Ch 3 Flashcards
T: The process through which an individual’s position or status is
redefined by society.
social redefinition
In all societies: Adolescence is a period of ….
• The individual comes to be recognized …
social transition
as an adult.
The social transition to adulthood is is more explicit in contemporary N. American societies than in traditional cultures
f less
how does Social Redefinition influence Psychosocial Development- what 4 areas progress
identity
autonomy
intimacy dating mariage
achievement
how does Attainment of adult status influence adol identity
causes adolescents to feel more mature and to think more seriously about future work and family roles.
how does Adult status influence autonomy
leads to shifts in responsibility, independence, and
freedom
how does dating change?
Need for new decisions about sexual activity.
how does achievement change as adol begin being recognized as adults
Becoming a full-time employee; leave school of their own volition.
how has The Elongation of Adolescence changed over the generations
longest its ever been (use to be 5 years from menarche to marriage)
today Start puberty earlier and enter into adult roles of work and family later.
t
Elongation of adolescence has had important implications for how young people …3
see themselves, relate to others, and develop psychologically.
the transition to adulthood today is definitive
f vague
Inventionists argue that adolescence, as a period of the life cycle, is mainly a ….
social invention (the way they are treated). not biological or cognitive phenomenon
interventionists view Adolescence is defined primarily by the ways in which …
society recognizes (or does not recognize) the period as distinct from childhood or adulthood Relative to other cultures and historical periods.
interventionists say Problems experienced during adolescence may be due to …
society’s definition of adolescence, not cognitive or biological changes.
when was the The “Invention” of Adolescence
Roots in the Industrial Revolution
before the 19th century how were adol treated
little adults (had jobs)
why children stop having jobs
less jobs after factory creation = removed children from job market and extend schooling
… argued that young people needed to be kept away from the labor force for their own good.
Child protectionists
when was the belief that adol is Extended period of preparation for adulthood= still dependant on adults. come about
late 19th century
3 new terms for adol?
Teenager
• Youth
• Emerging adulthood
with the freedom and increased disposable income of youth … wanted to capitalize off of it
advertising and marketers= new market!
Emerging Adulthood: A New Stage of Life or a Luxury of the Middle Class?
adol prolonged in industrialized societies
Emerging adulthood is Jeffrey Arnett’s term for ages …, caught between adolescence and adulthood
18–25
5 characteristics of emerging adulthood
- The exploration of possible identities before making enduring choices.
- Instability in work, romantic relationships, and living arrangements.
- A focus on oneself and independent functioning.
- The feeling of being caught between adolescence and adulthood.
- The sense that life holds many possibilities.
is emerging adulthood a universal experience?
no doesn’t exist in some cultures due to economic constraints
What are some events or behaviours that might define this unique developmental period?
delays in marriage, extended edu, prolonged exploration, financial dependance,
what did Milan, A (2013). find about Marital Status
shift in concentration of marital status; smaller pollution married young than in 1980s = exploration
how has housing change for young adults since 1980s
more young adults are living with their parents aged 20 to 24 and 25 to 29 living in the parental home
Psychological Well-Being in Emerging Adulthood?
increase in wellbeing and mental health
young adulthood is a positive experience- why
Purpose in life! success in relationships, work, friendships etc, more purpose in life
depression peak in …; self-esteem increases
adolescence and decline in YA but Still, some follow high-risk trajectories (and disorders may have new manifestations in adulthood but not have a classification)
Changes in Status During Adolescence involves a Two-sided alteration in status what are they
Increasingprivileges
• Increasing responsibility
what are the greater responsibilities in adol 2
Legal Boundaries= Subject to a new set of laws and treatment by the society’s legal institutions.
may have to serve in military
what are the increase privileges during adol 3
Ability to participate in activities typically reserved for adults:
• Gambling
•Purchasingalcohol,smoking • Driving,voting
the greatest disagreement with where to draw the line of adulthood is
Adolescents as Criminal Defendants
If a young person has committed a violent crime, should he or she be treated as a child (and processed as a …) or tried as an adult (and processed as a …)?
delinquent
criminal
Should youth and adults who are convicted of the same crime receive the same penalties?
Should we try juveniles as adults in criminal court?
what do these questions come down to
is an adol competent to stand trial
Prosecution of Youths for Criminal Offences is the same for Canada and the US
f
what is the max age at juvenile count in US vs Canada
Most states, max age of juvenile court is 17.
canada 12-18years
what are the transfer laws in the US
can try adol as a adult
when is Statutory exclusion
used in US
murder excluded from juvenile court
“Get tough policy” – “Adult time for adult crimes.”
