Chapter 12 - Cognitive Developmetn Middle Flashcards
what stage of piaget are middle childhood in
concrete operational
-first use of mental operations to solve problems and to reason
what are mental operations
strategies and rules that make thinking more systematic and powerful
mental operations give what to concrete operational thinking
rule oriented, logical flaviour that is missing in peroperational thought
what is an important property of mental operations
they can be reversed
ex: 5=3=8
8-3=5
what do concrete operational thinkers understand about mental operations that preoperational thinkers alcked
that certain actions can be reversed, restoring objects to their original status
what stage is more powerful and flexible, preoperational or concrete operational
concrete
-egocentric and centration wanes
what type of child may have problems in perpective taking ability, having higher levels of egocentrism in concrete operational and who is more likely to be opposite of this
agressive
intellectually gifted
what is beyond the ability of concrete operational thinkers
thinking abstractly and hypotehtically
in middle childhood memory improves rapdily ebcasue of what 2 factors
-use more effective strategies for remembering
-growing factual knowledge of worl allows them to organize infor more completely and remeber better
anything not transfered from working memory to long term memory is what
lost
what are 3 thigns memory strategies help with
-maintain info in working memory
-transfer info to long term memory
-retrieve info from long term memory
what is rehearsal
strat of repetitivly naming info that is to be remebred
as children go through middle childhood, how do they use memory strategies
-when it is best to use them
-use them more effectively
-how to organize info so can be more easily recalled (writing summary for story)
-outlines to help remember info in textbooks
what mistake may middle childhood kids make in learning and memory goals
misjudge the objective of a memory task and choose an inappropriate strategy
what should studying always begin with
clear understanding of what goal you are trying to achieve
summarize sequence of steps involved in monitoring effectiveness of a memory strategy
-determine goal
-select strategy
-use strategy
-monitor strategy
-ineffective: restart
-effective: focus on unlearned material
when 10 year olds and adults are told to rememrb a sequence of numbers who can remembr more
adults
when asked to remeber positions of a of objects in a matrix, who remebers better, adults or children and why^
children
-children were skilled chess players adults novices
-positions frm actual chess game
-children had knowledge which gave the positions meaning
-adults cwere seeing single meaningless patterns but children were not
what is a script
memory strucutre used to describe the sequence in which events occur
a network diagram of a young childs script would have fewer what
entries and weaker connecting links
-cannot organize info as extensively, makes remmebring more difficult
what do scripts allow children do to
not have to remmerb each individual activity, can simply remeber script and use it to organize his recall of different events
knowledge can improve memeory but what can it also do
distort it
exposure to info that conflicts with a childs experience of an event can have what impact on recollection of that memory
confuse child and distort recocelltion of source for inof the child remmerbes
can scripts distort memory and why
yes
-cannot distinguish what they experienced from what is specififed in script
what is a psychometric theory
based on measurement of psychological characteristic via a scorable questionanire or other type of psychological test
if you believe in concept of general intelligence childrens performcance shoud be what across tasks
consistent
-high intelligent kids always get high scores and vice versa
some researchers have started referring to intelligence as defined and measurbed by mental tests as what
psychometric g
john carroll proposed a hierarchichal theory with 3 levels, name them in order
general intelligence (g)
8 broad categories of intellectual skill (from fluid intelligence to processing speed)
these skills further divdied skills listed on bottom (most specific level)
carrolls hierarchical theroy is a comprise between whay 2 views but what is a main critic of it
of intelligence general versus distinct abilities
-ignroes research and theory on cognitive development
gardner proposed his theory of intelligences with what 7 distinct intelligences originally
linguistic intelligence
logical-mathematical
spatial
musical
bodily kinesthetic
interpersonal
intrapersonla
each of gardners distinct intelligences has a what
unique developmental history
out of the 8 categories of gardners intelligence, which one develops earlier
linguistic intelligence
each inteligence in garderns thing is regulated by what
distinct regions o brain
what part of brain is spatial intelligence regulated by
right hemisphere
what is a savant
person who is intellectually delayed but alos extremly talened in one particular domainuni
uniue musical intelligence is often demonstreted by who
savants
what is social cognitive flexibility and it is part of wich ability in gardners theoru
a persons skill in solving social problems with relevant social knowledge
-interpersonal intelligence
adolescents who are particularly skilld in social cognitive flexibility are not more skilled in what but are more competent in what
-not: solving verbal or logical reasoning problems
-were: socially, less likely to have social problems
gardner came up with what theory
theroy of multiple intelligences
what acceptable tests to evaluate progress in all the areas of intellegience covered by gardner are there
none - so dont know if schols that adopt this thinking are better than schools who dont
robert sternberg invented the triarchic theroy, what is it and later revised into what
about intelligence as situated withing a persons socio cultural environment based on 2 subteories
sternberg later revised his triarchic theory into a theory of successful intelligence proposing what
