Chapter 6 Schools Flashcards
even in the poorest parts of the world—sub-Saharan Africa, for example—close to … of 10- to 14-year-olds and 40–50% of 15- to 19-year-olds are enrolled in school
two-thirds
Middle schools, junior high schools, and high schools.
secondary school
between 11 and 18 the typical American student will spend about.. hours in school—not even counting time on homework and school-related activities outside of school
7,000
.how are schools different from family and peers
directly influenced by needs and demands of society
The proportion of the 14- to 17-year-old population enrolled in school increased dramatically between …. continued to increase until …, and then leveled off.
1910 and 1940,
1970
By …, the idea of universal compulsory education for adolescents had gained widespread acceptance.
1915
One reason that schools today are asked to do so much more than educate adolescents is ,…
that new demands are placed on schools every time a different social problem involving adolescents receives widespread attention.
The proportion of American adolescents enrolled in high school grew dramatically between …
1920 and 1940.
T: has been the most important change in the world of American education in the past 20 years
holding teachers, schools, school districts, and states accountable for the achievement of their students
T: Thinking that involves analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting information, rather than simply memorizing it.
critical thinking
T: A proposed set of standards in language arts and mathematics that all American schools would be expected to use.
common core
T: Policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of standards measured by achievement tests.
standards based reform
when did other school options gain popularity
1990s
The bottom line is that what takes place within a school is probably more important than …
the nature of its funding and oversight.
T: Government-subsidized vouchers that can be used for private school tuition.
vouchers
T: Public schools that have been given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices.
chapter schools
the achievement gap what is it
between White and non-White youngsters, which had been closing for
163
some time, grew wider during the 1990s, especially in large urban school districts
Just …% of the high schools in the United States produce half of the country’s dropouts, and … of Black and Latino students attend one of these “dropout factories”
10
one-third
who preforms best on math and reading Tess latino white black Asian
asian, white latino black
In the nation’s large inner-city public schools, only … of students are judged proficient in science
one-sixth
surveys of American high school students indicate that so many are afraid of being victimized that nearly … of high school students across the country regularly carry a gun, knife, or club, with even higher percentages doing so in some inner-city neighborhoods
one-fifth
Students’ attachment to school is weaker in larger schools, particularly when the number of students in a grade exceeds …
400
school size affects academic outcomes, students’ emotional attachment to the institution and mental health
While school size may affect academic outcomes, it does not necessarily affect students’ emotional attachment to the institution (Anderman, 2002) or their mental health
Contrary to widespread opinion, there is no evidence that rates of student victimization are higher in larger schools
t although victimization is less likely in schools where the student-teacher ratio is lower, perhaps because it is easier for schools to establish and enforce norms about how to behave
T: Subdivisions of the student body within large schools created to foster feelings of belongingness.
schools within schools
The ideal size of a high school is between … students
600 and 900
although large schools may be able to offer more diverse curricula and provide greater material resources to their students, the toll that school size may take on student l…2appears to exceed the benefits of being bigger
earning and engagement
T:An educational institution designed during the early era of public secondary education, in which young adolescents are schooled separately from older adolescents.
junior high school
why drop in motivation and achievement in high school
It is hardly surprising that students experience a drop in achievement motivation when they enter middle or junior high school, given the change in environments they experience and the mismatch between what adolescents need developmentally and what the typical school context provides.
changing schools in itself isn’t the problem
Students who had been doing poorly do better if they stay with their friends
f actually adjust better if they enroll in a different school than their friends, perhaps because their friends were contributing to their poor performance
The practice of separating students into ability groups, so that they take classes with peers at the same skill level.
tracking
Research on tracking suggests that it has positive effects on … and negative effects on … who?
the achievement of students in the more advanced tracks but negative effects on students in the lower tracks.
when does the big fish little pond effect occur when not
The effect seems to be limited to what goes on in students’ regular schools; students who participate in summer programs for the academically talented don’t seem to suffer psychologically as a consequence
But during the late 1980s and 1990s, many policy makers suggested that one way to improve schools would be to give parents more choice in determining where their child was enrolled, to force schools to compete for the best students. pro of this choice?