what is the judicially controlled transfer
all cases involving juveniles have to go through juvenile court then can be transferred
what is the prosecutorial discretion transfer
have both juvenile and criminal jurisdiction
prosecutor can choose to charge as either (prosecutors discretion)
what is the once an adult - always an adult transfer law
requires adult prosecution if you’ve ever been tried as an adult in the past
what is the focus of the The Youth Criminal Justice Act (2003-present) that controls Prosecution of Youths in Canada
focuses on reintegration into the community
Detainment in youth criminal justice if serious offence how do they judge what is a serious offence
(adult 5+ years)
how does the Youth Criminal Justice Act Protect privacy
children not in court
when was the Youth Criminal Justice Act enacted
2003
since the YCJA criminal offences have decreased
t
under the YCJA if youth is Adult charge, must be …
placed in youth facility until 18
teens … capability is compromised due to sensitivity to rewards and risk-taking, value of peers
Decision-making
what is Mens rea
knowledge that your action or lack of action would result in a crime
Adolescent Brain Development and Law Doctrine: …. is core component in due process
Competency to stand trial (CST) or adjudicative competence: understand case against you
can rationally understand conversations with lawyer
Adolescent Brain Development and Law Doctrine: CST must be caused by …
mental illness, intellectual disability, and developmental maturity.
Adolescent Brain Development and Law Doctrine: “Psychosocial factors that augment risk for juvenile delinquency overlaps with the psychosocial factors associated with …”
mental disorders
when transferred to adult system any developmental consideration will be ignored
t
3 main factors in considering if youth is competent to stand trial are…
mental illness, intellectual disability, and developmental maturity.
it is not enough to have mental illness, intellectual disability, and developmental maturity exist but it must be…
caused by these factors
what are some Psychosocial factors
substance use, criminality, SES, parents mental illness, abuse
substance use, criminality, SES, parents mental illness, abuse, neglect increase risk for …
crime and mental health disorders
the majority of the states have juvenile processes for criminal law
f only 21
what is The Process of Social Redefinition
not a single isolated event but a process
when does the process of social redefinition happen in contemporary NA
Generally begins at age 15 or 16
in some cultures the process of social redefinition is marked by an event, give examples
Quinceañera
celebrations
batmitzfa
in many societies the social redefinition happens in-groups give an e.g. and what are these groups called
Graduating class
Fraternity/sorority pledge groups
cohorts
T: a group of individuals born during the same general historical era.
cohort
Societies differ in the process of social redefinition on two important dimensions:
• Clarity
(Explicitness)
• Continuity
(Smoothness)
what is the Clarity of Social Redefinition like in Contemporary Society
No formal ceremonies marking the transition from adolescence to adulthood.
Clarity of Social Redefinition like in Contemporary Society: trends in signifying this shirt 2
• Less emphasis on attaining a specific role and more emphasis on
self-reliance.
• Decline in importance of family roles.
Clarity of Social Redefinition like in Contemporary Society: how do males and females differ
Similar criteria for males and females, fewer gender-typed role expectations.
Clarity of Social Redefinition in Traditional Cultures?
• Social redefinition is clearly recognized. • Formal initiation ceremony
what is the gender difference for Clarity of Social Redefinition in Traditional Cultures?
Boys:timingofceremonyvaries.
• At puberty, at a designated chronological age, or when community
decides individual is ready for status change.
• Girls:timing usually linked to menarche.
how is physical appearance changed in social redefinition for traditional cultures
Physical appearance is often changed (clothing).= Adults clearly differentiated from children.
what is The Sateré-Mawé Coming Of Age Tradition?
Bullet Ant Initiation: woven into gloves and have to wear for 10 minutes, if they endure they are not ready for manhood
how does social transition vary in in Continuity
gradual vs abrupt transition
which continuity do traditional communities use
Continuous transitions
• Gradual transitions
Social redefinition varies across …2 contexts along the dimension of continuity.
cultural and historical, give roles and status little by little (training along the way)
what is the continuity of the transition in contemporary societies
Discontinuous
transitions
• Sudden transitions
in Contemporary Industrialized Society what is the problem with the discontinuous approach
Little preparation for roles of worker, parent, citizen.
Adolescents are typically segregated from these types of activities until adulthood is achieved.
in Contemporary Industrialized Society adol Required to assume roles when they reach the age of .. (adult status).
.majority
in traditional societies the what does the continuous transition look like
Adolescents’ preparation for adulthood comes from observation and hands-on experience,
join adults in activities
in traditional societies continuous = Involved in work tasks that have meaningful
connections to the …
work they will perform as adults.
The Transition into Adulthood in Contemporary Society: your psycosoicla adjustment into adulthood depends on Two societal trends are reshaping the nature of the transition.
- The increasing length of the transitional period
2. Increasing demand for more formal education (success in labour force requires this)
The Transition into Adulthood in Contemporary Society: problem with increasing demand for formal edu
Quality of transition may depend on resources = disparity in opportunities.
The Transition into Adulthood in Contemporary Society: … inhibits the smooth transition from adolescence to adulthood.
Poverty
The Transition into Adulthood in Contemporary Society: how does Poverty inhibits the smooth transition from adolescence to adulthood? 5
Increased likelihood of failure in school, unemployment, delinquency, teen pregnancy, homelessness.