concept of intelligence refers to a persons skillfull ability to obtain what that person wants in life within that persons own socio-cultural envionrment or context
what is the componential subtheory
part of triarchihc theory
-intelligence depends on basic cognitive process called components (sternergs term for different information processing skills, such as monitoring)
in the componential subtheory of triarchich theory how is intelligence reflects what
more efficient organization and use of components
what is the experientials subtheory in the triarchich theory
intelligence is revealed in both novel and familiar tasks
-novel tasks: inteliggence is associated with ability to apply existing knowledge to a new situation
-familiar tasks: associated iwth automatic processing (completing a task means using few mental resources)
what is the contextual subtheory in triarchic theory
intelligent behaviour involved skillfully adating to an environemnt
-intelligence always partly defined by demands of an envionrment or cultural context
difference between sternberg and gardners theory
triarchich theory does not identify specific contents of intelligence
-defined intelligence in terms of processes
what is crystalized intelligence
understanding printed language, comprehending language and knoweing vocabulary
what is mental age
the difficulty level o f problems that children could correctly solve at various ages
what is intelligence quotient (iq)
mathematical ratio of mental age to chronical age
average iq is what and why
100, mental age equals their chonological age
how are childrens iq scores calculated nowadays
by comparing their test perfomance to others thei age
question that iq scores reflect intellegience raises what issue
validity
what is criterion
if scores on first test correlate properly with scores on the criterion test, then chances are your first test is valid
what is dynamic testing
measures a childs learning potential by having the child learn something new in presence of examiner and with examiners help
-measures new achievement rather than past
dynamic testing is based on what
vygotskys ideas of zone of proximal development and scaffolding
learning potential can be estimated by amount of what in dynamic testing
material the child learns during interaction with the examiner and or from the amount of help the child needs to learn the new material
if aim is to predict future levels of a childs skill what type of intellegince testing
static - know childs current level of skill
dynamic - childs potential to aquire greater skill
what is differentiated instruction
making adaptations to the classroom environemnt and teachin methods to acommodate childrens personal strengths, weaknesses and preferred ways of learning
what is response to intervention
educational model based on frequent progresss monitoring and evidence-based strategic reponses to students measured achievement levels
response to intervention takes what sort of approach rather than wait to fail
early-intervention approach
is response to intervention an effective educational strategy
no thoroughly determined despite it becoming increasingly required by law to be used in public educational systems
because fraternal twins have about the same amount of similiar genes as do non-twin siblings, if using heredity factors as evidence for cognitive ability, what 3 things should be true
-less similiar scores for identical twins
-as similiar scores as other siblings who have same biological parent
-more similiar than scores of children and their adoprted siblings
patterns of change in IQ scores are moer like for identical or fraternal twins^ this suggest what
identical
-that hererdity inlfuences this
(if one twin scores higher on tests of intelligence with age, other twin almost certainly will too)
in adoptive children, if heredity helps determine psychometric g and IQ, then their scores should be more like who
their biological parents than their adoptive parents
at every age, correlation between childrens IQs and their biologcal parents had what tpyw of correlation
greater than between their adoptive parents
-scores essentially unrelated to adoptive parents scores
there is greater impact of heredity on IQ as a child what
grows
what are 2 environmental factors that have a strong impact on IQ
families/homes
preschool intervention or enrichment programs
HOME testing indicates that children with high test scores typically have hwat
parents who arre stimulating, responsive and involved
for children from european hertage what other environemnt is linked to high test scores
plenty of variety and appropriate play materials
for children of african heritage what other environemnt is linked to high test scores
well-organized home
-well structured and predictable
why are certain features of environments improtant for intelligence in different groups
no known
-but shows that environemnts clearly affect intelligence
on many intelligence tests how do westerners of african heritage score compared to european heritage
about 15 points lower
when european and african american children of comparable social classes are compared what are the itnellgience test scores like
reduced, but not eliminated
in study when comparing african and european americans, whcih group has more individuals with above average iq score
african american
-many european americans achieve lower iq scores than the average african american
what type of tests of intellgiene avoid many cultural biases prsent in tests of verbal comprehesnion and social judgement
nonverbal
what is one of the most challenging aspects of psychological testing bias
lack of cultural knowledge on the pasrt of the test adminisrtator
what is culture fair intelligence test
pscyh tests designe to eliminate group differences due to culture
culture fair tests rpedict what but do not eliminate what
achievment in school
-do not eliminate group differences int est scores
a culture fair test will underestimate a childs intelligence if what
childs culture envourages children to solve problems in collaboration with others and discourages them from excelling as individuals
