Chapter 9 Autonomy Flashcards
individuals capacity to behave on their own :T
independence
emotional, cognitive, behavioural components, acting and feeling independent :T
autonomy
Autonomy is just about acting independently
f more than that
why adol frustrated with independence
Expectations versus reality. = financial dependance
Adolescence is time of growing independence or autonomy?
both
autonomy happens when
is a lifelong process
3 main changes that occur in shift in autonomy in adol
• Biological changes • Cognitive changes • Social changes
biological changes in autonomy?
puberty physical changes trigger changes in how autonomy is granted by adults
cognitive changes?
think in abstract way, evaluate perspectives make independent decisions= foundations for independent decision making
social changes?
move onto roles that demand responsibility e.g. drivers licence, drinking, job
3 types of autonomy?
cognitive, emotional, behavioural
T: indépendance in relationships with others
emotional autonomy
T: development of making independent decisions
behavioural autonomy
T: development of independent values, beliefs and opinions =thinking indepantly
cognitive
how does emotional autonomy change across the lifespan
by end of adol less emotionally dep on parents than as children
Psychoanalytic Theory suggest that separation is form of …
detachment
4 ways children break away from parents signifies shift toward emotional autonomy
(e.g. don’t go to parents when need any help, don’t see parents as all knowing, engage with relationships outside family, able to interact with parents as people)
Psychoanalytic Theory Emergence of sexual impulses drive away from parents, is this true
f Not supported by research
Adolescent and parent relationships quite close
Past perspectives see adol as a time to: need to “…
break away”
Past perspectives: need to “break away” if this isn’t true what is happening
emotional autonomy more a transformation of family relationships. (autonomous and close)
modern theories interpret emotional autonomy as…
Individuation
T: progressive sharpening of self as competent separate from ones parents
Individuation
does Individuation involve stress or turmoil.
f more about Relinquishing dependencies
when does individuation occur
Begins in early adolescence continues into early adulthood
individuation Impact on parents?
draw distinction between parts of lives parents should and shouldn’t be apart of= parent feel distant= lack of communication
One of the first aspects of emotional autonomy is to:
de-idealize parents.
ability to see parents beyond role of parent occurs when
occurs in young adulthood. (de-idealize parents.)
does deidealization happen first with mothers or fathers
mothers
Importance of maintaining the connection during emotional autonomy?
Balance autonomy and connectedness with parents has implications on friendships and romantic relationships (cascades)
Healthyvs.unhealth transition to emotional autonomy?
healthy= separate and maintain closeness unhealthy= separate with conflict and resentment
What Triggers Individuation? 2 competing theories
biological (puberty influences how adol viewed) vs social cognitive (sophistication of perspective on view of self and parent)
Emotional Autonomy and Parenting Practices
: which trigger best effects for adol
Healthy individuation and positive mental health are fostered by close, not distant, family relationships.
Adolescents’ mental health is best when their desire for autonomy compares to. parents granting how
matches their parents’ willingness to grant autonomy.
Conditions that encourage both individuation and … facilitate autonomy.
emotional closeness
how does authoritarian parents influence individuation
authoritarian (interferes with individuation). Authoritative parenting (fosters independence, responsibility, and self-esteem)
permissive parenting on individuation
channel toward peers rely on them bcs parents unavailable (problem when peers young and inexperienced)= lack of guidance and rules
emotional autonomy is in … with parents vs behavioural autonomy with parents and …
relationships
peers
susceptibility of peer pressure depends on what type of autonomy
behavioural
Cognitive changes contributes to greater ability to behave independently. how
hold many viewpoints, think hypothetically, perspective taking = Changes in decision- making abilities independence
behavioural autonomy: Cognitive improvements due to two developments:
- Changes in saliency of rewards (short term vs LT rewards)
2. Changes in self- regulation
going to a party instead of studying- how do cognitive changes in adol change this decision
older adol can see the LT consequences (saliency of rewards= better decision making over time)
the relative balance of rewards and costs changes over adol how
weighed more evenly over time= early= reward salience (self regulation improves)
when are peers opinions more influential
day to day ST decisions (style, activities)
when are parents opinions more influential
LT issues (edu, religion, occupation, ethics)
conformity to peers highest when
14 peak middle adol more than late
Why high peer conformity during middle adol 3 explanations
- Susceptibility may be constant but the pressure itself may be more salient
- Youth are more susceptible because of heightened orientation towards peers in particular
- Being around peers changes biology
theory 1: Susceptibility may be constant but the pressure itself may be more salient so what changes in middle adol
situation and peer pressure stronger during adol
Being around peers changes biology
being around friends activate reward but not when with adults unique to addle period
Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Influence: sex dif?
girls less susceptible
Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Influence: SES?
single parent, less supportive parents more susceptible
Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Influence: 5 dif
- Sex
- SES
- Parenting styles
- Social evaluation and sensation seeking
- Decision-making
Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Influence: decision making?