Special Transitional Problems of Vulnerable Youth: youth that live below the poverty line are more or less likely to leave home before 18
more = not ready
those who live below poverty line are also less likely to leave home after 18 (even when controlling for edu)
Special Transitional Problems of Vulnerable Youth: … youth more at risk of poverty-related transitional challenges
Minority
how does poverty relate to young parenthood
become parents before 25
less likely to be married
What Can Be Done to Ease the Transition 5
- Restructure secondary education. (more continuous)
- Expand work and volunteering opportunities.
- Improve the quality of community life for adolescents and their parents. (spend time around adults)
- Expand opportunities in the workplace to make high school a “bridge” to adulthood.
- Facilitate mentoring programs for at-risk adolescents.
what is The Influence of Neighbourhoods: Neighbourhoods can impact function through: 3
- less Collective efficacy
- Impact of stress
- Limited access to resources
dolescents growing up in poor, urban communities have poor adjustment outcomes e.g. 4.
sexual risks, delinquency, poorer educational attainment
T: The extent to which neighbours trust each other, share values, and count on each other to monitor the activities of youth in the community.
collective efficacy
• Living in a neighbourhood low in collective efficacy is especially important for adolescents whose parents are themselves not very vigilant.
f high
what is the The impact of stress on poor neighbourhoods 2
The stresses associated with poverty undermine the quality of people’s relationships with each other and poor parenting = lower emotional regulation
Exposure to violence= more engagement in it
how does violence in neighbourhood influence a child
= more engagement in it, more mental health and substance use
poor neighbourhoods have Limited Access to Resources = lower quality. what are 5 of these resources
• School
• Health care
• Transportation
• Employment opportunities • Recreational services
= less opportunity to thrive in adulthood
In some societies, adolescence is a period of social transition for the individual
f in all
what is social redefinition
The process through which an individual’s position or status is redefined by society.
the biological and cognitive transitions of adol are universal
more or less
puberty timing can differ and
what people think and reason about certainly changes
the existence of a social passage from childhood into adulthood is universal
t
the social transitions have important consequences for the young person’s psychosocial development what are 4 main ones
- change identity, promote self evaluation and introspection
- autonomy
- relationships with others change
- achievement
The attainment of adult status provides chances for the young person to exercise autonomy and to develop a greater sense of independence. what else comes with this though
responsibility
T: The designated age at which an individual is recognized as an adult.
the age of majority
not until the age of majority (the legal age for adult status) are individuals allowed to marry without first gaining their parents’ permission, how does this play out in some societies
young people may even be required to marry when they reach adulthood, entering into a marriage that may have been arranged while they were children
laws governing sexual behavior (such as the definition of …) typically differentiate between individuals who have and have not attained adult status
statutory rape
what are the questions with defining adults in regard to statutory rape
whether sexually active individuals who are not yet legal adults should be able to make independent decisions about such matters as abortion and contraception
what are the questions with defining adults in regard to statutory rape
whether sexually active individuals who are not yet legal adults should be able to make independent decisions about such matters as abortion and contraception
it is only considered statutory rape if it is non consensual
f Sex between two individuals, even when it is consensual, when at least one of the persons is below the legal age of consent; in the United States, the specific age of consent varies from state to state.
Achievement: not until young people have reached a designated age are they permitted to leave school of their own volition.
t
Deciding how we define a stage of life—when it begins and when it ends—is inherently ..
.subjective
what is the marker of adol
usually puberty signals no longer child
is there more consensus on when puberty starts or ends
starts
there is no definitive adulthood boundary because there are no biological boundaries
f Although there are a few objective biological boundaries between adolescence and adulthood—for instance, the point at which people stop growing taller or when they can bear children but they could be done these things at 13
what are some of the social indicators used to draw the line between adolescence and adulthood, …3`
like attaining the age of legal majority, starting a full-time job, or moving out of one’s parents’ home.
This is why experts define adolescence as beginning in … and ending in …
biology
culture.
Of all the possible markers of the beginning and end of adolescence, …2 are probably the best ones to use in order to see if adolescence actually has gotten longer.
menstruation and marriage (both documented and memorable)
one must be married in order to be an adult
f , only that changes in the average age of marriage are useful for tracking historical trends
when the average age of getting married over time increase so too does …
Trends in the age at which people complete their schooling, begin their careers, or set up independent households
The age of marriage has risen steadily over the past … years
50
In the middle of the nineteenth century, adolescence lasted around … years
5
At the turn of the twentieth century, the average American woman got her first period between …and married when she was just under …. In 1900, adolescence lasted a little less than… years.
14 and 15
22
7
During the first half of the twentieth century, people began getting married at a … age, but the age of puberty continued to ….. This froze the length of adolescence at about …years.
younger
decline
7
(average American female went through menarche at around 13 ½ and married at 20.)
From 1950 on, though, things changed. how
The drop in the age of puberty continued, but people started marrying later and later.
Each decade, the average age of menarche dropped by about…months, whereas the average age at marriage rose by about a ….