as a result of intercultural differences in abstract reasoning, what did sternbeg, grigorenko and kidd point out towards the culture fait tests
even mor susceptible to cultural bias than other types of intelligence tests
why are economically disadvantged hcchildre from cultural minority groups likely to asnwer test questions saying idk and who else can have similiar difficulties
wary of questions posed by unfamiliar adults
-foster children
most intellignece test predict success in what environment
chool
-usually teaches middle-class values
does a low score on an intelligence test mean a student will fail
no
-based onc urrent skills and knowledge, child might be unlikely to do well in that learning environment
girls tend to have better what cognitive skills
verbal
boys tend to have better what cognitive skills
mathematcial and visualspatial
gender differences in verbal skills may rsult from what
biology
-left hemisphere of brain is central to lnaguage may mature more rapidly in girls than boys
-experience also contributes
what is mental rotation
aspect of spacial ability
-imagine how an object will look after it has been moved in space
what gender has better mental rotation skill
boys
-but throughout middle childhood remains difficult for both genders
boys tend to outperform girls in spatial ability, does this hold true for boys from low-socio-economic backgrounds
no
what gender recieves higher scores in standardized tests of math
girls
what gender scores higher in problem solving and applying math concepts
boys
who excels in math computation and math problem solving in gender
comp: girls
solging: boys
is there a difference in math grades in gender
no, but of there is a slight one usually girls a higher
what gender gets higher scores on math achievement tests
boys
why do girls get lower scores on tests of math achievemnt but higher grades in math course
-maybe different emotional experiences of math
-girls might have lower percieved competence in math, making them less confident when taking math achievement tests
-boys may be more condifdent in math skills nad like challange of having to solve novel problems on standardized tests
can biological factors be used to explain gender differences in math
possibly
-steroetpyes havent changed since 1980
-some math easier to understand if they can be mentally visualized
ravens progressive matrices is an example of wht kind of intellgience test
culture fair intelligence
what is word recognition
process of identifying unique pattern of letters
what is phonological awareness and is needed for what skill
ability to distinguish the distinctive sounds o letters
-reading in alphabet absed languages (english) and non alphabet based language (chinese)
what is the first step in actual reading
identifying indvidual words
what is a common techniwue among beginning readers
sounding out
words are recognized throguh direct retrieval from where
long term memory
-as individual letters in a word are identified, long term emmory is searched to see if there is a matching sequence of letters
readers recognize letters faster when they appear inw hat type of words and what does this show
words rather than nonwords
ex: recognixe t fin cast rather than ahdt
-readers use context to help them recognize letters and words
researcher sthought using stories that had many rhymes would increase childrens phonological awareness, is this still true
no
-but know that exposure ot literacy in preschool years is important
what is propositions
ideas developed by combining words
increase in working memory capacity is handy when it comes to what in reading
when more from simple sentences to mroe complex ones
what are 3 factors that contribute to a childs improved comprehension
-working memory capacity increases
-aquire more general knowledge of thier physical, social and psychological world (lallows them to understand more of what they read)
-with experience, children use mroe appropriate reading strategies
-with experience, children better monitor their comprehension
what is prereading skill
knowing letter names
-linking names of letters to sounds they make
when asked to write about a mayoral election, how to 8 yeards write compared to 12
8 - like a popularit contest
12 - in terms of pilitical issues bot subtled and complex
what is knowledge telling strategy
writing strategy in which info on a topic is written down as it is retrieved from memory
-young writers often sue this
-no obvious structure
-write each event simply as it came to mind
what is knowledge-transformin strategy
writing strategy in which writer decides what info to include and how to organize it before writing it down
-toward end of middle childhood begin to use
-considers purpose of writing and info needed to achieve it
-considers audience
when youngsters are absorbed by task of printing letters correctly what usually suffers
quality of their writing
when young writers revise, do changes improve writing
not necessarily
-need to be able to detect problems and know how to correct them
what was the comparison like for math and science achievemnts ofr students in canada compared to other nations
subtantially low
what are differences factors in students achievements scores in japan, taiwan and united states
-time in school and how it is used (USA, less time spent devoted to academics)
-time spent on homework and attitudes toward it (usa spends less and values it less)
-parents attitudes (usa parents more often satisfied with performance)
-parents beliefs about effor and ability (usa believe less that effor not native ability is key factor in school success)
on a daily basis, who has the most potential for impact on student learning
individual teachers
at what pace should teachers present material
slowly enough that students can understand a new concept but not so slow that they get bored
how are computers helpful to improve students learning
-used as tutors and enable instruction to be individualized and interactive
-experitential learning (simulation programs)
-achieve traditinola academic goasl more readily
what do cyber schools offer
distance education
-variety of classes online