When information about school test scores is provided to parents, parents choose to send their children to higher-performing schools, which in turn increases the students’ achievement
students’ …is a far more powerful influence on their achievement than is the quality of the schools they attend
family background
the most important school-related influence on learning and psychosocial development during adolescence is …
what takes place in the classroom.
One of the strongest influences on how much students enjoy going to school is the extent to which they feel their teachers …
respect and care about them
Which pathway is more powerful—the impact of student performance on teacher expectations, or the impact of teacher expectations on student performance?
80% of the connection between teacher expectations and student achievement results from teachers having accurate perceptions, and about 20% is an effect of the self-fulfilling prophecy
teachers’ expectations for minority student performance tend to be higher in schools where there is more …
cross-ethnic interaction between students
the researchers presented teachers with scenarios about student misbehavior and used either stereotypically White or stereotypically Black names to describe the student how did black vs white student differ
Teachers who were led to believe that the student was Black were more troubled by second infractions and more likely to recommend harsh discipline
One reason so many teenagers complain of boredom in school is that few school hours are spent in activities that …
engage them intellectually or encourage critical thinking
what age range finds school most boring
high school
high achieving high schools don’t experience the high levels of disengagement
Even in high-achieving schools, about two-thirds of students are not fully engaged; they work hard, but they don’t enjoy their schoolwork or find it valuable
A bright student who attends a school in which getting good grades is frowned upon by other students - what is the influence
will actually get lower grades than he or she would in a school in which scholastic success is generally admired.
when are black students more likely to be victimized
White students are more likely to be victimized than Black students, especially when White students are in the minority, but Black students are more likely to be victimized in schools with a higher proportion of minority students
urban high school found that Asian students were often the victims of violence and verbal harassment at the hands of their Black and Latino classmates why
, in part because they believed that teachers favored Asians and discriminated
Postsecondary education grew dramatically between …, paralleling the rise of secondary education between ….
1950 and 1970
1920 and 1940
More than… of American high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation
two-thirds
although a great deal has been done to make college entrance more likely, .. what problem remains
rates of college graduation lag far behind rates of enrollment.
Completing a few years of college without getting a degree is better than not going to school
provides little advantage over just graduating from high school.
One of the unfortunate by-products of our having made postsecondary education so accessible—and so expected—is …
that we have turned our backs on individuals who do not go directly to college
schools that serve the most needy students—from poor families or with limited language skills—are least likely to have qualified teachers
t
When Norway s… the average IQ of the young adult population increased significantly
ome years ago increased the number of years of schooling it required adolescents to complete,
Students’ happiness in school is most influenced by their …
relationships with their peers
“How do schools affect adolescent development?”
“Which schools, which adolescents, and in what ways?”
It is important to keep in mind that what takes place in the classroomis influenced by the way in which the ….2
schoolis organized, and that the way in which the school is organized is influenced by the needs and demands of the community.
schools organized, and that the way in which the school is organized is influenced by the needs and demands of the community. what model does this follow
Bronfenbrenner ecological systems theory (role of multiple context)
The rise in secondary education was the result of several historical and social trends that converged at the turn of the twentieth century: 3
IndustrializationUrbanizationImmigration
when did high school attendance become the norm
well into 20th century
… envisioned education as a means of improving the lives of the poor and working class.
Social reformers (control its citizens)
edu system redefined to meet adol needs. what was the result of this
Comprehensive high school
T: = modern educational system designed to meet the needs of a diverse population of adolescents (work needs after school)
comprehensive highschool
during the 1950s what was focus of high school
focus on intellectual training
Math science
during the 1970s what was focus of high school
focus on real world experience
Career development and work-study programs
during the 1990s what was focus of high school
focus on fixing social problems (e.g., violence, AIDS)
Targeted for preventative interventions
focus of high school today
social emotional learning and skills to navigate relationships and supporting mental health
what were the concerns of the 1990s that lead to 2002 No Child Left Behind
Today raising concern about inability to compete for high-skills jobs
T: Mandates all states ensure that all students, regardless of economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency on standardized annual tests.
no child left behind
problem with no child left behind
Not enough resources (to meet standards= shut down)
Disparity between high/low performing students (pushing low achievers out of school to meet high standards)
Effects on quality of teaching (pressure to avoid being shut down= teaching to preform well on test, subjects not on test cut)
Faulty reporting
goal of no child left behind
Goal was to address problem of social promotion
Advancingstudentsregardlessoftheiracademiccompetenceor performance.