3 or 4
year
By 2010, it took .. years for the average girl to go from menarche to marriage
.15
why is transition to adulthood hard when poor
social institutions that once enabled poor youth to make a successful transition into adulthood no longer provide sufficient support
The lengthening of adolescence as a developmental period has had important implications for how young people see themselves, relate to others, and develop psychologically 3 examples
- In contemporary society, however, individuals live with their parents long after they have become sexually mature
- adolescents’ economic “maturity” lags far behind their psychological maturity
- School, however, is not something that all individuals enjoy equally but is a requirement now
Adolescents today are less emotionally mature than they were 100 years ago
f aren’t if anything, growing up under many of the pressures that people face today may have made them more mature at a younger age
T: Theorists who argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social invention.
interventionist
how do interventionists view the problems facing adol
view the behaviors and problems characteristic of adolescence in contemporary society, such as delinquency, as a consequence of the way that adolescence is defined and young people are treated, rather than the result of the biological or cognitive givens of the period
Have there always been adolescents?
not until industrial revolution in mid 19th century
what age was a child in 17th century
“child” referred to anyone under the age of 18 or even 21
what defined adults in the 17th century
The main distinction between children and adults was based not on their age or their abilities but on whether they owned property
the term … was not widely used prior to the nineteenth century
adolescent
why was adolescence impacted so dramatically by industrial revolution
the connection between what individuals learned in childhood and what they would need to know in adulthood became increasingly uncertain= encouraged to go to school to be able to adapt to changing society
how did extending school influence adol
This led to the increased importance of peer groups and youth culture
how did machines entering the workforce influence adol
they were competing for adult jobs not providing helpful cheap labour
and protect from new unsafe work enviros
Although there was little factual basis for the distinction, society began to view adolescents as less capable and more in need of guidance and training—legitimizing what was little more than …
age discrimination.
the growth of large urban areas was accompanied by increases in ..2
crime and “moral degeneracy.”
T: Individuals who argued, early in the twentieth century, that adolescents needed to be kept out of the labor force in order to protect them from the hazards of the workplace.
child protectionists
when was the beginning of adol as we know it today (young people, in need of guidance and supervision, remain economically dependent on their elders)
late 19th century (began with middle class)
Adolescence, as a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood, still doesn’t exist everywhere
f now exists in virtually all societies around the world
introduction of the term teenager, which was not employed until about ..years ago.
.75
In contrast to “adolescent,” “teenager” suggested this time period ass…
less serious age, during which individuals concern themselves with cars, clothes, and cosmetics
although the image of the American teenager—fun-loving, irresponsible, and independent—now appears all over the world, in some societies it is viewed favorably (because …), while in others it is held up as an example of what adults do not want their children to become
it is evidence that the society has reached a level of affluence to be able to afford it
Although adolescence was invented during the late nineteenth century, it was not until the .., that our present-day image of the teenager was created.
.middle of the twentieth century
T: A term popularized about 50 years ago to refer to young people; it connoted a more frivolous and lighthearted image than did “adolescent.”
teenager
A second term whose acceptance grew as a result of social change is …, which was used long before “adolescent.”
youth
what does youth mean today
Today, a term used to refer to individuals ages 18 to 22; it once referred to individuals ages 12 to 24. (some claim distinct stage in life cycle)
Many adults referred to the changes they saw in attitudes and values among college students as the “…”
youth movement
because the majority of young people continue their education past high school and are forced to delay their transition into … that define adulthood
many adult work and family roles
T: Proponents of this idea contend that the period from ages 18 to 25 is neither adolescence nor adulthood, but a unique developmental period in its own right
emerging adulthood
5 distinct features of emerging adulthood
- the exploration of possible identities before making enduring choices;
- instability in work, romantic relationships, and living arrangements;
- a focus on oneself and, in particular, on functioning as an independent person;
- the feeling of being between adolescence and adulthood; and
- the sense that life holds many possibilities.
emerging adulthood exists in most cultures
f very few (the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and the more affluent nations of Western Europe)
It is also important to note that the existence of emerging adulthood is not entirely an economic phenomenon, what else is it
values and priorities- they want to take some time before assuming full adult responsibilities. Expectations about the age at which one gets married appear to be especially important to this decision
is emerging adulthood both a potentially difficult time, characterized by floundering and financial instability, and a time of carefree optimism and independence.
both Several studies show that for the majority of people, emerging adulthood is generally one of positive and improving mental health (see Figure 3.1). At the same time, however, the period between 18 and 25 is a time during which a substantial number of people report serious mental health problems, like depression or substance abuse
In any given year, nearly … of people this age suffer from some sort of mental illness
one-fifth
teens commit suicide more than adults
f the suicide rate among young adults is twice what it is among teenagers
First, over …% of the sample showed great stability in their well-being over the period, consistent with many other studies indicating that psychological functioning in childhood and adolescence is highly predictive of success later in life
80
why is psychological functioning in childhood and adolescence is highly predictive of success later in life
This is because success in one stage (doing well in high school) usually leads to success in the next stage (getting into a good college), and some basic “resources” predict success throughout the life span—as the old joke goes, if you want to succeed in life, make sure you have a high IQ, money, and good parents
Three main findings from study of mental health during this age period followed a national sample of American youths from age 18 to their mid-20s
- psychological functioning in childhood and adolescence is highly predictive of success later in life
- period of change in mental health
- experiences in the domains of work, romance, and citizenship—but not in the domains of school or finances—were especially linked to changes in well-being
for more than a sixth of the sample, this period was one of substantial change in mental health—about 7% of the sample were well-functioning adolescents whose mental health …, and another 10% were troubled adolescents who …
declined
became “exemplary” young adults.
