q

infants who were often unhappy and did not adjust well to new situations, and followed irregular routines for eating and sleeping where categorized into what group in temperemtn

A

difficult

101
Q

difficult babies tended to act in what way toward novel experiences and simtulation

A

experience: withdraw
stimulation: responded intensly

102
Q

babies who tended to be unhappy and did not adjust well when placed in new situations, but did not respond intensely and tended to not be relatively inactive were categorized in what group of temperament

A

slow to war up babies

103
Q

what are the 3 primary dimensinos involved in temperament

A

emotionality
activity
sociability

104
Q

what does emotionality refer to in temperament

A

strenght of infants emotional response to a situation
-ease with which response is triggered, and which infant can be returened to a nonemotional state

105
Q

what are the 2 extremes of childrens emotional reponses

A
  1. strong, easily triggered and not easily calmed
  2. subdued, relatively difficult to elicit and readily soothed
106
Q

activity in temperament refers to what

A

tempo and vigour of a childs movements

107
Q

what does sociability refer to in temperament

A

extent to which a person rpefers to be with other people

108
Q

the temperament types of a child remain relatively stabel for how long and what is associated the them

A

for the first 4 years of a childs life
-genetically linked characteristics of behaviour and physiology

109
Q

temperament reflects both what when it comes to aspects of development

A

heredity and experience

110
Q

who are mre alike, in terms of temperament identicl or fraternal twins

A

identical

111
Q

whose more alike in shyness, persistence and proneness to anger, fraternal or identical twins

A

identical

112
Q

infants and toddlers who are upset by novel stimulation have waht physical feature and what does this suggest

A

narrower faces than those who do not
-genes influence levels of hormones that affect both facial growth and temperamnet

113
Q

in stressful situations like getting a shot, what group of infants are less likely to cry

A

japanese and chinese infants

114
Q

fearful preschoolers tended to be what as older children and adolscents

A

inhibited

115
Q

temperament was found to be stable in frist year across what 4 factors

A

gender
birth order
socioeconomic status
preterm or full term

116
Q

about 2 thirds of preschoolers with difficult temperaments developed what by the time they entered school

A

behavioural problems

117
Q

persistent children are likely to what in school compared to active and distractible childre

A

succeed

118
Q

shy inhibited children often have difficulty with what and do not what

A

interacting with their peers and do not cope effectively with problems

119
Q

anxoius, fearful children are more likly to what with parents rules and requests

A

comply
even when parent is not present

120
Q

extroverted, uninhibited toddlers are more likely to have what

A

accidents that cause injury

121
Q

when mothers injur themselves shy or outgoing child more liekly to express concern and provide help

A

shy and outgoing were euqally likely to

122
Q

when experimenter feigned injury, shy or outgoing child mroe likely to express concern and provide help

A

both equally liekly to express concer
-shy less likely to help

123
Q

what was the marriage difference between shy and outgoing children when they grew up

A

shy married later than non shy peers

124
Q

shy boys became fathers later or earlier than non shy boys

A

later

125
Q

who was less educated, non shy girls or shy girls

A

shy girls

126
Q

when parent asks to pick up toys because it will be helpful, who is more likely to comply, fearful or fearluss children

A

equal

127
Q

relation between temperament and compliacne to a parents request depends on what

A

how the request is framed

128
Q
A

Child devel. (13 decks)

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