Obama administration has attempted to fix many of the initial problems by stressing what 3
Stressed the need to have high standards for all students.
Stressed the need for a common set of standards across all 50 states.
Schools encouraged to develop better ways of evaluation.
how effective was Obama changes
not making a big difference
trump admin school reform?
Encourage competition to compete for students, choice in schools with vouchers
criticism of trump admin
drain $ from public schools
how does Canada stand in comparison to other schools for high school students
doing really well in Science, reading, and math.
Today Canada’s schools are offered in a variety of formats 5
Public, private, boarding, all girls/boys, Catholic, Christian
what leads to schools differences in Canada Differences (e.g., Quebec 7-11, no 12th)
Overseen at the provincial level
BC Curriculum maintains focus on …2 skills
literacy and math
what is BC curriculum trying to integrate 2
Aboriginalperspectivesandknowledge Value diversity (e.g., adapted programs)
the Evolution of the Canadian School System is very dependant on 2
geography and population
first efforts to create national school system in Canada?
1850s move towards Confederation
years residential schools lasted between
1883 to 1969
define residential schools
In order to educate the children properly we must separate them from their families. Some people may say that this is hard but if we want to civilize them we must do that
problems with residential schools
150000 forces into residential schools, thousands died, separated from parents, no cultural identity allowed, deindividualize students, abuse, lack of monitoring of what went on in the schools, child labour on school buildings, neglected, missing children, inherited wounds intergenerational trauma
attended … living survivors
80000
reconciliation
create space where healing is possible
what proportion of indigenous youth attended res schools
75%
when did churches hand over admin to federal gov
1969
how were residential schools ended
phased out by restricting funding= lasted into 1996
what influence did res schools have on identity
stripped of it completely due to eroding cultural identity and treatment
T: trauma caused by events in the past that is passed through generations
historical trauma
how is the impact of res schools still felt today
cycle of intergenerational trauma
ill prepared to nurture children lacked nurturing model = chaotic family systems= partner violence and abuse = foster care
unable to develop coping skills to deal with future life stressors
residential school Parenting model in schools based on …3 = where dod they get their nurturance?
punishment, abuse, coercion and control
no model of a nurturing without family
what did Hackett, C., Feeny, D., & Tompa, E. (2016). find on the lasting impact of residential schools
linked internee trauma to various biological, psychological and social disadvantages
Hackett, C., Feeny, D., & Tompa, E. (2016) 3 bgoligcal effects that lead to internee trauma
coping, stable maladaption and epigenetic changes to HPA
Hackett, C., Feeny, D., & Tompa, E. (2016) 3 psychosocial pathways
parenting
trauma based symptoms
isolation
Hackett, C., Feeny, D., & Tompa, E. (2016) community pathways
oppression
cultural discontinuity
structural resources
Hackett, C., Feeny, D., & Tompa, E. (2016) res school history increases what 2 for future gen
poorer health
more suicide
formal apology for res schools happened when?
2008, led to Truth and Reconciliation Commission and efforts to indiginize curriculum in schools
why was Provincial departments of education created
early 1900s consistent cur, for financial support
BC New Curriculum 2020 includes a focus on …, and core competencies to create better educated citizen
literacy and numeracy foundations
what is the Goal
= educated
what are the 3 core competencies of BC curriculum 2020 (3)
thinking
personal and social
communication
within personal and social core comp is
Social Awareness and Responsibility
classroom climate:
how effective a curriculum is integrated depend on what things 5
when teachers care for them and respect them, positive interactions with teachers, interactions, expectations, how they use class time, how they teach and how other students act
Individual differences in achievement linked to teacher characteristics which are main 2
degree of responsiveness and demandingness= authoritative parenting style
Students also achieve more in classrooms that promote …
cooperation, rather than competition.