experiences in the domains of ….3 —but not in the domains of …2.—were especially linked to changes in well-being
work, romance, and citizenship
school or finances
the notion that people go through a distinct and unique set of psychological transitions during middle age has become widely accepted and supported by evidence
(if perhaps less supported by hard evidence than in popular media portrayals)
does a psychological stage of emerging adulthood really exists ?
has yet to be established
there is no evidence that this has been accompanied by a comparable prolongation into adulthood of problem behaviors typically associated with late adolescence, such as crime or substance abuse- what does this suggest
economic forces have delayed the transition into social adulthood
but have not affected the transition into psychological adulthood.
n contemporary America, attaining the … brings the right to vote
age of majority
T: The formal induction of a young person into adulthood.
initial ceremony
attaining adult status brings harsher treatment under the law
t and f also with it greater leniency under the law, whereas in others, it is associated
e.g. of status violations
running away from home As a college student, you cannot be legally punished for not showing up for class, as would have been the case if you didn’t show up for high school.
being tried in the juvenile justice system results in a less severe sanction than being found guilty of the same crime in adult court
, this is not always the case
T: A violation of the law that pertains to minors but not adults.
status offence
T: A separate system of courts and related institutions developed to handle juvenile crime and delinquency.
juvenile justice system
T: The system of courts and related institutions developed to handle adult crime.
criminal justice system
why is hard to know at what chronological age a line should be drawn between legally viewing someone as an adult and viewing him or her as a child
development during adolescence is so rapid and so variable between individuals that it is difficult to know at
This problem is compounded by the fact that we draw the boundary at different places for different purposes
brain devel
If a youngster has committed a violent crime, should he or she be treated as a child (and processed by the legal system as a …) or tried as an adult (and processed as a …)?
delinquent
criminal
what is death penalty in the US
raised from 16 to 18 in 2005
One issue that arises in cases in which a juvenile might be tried as an adult is whether the adolescent is …
competent to stand trial and make other legal decisions.
One study of this issue found that about .. of those aged 13 and younger, and … of 14- and 15-year-olds, were as impaired in their abilities to serve as a competent defendant as were mentally ill adults who had been found not competent to stand trial
one-third
one-fifth
juveniles, even those who are relatively mature, are less likely than adults to 4 (legal processes)
understand their rights when being questioned by the police, more likely to confess to a crime than remain silent, less likely to consider the long-term consequences of making plea agreements, and less likely to discuss disagreements about their defense with their attorneys
the Court ruled that, because of their maturity, adolescents do not need to obtain parental consent to get an abortion. :T
Hodgson v. Minnesota
adolescents should not be subject to the death penalty, because their immaturity makes them less responsible for their criminal behavior :T
Roper v. Simmons
how do they choose how to set the age of “maturity” to participate in certain activities
In general, legal decisions tend to set the age boundary high when the behavior in question is viewed as potentially damaging to the young person (for example, buying alcohol), but have set the boundary low when the behavior is thought to have potential benefit (for example, having access to contraceptives)
what is the event that marks Social redefinition
not a single event a series of events that often occur over a relatively long time
In contemporary America, the process of redefinition typically begins at age …. when
15 or 16, when people are first permitted to drive and work in the formal labor force.
what is the event that marks the social redefinition of the young person in cultures that have dramatic and elaborate initiation ceremony
the initiation ceremony usually marks the beginning of a long period of training and preparation for adulthood, not the adolescent’s final passage into adult status.
cohort—and move through the series of status transitions together perk of this
results in strong bonds
e.g. of group rituals
quinceañera and graduation and frats
Formal rites of passage from adolescence to adulthood are rare in contemporary society
t
T: An elaborate sort of “coming-out” celebration for adolescent girls that is practiced in many Latino communities.
quinceañera
several general themes characterize the process in all societies:
- Real or Symbolic Separation from Parents
-
Youngsters may spend the day with their parents but spend the night with friends of the family, with relatives, or in a separate residence reserved for preadolescents. some examples of this
They are sent to summer camps, to boarding schools, or, as is more common, to college.
A second aspect of social redefinition during adolescence entails the … differences between males and females
accentuation of physical and social
why the accentuation of physical and social
partly because of the physical changes of puberty and partly because in many cultures adult work and family roles are often highly sex-differentiated
adolescence often is an entirely different phenomenon for boys and girls, general trend of how their experiences differ
girls’ behavior is more subject to the control of adults, whereas boys are given more freedom and autonomy
Girls and boys are expected to remain virgins until marriage
f , only girls whereas boys’ premarital sexual activity is tolerated.