sensation seeking don’t resist
stronger brain connectivity less susceptible
Behavioral autonomy is associated with what type of parenting
authoritative parenting
adol of authoritative parenting are more susceptible to peers
to positive but not negative peers (too much or too little support= more reliance on peers)
ethnic differences in behavioural autonomy
Expectations for autonomy differ between Caucasian (sooner) adolescents versus Asian adolescents= less likely to seek autonomy in turn
Sex and birth-order differences in expections for behavioural autonomy?
not much evidence
traditional parents might grant more autonomy to some vs educated parents
t (but depends of characteristics of sons and daughters and attitudes about Sex Roles)
all mammals go through puberty and therefore experience something analogous to human adolescence
t
Rather than viewing autonomy in adolescence as an abrupt rebellion against parental authority, researchers now see it …
as gradual, progressive, and—although important—relatively undramatic
paradox of adol autonomy
adolescents have been asked to become more autonomous psychologically and socially, they have become less autonomous economically
that their adolescent children can sympathize with them when they have had a hard day at work. These sorts of changes in the adolescent-parent relationship all reflect the development of …
emotional autonomy
Emotional autonomy during adolescence involves a transformation, not a breaking off, of family relationships. is this process easy
although achieving this balance can be tricky in cultures in which individualism is not as strongly valued as it is in many Western societies
Adolescents who are better able to balance autonomy and connectedness in their relationships with their parents are also better able to balance autonomy and intimacy in their friendships and romantic relationships
t
As individuals make the transition from adolescence into adulthood and work through much of the individuation process, they increasingly see lying to their parents as acceptable
f unacceptable
T: development of independent thoughts beliefs and values
cognitive autonomy (moral issues politics ect)
Three trends in adolescents’ beliefs
- Adolescents’ beliefs become more abstract.
• Beliefs become increasingly rooted in general principles.
• Beliefs become founded in the adolescent’s own values.
Associated cognitive changes that promote cognitive development?
cognitive development improvements (hypothetical, reasoning abilities) increase interest and udnerstanding of ideological and philisophical manner= more sophisticated thought= explore dif ideologies, issues, religion, ect.
the study of moral development involves 2 main changes
reasoning and behaviours
T: how individuals think about moral dilemmas
reasoning
moral development behavioural changes?
: that call for moral judgments.
T: acts people engage in to help others.
prosocial behaviours
The dominant theoretical viewpoint in the study of moral reasoning is grounded in …
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (the way morality develops is stage like) = KOHLBERG’S theory
moral behavior matches moral reasoning
f Research has shown that moral behavior does not always match moral reasoning.
how is moral development studied
Researchers assess individuals’ moral reasoning by examining their responses to hypothetical dilemmas about difficult real- world situations.
3 stages of moral reasoning (Kohlberg)
- Postconventional Moral Reasoning
- Conventional Moral Reasoning
- Preconventional Moral Reasoning
when do they move up a level in kohlbergs theory
when they are developmentally readying terms of cognitive capacity
Preconventional Moral Reasoning?
what is right vs wrong according to moral punishments
Conventional Moral Reasoning?when and what
dominant in late childhood to early adol
following societal rules and norms
Postconventional Moral Reasoning? when and what
based on moral principals
most abstract and advanced
subjective not absolute
late adol to young adult but some adults not developed
when more likely to engage in risky behaviours even if unmoral
when we see as matter of personal taste not right or wrong
Contextual factors influence how a person acts when facing moral dilemmas in the real world.
agressive and delinquent behaviours are higher in those who score high on …
moral disengagement (they rationalize it)
T: tendency to rationalize immoral behaviour as legitimate
moral disengagement
Prosocial reasoning becomes more mature over adol, why do they engage in middle vs late adol
middle for personal gain later. for contribution to society
athoritative parents promote prosocial
t
Changes in prosocial behaviours during adolescents is consistent and advances as they develop
f are not as consistent
Adolescents’ political thinking becomes more …3
abstract, more independent, and more principled (tenants of morals)
shifts in political development are influenced by cognitive development only
f also Influenced by social context
older adol are less obedient
t politically at least, question their roles and practices
what increases Politics
• Volunteerism
parent and school requirements
Volunteers are more extroverted
yes
most important influence on political behaviour
social context (discussions, news, ect)
Adolescents’ political thinking becomes more …3
abstract, more independent, and more principled
shifts in political development are influenced by cognitive development only
f also Influenced by social context
older adol are less obedient
t politically at least, question their roles and practices
what things in context influences political thinking
SES, upbringing
higher SES attribute social matters to what
societal factors
most important influence on political behaviour
social context (discussions, news, ect)
Changes in religiosity across the adolescent years- trend?
decline in religiosity increase in spirituality
adol Form a system of personal religious beliefs rather than …
rely on teachings of their parents.