what 5 things do positive classroom climates promote
less delinquency, better attendance, more supportive friendships, better academic achievement
2 reasons for the strong correlation between teacher expectations influence student performance
Actually reflects their students’ abilities (80%)
Creates self-fulfilling prophecies (20%)
Where do these teacher expectations come from?
generally based on cultural and SES background
more vulnerable to - expectations (can reach potential if teachers believe in them)
what has research shown on how teacher expectations of black and latino fare 3 findings
they percieve their teachers have lower expectation for them
black are perceived more negatively for the same misbehaviour
hold them to a lower standard undermining their achievement
how is the teacher student relationship reciprocal
Students and teachers influence each other teachers excite students and this excites teachers
most students are bored at school
t
how to avoid student boredom 3
Provide opportunities to genuinely display competencies.
school belonging
authentic work
T: work that is connected and is meaningful in the real world
authentic work
… American students has been the victim of violence in or around school.
1 in 4
… is worried about being physically attacked or hurt while in school.
1 in 6
T: get tough on violence prevention in schools
Zero-tolerance policy
how effective has Zero-tolerance policy been
made things worse: get a police record against them
inconsistently enforced against blacks
3 ways to avoid school violence
define infractions carefully
train staff
reserve high punishments for most serious infractions
lethal school violence is common in the US
f quite rare Adolescents are more likely to be killed at home or in the community than in school.
lethal school violence: Most effective policies involve: 3
limitingaccesstoguns.
identifying and treating young people with mental health problems.
creating school climates were students feel responsible for each other
how can one predict lethal school violence
Impossible to predict which students will commit these acts.
School connectedness is associated with …2
positive academic and health-related outcomes.
The majority of BC youth do not feel connected to school
f feel connected, happy, and safe in their schools
(BC McCreary Survey, 2018). who was less likely to not feel school connectedness 2
non-binary youth (don’t feel as connected or as safe), victims of bullying (perceive school climate as unfair and not safe)
3 predictors of school connectedness (seen in BC)
Get along with teachers
Felt cared for by teachers
Treated fairly by school staff
Leadbeater, B., Sukhawathanakul, P., Smith, D., & Bowen, F. (2015) findings?
Reciprocal associations between interpersonal and values dimensions of school climate and peer victimization in elementary school children
they have coloured classed that lead them to perceive school as an unsafe and unfair)
2018 BC McCreary Adolescent Health Survey findings
heterogeneity in connectedness (most feel connected, smaller portion who don’t feel connected are made up by those who have been victimized
how does school connectedness influence mental health (2013 BC McCreary Adolescent Health Survey)
more school connectedness= more likely to report excellent mental health
school connectedness associated with what positive outcomes 2
higher mental health
more likely to go to college
when an important time for post sec
early 20th century
…% of Canadian youth go on to post-secondary education (Stats Can)
75
Rates of graduation lag far behind rates of enrollment (Stats Can, Shaienks, Gluszynski, & Bayard, 2008) how many drop out
1/4
3 things that predict less drop out
student loan, good grades in high school, students whose parents were uni educated less likely to drop out
are marks in high school related to grades in uni
yes! academic skills gained in high school helps you to prepare for uni Amount of studying done and marks in HS linked with
staying in and finishing university or college.
immigrant status means you more likely to attend uni
t
6 things that increase attendance to uni
higher fam income parent education urban city 2 parent household immigrant status non aboriginal
how many aboriginal attend uni
51%
Shift in Canada from a resource-based economy to one oriented towards info and service industries how does this influence non college bound
high paying jobs require degree or a program
Wage gap between earners with degrees and those without changed how over time
narrowed since 200
Still challenges for those with just HS diploma why
hard to transition into workforce since high school focuses on preparing for uni not job world
why narrowing wage gap
(construction and resource based industries making a recovery)
what was the wage gap in 2000 vs 2011
42% to 37%
what is the wage gap
the difference in how much you make with or without a bachelor degree
characteristics of good schools 4
emphasis on intellectual activities
employ teachers who have high expectations and give enough freedom to learn what interests them
integrated into communities they serve
positive classroom climate active participants challenged to think critically
well qualified and trained in adol devel