The separation of males and females in adolescence is not limited to non-Western societies, though where did/ does this happen in our history
males and females were separated in educational institutions, either by excluding adolescent girls from secondary and higher education, grouping males and females in different schools or different classrooms, or having males and females follow different curricula.
what separation of males and females in adolescence exists today
residential arrangements, styles of dress, athletic activities, and household chores. and many contemporary ceremonies designed to recognize the young person’s passage into adulthood differentiate between males and females
T:In Judaism, the religious ceremony marking the young person’s transition to adulthood.
Bar (Bas) Mitzvah
Passing on Information from the Older Generation what kind of info? 3
(1) matters thought to be important to adults but of limited utility to children (for example, information about the performance of certain adult work tasks), (2) matters thought to be necessary for adults but unfit for children (for example, information regarding sex), or (3) matters concerning the history or rituals of the family or community (for example, how to perform certain ceremonies).
T; The intentional creation of scars on some part or parts of the body, often done as part of an initiation ceremony.
scarification
students sometimes overlook important similarities between the processes of social redefinition in traditional and contemporary societies what are some of our rituals that may seem strange to other cultures
the punching of holes in earlobes or other parts of the body (ear or body piercing), the scraping of hair from faces or legs (shaving), the permanent decoration of skin (tattoos), and the application of brightly colored paints to lips, eyes, and cheeks (putting on makeup).
Two very important dimensions along which societies differ in the process of social redefinition are in the …2
explicitness, or clarity, of the transition and in the smoothness, or continuity, of the passage.
Universal, formal initiation ceremonies therefore have never been prevalent in U.S. society, why
largely because of the cultural diversity of the population and the general separation of religious experience from everyday affairs. Dif schedules, timing and enviros = unclear
does clarity require formal ceremonies
no If all young people were to graduate from high school, enter the labor force, and marry at the age of 18, this age would be an implicit boundary between adolescence and adulthood
what increases the clarity of the social transition
When transitions into adult work, family, and citizenship roles occur close in time, and when most members of a cohort experience these transitions at about the same age, the passage into adulthood has greater clarity
…perhaps come the closest to universal rites of passage in contemporary society, but school graduation doesn’t bring with it many meaningful or universal changes in social status, responsibilities, or privileges.
School graduation ceremonies
As a result, social redefinition in contemporary society does not give adolescents any clear indication of …
when their responsibilities and privileges as an adult begin.
In some states, the age at which someone can be tried as an adult for a serious violent crime is as low as 10 this speaks to the …
the inconsistency of the age at which individuals can and cannot do “adult” activities
for many adolescents the transition into adult roles is sometimes a confusing passage.- why
adolescents are treated as adults at different times by different people in different contexts
Studies of how people define adulthood in contemporary society indicate three interesting trends.
- adolescents place relatively less emphasis than they do in traditional societies on attaining specific roles and relatively more on the development of various character traits indicative of self-reliance
- over time, there has been a striking decline in the importance of family roles—marriage and parenthood—as defining features of what it means to be an adult.
- the defining criteria of adulthood have become more or less the same for males and females
the best predictor of subjective age—that is, what age they felt they were, regardless of how old they actually were—was …
their level of psychosocial maturity
Among contemporary American youths, for instance, “….” is the most frequently mentioned criterion for being an adult
accepting responsibility for one’s self
Of the role-related transitions viewed as important among contemporary youth, … is the most important defining criterion of adulthood
being able to support oneself financially
how many college undergraduates see themselves unambiguously as adults.
less than one-third of college undergraduates see themselves unambiguously as adults.
when they are asked whether certain accomplishments are necessary for an individual to be considered an adult only 17% say that being … is necessary, and just 14% say that it is necessary to …
married
become a parent
why is it important to know how old adol feel
how old an adolescent feels affects his or her behavior.
when individuals make the transition from feeling older than they really are (as most teenagers do), to feeling younger than they really are (as most adults do) when does this shift happen
age 25
how clear is social redefinition in traditional cultures
very clear
for boys and girls in trad cultures the initiation ceremony serves to ritualize the passing of the young person out of childhood and, …
if not directly into adulthood, into a period of training for it.
In many initiation ceremonies, the adolescent’s ,,, is changed, so that other members of the community can distinguish between initiated and uninitiated young people
physical appearance
In most modern industrialized societies, we have grown accustomed to seeing teenagers who try to dress like adults, and adults who try to dress like teenagers, but such a state of affairs would be highly uncommon in …
traditional cultures.
One practice involving the physical transformation of the adolescent that has generated a great deal of controversy is …
circumcision.
is it healthier to or not to circumcision
There is no evidence that men are harmed emotionally by being circumcised, and complications from the procedure are minimal and far fewer than the health risks associated with not being circumcised
A procedure in which some part of the genitals is cut and permanently altered.
circumcision
Female circumcision, or female genital mutilation, which involves the cutting or removal of the clitoris and, often, the labia, is rarely practiced outside of …
North Africa
difference between male and female circumcision
female circumcision has no associated health benefits and carries many risks, including infection and chronic pain during urination, menstruation, and intercourse. After circumcision, it is virtually impossible for a woman to achieve an orgasm during sex
other name for female circ
female genital mutilation
what is female genital mutilation
The cutting or removal of the clitoris, performed in some cultures as part of the initiation of female adolescents.