Two interconnected components of religious belief system
- Religiosity
* Spirituality
T: religious practice
Religiosity
T: personal quest for answers about meaning of life
Spirituality
- Religiosity
* Spirituality which more important to cognitive autonomy vs identity development
religiosity= identity spirit= cognitive
Changes in religiosity across the adolescent years- trend?
decline in religiosity increase in spirituality
Compared to non-religious adolescents, religious adolescents are better adjusted why 2
May be because religious adolescents have other positive influences in their life that promote positive development.
• However, abstaining from delinquent behavior and sexual behavior may be directly linked to religious beliefs
Shortly after puberty, most families experience an increase in bickering and squabbling. Adolescents’ feelings of connectedness to their parents often decline in …
early adolescence
Even though the images children have of their parents as all-knowing and all-powerful may be naive, these idealized pictures are good why
still provide emotional comfort.
insecurity among adolescents, but also with increased feelings of anxiety and rejection among parents
One recent study found that young adults were just as able as people in their mid-20s to exercise self-control under calm conditions, but not when they were ….
emotionally aroused
in which the researchers compared the effect of advice given by a peer or an adult during a challenging gambling task, both teenagers and adults were more likely to follow the …
adult’s recommendations`
people of different ages were asked to rate how risky various activities were, were then told how either a teenager or an adult had rated the same activities, and then were asked to re-rate them results?
All groups except the young adolescents were likely to change their ratings to be more consistent with what they were told the adult had said; the young adolescents were more likely to change their ratings to match what they thought other teenagers had said
When adolescents view Instagram photos of other teenagers engaging in risky behavior, looking at photos with a large number of “likes” what happens in brain
activates their brain’s reward regions
is the problem with peer pressure being close to their peers
f the problem is being distant from one’s parents, rather than being close to one’s peers
which parenting style more peer influence
authoritarian
Why is cognitive autonomy stimulated by the development of emotional and behavioral autonomy?
When adolescents no longer see their parents as omnipotent and infallible, they may reevaluate the ideas and values that they accepted without question as children. And, as adolescents begin to test the waters of independence behaviorally, they may experience a variety of cognitive conflicts caused by having to deal with competing pressures to behave in different ways= what do I believe?
individuals become increasingly likely to say that it is permissible to lie to one’s parents about disobeying them when they think their parents’ advice is …
immoral
individuals do not always behave in ways that are absolutely consistent with their moral reasoning is this the norm?
on average, people who reason at higher stages are more ethical in their day-to-day behavior
When individuals perceive that they will be severely hurt by behaving in a morally advanced way (for example, if standing up for someone might get you injured), they are less likely to reason at a higher moral level why
situational factors influence moral choices, and they also influence moral reasoning
why adolescents’ moral reasoning and risk taking are unrelated
when they define issues as personal choices rather than ethical dilemmas
people can be very advanced in their reasoning but still engage in risky behavior
Over the course of adolescence, individuals come to devalue prosocial acts that are …
.done for self-serving reasons value genuine intentions
During late adolescence, prosocial reasoning continues to become more advanced, leveling off sometime …
in the early 20s
prosocial reasoning becomes more advanced over the course of adolescence, changes in … during adolescence are not as consistent
prosocial behavior
Some studies find that individuals become more empathic, sympathetic, and helpful as they move into and through adolescence is this universal
no some get less helpful (especially during mid adol)
no some get less helpful (especially during mid adol) why
height of meanness, laziness, and close-mindedness, at least in studies of American teens
In experiments in which individuals are given money and must choose between keeping it all for themselves or giving half to an anonymous peer,
older teenagers are more likely to share things equitably
f less
with age there is an increase in adolescents’ willingness to compensate peers who have been victimized by others
t
Encouraging adolescents to spend time thinking about …seems to increase their tendency to act prosocially
what’s important to them
Is volunteering good for adolescents’ psychological development?
chicken egg
ST gains in social responsibility
increases in the importance individuals place on helping others, and increased commitment to tolerance, equal opportunity, and cultural diversity
predicts volunteering in adulthood
Adolescents’ explanations of .. tend to be more multifaceted than their explanations of poverty
wealth
3 main changes in political thinking
increasing abstraction, decreasing authoritarianism, and increasing use of principles
Although more than 90% of all American adolescents pray and …% believe in God, a substantial proportion of young people say that organized religion does not play a very important role in their lives
90
95
About …of all American adolescents say that formal religious participation is important in their life (P. King & Roeser, 2009). Approximately …. report weekly attendance at religious services, one-sixth attend once or twice per month, and about 45% rarely or never attend services; regular attendance at religious services drops over the course of high school
half
one-third
being religious in and of itself appears to deter problem behavior and delay the onset of sexual activity
t
There is more consistent evidence for the role that religion plays in … than …
preventing problem behavior than for its role in promoting positive development
… is the stronger predictor of staying out of trouble
.religiosity, rather than spirituality,