In 1960, the average age of marriage was … for women and … for men; today, it is 27 and 30, respectively
20 for women and 22
In 1960, fewer than 10% of young adults between the ages of 25 and 34 …
lived with their parents, whereas in 2015, one-third did (Vespa, 2017). Within this age group, living with one’s parents is more common among younger, less educated, and non-White individuals
In 1960, a very high proportion of adolescents went directly from high school into …
full-time employment or the military, and only one-third of American high school graduates went directly to college; today, nearly 70 percent of high school graduates go to college soon after graduating
T: The period following World War II, during which the number of infants born was extremely large.
baby boom
T: The period following World War II, during which the number of infants born was extremely large.
baby boom
In other words, in 1960, three key elements of the transition to adulthood—…3`—all occurred relatively early compared to today, and all took place within a fairly constricted time frame
getting married, moving out of the parents’ home, and completing one’s education
today’s transition to adulthood is …2
long and rocky
the transition into adulthood was just as disorderly and prolonged during the nineteenth century and early 20th century as it is today
t many young people were neither enrolled in school nor working, occupying a halfway stage that was not quite childhood but not quite adulthood
. Age at first marriage was just about the same among males and females at the turn of the twentieth century (26) as it is today (30
f only males females older today
At least in industrialized societies, the brief and clear transition into adulthood experienced by many … in the mid–twentieth century was the exception, not the rule
baby boomers
T: assages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into gradually.
continuous transitions
T: Transitions that are not so smooth, in which the young person’s entrance into adulthood is more sudden and abruptly
DISCONTINUOUS TRANSITIONS
e.g. of continuous and discontinuity?
children who grow up working on the family farm and continue this work as adults have a continuous transition into adult work roles. In contrast, children who do not have any work experience while they are growing up and who enter the labor force for the first time when the graduate from college have a discontinuous transition into adult work roles.
is the transition into family or work roles more abrupt
The transition into adult family roles is even more abrupt than the transition into work roles
Families are relatively small today, and youngsters are likely to be close in age to their siblings; what is the result of this
as a result, few opportunities exist for participating in child care activities at home= discontinuous parent role
Adolescents are permitted few opportunities for independence and autonomy in school and are segregated from most of society’s … institutions until they complete their formal education
political
what is continuity like in traditional cultures
continuous
By the time they reached late adolescence, Samoan youngsters were well trained in the tasks they would need to perform as adults., is this common ?
Such continuity is generally the case in societies in which hunting, fishing, and farming are the chief work activities.= rely on informal education
As several writers have pointed out, …2 have made the transition from adolescence to adulthood longer and increasingly more discontinuous all over the world
modernization and globalization
the familiar psychological struggles that have up until now been characteristic of adolescence are only common in modern, industrialized societies
f becoming more common all over the world
a diverse array of countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas, we have been surprised at how similar … are across these very different cultural contexts
patterns of development
Although adolescents of 100 years ago took on full-time employment earlier in life than they typically do today, they were likely to live under adult supervision for a longer period of time. how long did this semi independent period last and why was it good
lasted from about 12 to 22, and often beyond—may have increased the degree of continuity of the passage into adulthood by providing a time during which young people could assume certain adult responsibilities gradually
By …, the semi-independence characteristic of adolescence in the nineteenth century had largely disappeared
1900
how continuous was the socialization of family roles in previous eras
It was common for the children in a family to span a wide age range, and remaining at home undoubtedly placed the older adolescent from time to time in child-rearing roles. They were also expected to assist their parents in maintaining the household
For the first time in more than a century, more Americans between the ages of …. are living with their parents than in any other arrangement
18 and 34
why more living at home
increased costs of housing and transportation,
pro of young adults living at home
usual rise in alcohol and drug use seen when adolescents go off to college is not nearly as great when individuals continue to live with their parents
The frequency of binge drinking more than doubles when high school seniors go off to college and move out of their parents’ home.
t
How living with their parents in late adolescence affects psychological development and mental health likely depends on …
the extent to which this experience is seen as normative
how does living at home influence relationship with parents
not affected their relationships with their parents one way or the other, and one-quarter actually say that their relationship has improved
Among Asian and Hispanic young adults in particular, living with one’s parents in late adolescence and early adulthood may be characterized by especially positive feelings and close family relationships why
more likely to have been raised in a culture that places special importance on family obligations,
living at home is associated with immaturity
f not when taking into consideration the current social context
oday’s prolonged and discontinuous passage into adulthood impedes adolescents’ psychosocial development
we don’t know could enhance
Much probably depends on whether the adolescent has access to the resources necessary for such a protracted transition
many commentators have noted that there is not one transition into adulthood in contemporary America, but three very different transitions…
one for the “haves,” one for the “have-nots,” and one for those who are somewhere in between
we can point to two specific societal trends that are reshaping the nature of the transition from adolescence to adulthood
- the length of the transitional period is increasing
2.
2 reasons people are marrying later
- One of the reasons that individuals are marrying at a later age today is that it takes longer to accumulate enough wealth to establish a separate residence or start a family
- the progress made by young women in higher education and in the labor force has encouraged more of them to delay getting married to devote attention to their careers before starting a family
what forces are continuing to lengthen adol
- the amount of formal edu needed still increasing
2. decline in age of pub
problem with the amount of formal edu needed still increasing
creates larger divide bw haves and have nots
This division will be seen not only between wealthy and poor countries but, increasingly, between the affluent and the poor within countries
globalization contributes to income inequality
t
One extremely important international trend concerns different birth rates in different parts of the world, why
Because the birth rate in poor and developing countries is so much higher than it is in wealthy nations, the distribution of the world’s adolescents is changing dramatically-relatively fewer and fewer of the world’s teenagers will come from affluent parts of the world, and relatively more and more will live in impoverished countries
Black, Hispanic, and Native American youth, in particular—have more trouble negotiating the transition into adulthood than do their White and Asian counterparts. -why
This is due to many factors, including poverty, discrimination, segregation, and disproportionate involvement with the justice system
about …% of American adolescents are from ethnic minority groups.
45
immigrant adol have poorer mental health and school performance
the better-than-expected mental health and school performance of immigrant adolescents in the United States
what influences how well immigrants fare
one of the most interesting findings to emerge from research on immigrant adolescents is that their “Americanization” appears to be associated with worse, not better, outcomes
Of all the factors that may impair youngsters’ ability to move easily from adolescence into adulthood, … is at the top of the list
poverty
5 reasons poverty leads to transitional difficulty
growing up poor adversely affects adolescents’ brain development
is associated with failure in school, unemployment, delinquency, and teen pregnancy
minority youth are more likely to have transitional problems
t bus poverty
school dropout rates are much higher among Hispanic and Native American teenagers than among other groups, and college enrollment is lower among Black, Hispanic, and Native American youth.
t
the school failure of minority groups does not influence their employment
f unemployment is much higher among Black, Hispanic, and Native American teenagers
A variety of suggestions have been offered for making the transition into adulthood smoother for all young people, …3
including restructuring secondary education, expanding work and volunteer opportunities, and improving the quality of community life for adolescents and their parents.
a comprehensive approach to the problem is needed, and that such an approach must simultaneously address the …4 needs of adolescents from all walks of life
educational, employment, interpersonal, and health
how effective are mentoring programs
(not sufficient for at risk youth alone) Evaluations of mentoring programs indicate that they have a small, positive effect on youth development.
Adolescents who have been mentored are less likely to have problems in school and at home, less likely to use drugs and alcohol, and less likely to get into trouble with the law
Mentoring appears to have the most beneficial effects on adolescents whose other relationships are great
f good, but not great (perhaps because the ones with great other relationships didn’t need the mentoring as much and because the ones with poor ones did not have the social skills to profit from the mentoring)
mentoring tends to be more successful when the mentor …3
maintains a steady presence in the youth’s life over an extended period (at least 2 years), has frequent contact with the youngster, and involves the adolescent in a wide range of recreational, social, and practical activities
improving the conditions by relocating poor families has positive effects
These studies have found mixed effects of relocation, with some studies showing positive effects, others showing no effect, and some actually showing negative effects
more positive for girls than boys
… adolescents whose neighborhoods improved in quality were more likely to show increases in problems than those whose neighborhoods did not, but that the opposite pattern held for adolescents in …. neighborhoods, where change for the better led to improvements in boys’ well-being
very poor
moderate-poverty
How can we account for the finding that relocating poor families to more affluent neighborhoods sometimes has negative effects on adolescents’ behavior? 4
- more discrimination in new neighbourhoods
- less access to community resources
- comparison to affluent peers
- more parent monitoring
research showing that … has adverse effects on adolescents’ mental health above and beyond the effects of poverty
income inequality
the higher the wealth of an area the better the adol wellbeing
f
adolescents in wealthy neighborhoods report higher levels of …3
delinquency, substance abuse, anxiety, and depression (high prevalence of psychological and behavioral problems)
what is the catalyst to rich adol problems and when does it begin
The higher incidence of problems among adolescents from wealthy communities appears to emerge in early adolescence, when teenagers begin experimenting with alcohol and illegal drugs, which may be fueled by pressure to excel in school and extracurricular activities and enabled by parents who are either too preoccupied to notice or simply choose to look the other way
the devastating effects on adolescent behavior, achievement, and mental health, and that these effects can be attributed to growing up in a poor family or attending a financially strapped school
f are above and beyond those attributable to those factors
Although virtually all neighborhood research has focused on urban adolescents, studies find that growing up in poor rural communities also places adolescents at risk- why
it is the absence of affluent neighbors, rather than the presence of poor ones, that seems to place adolescents in impoverished communities at greatest risk
How might neighborhood conditions affect the behavior and development of adolescents? Three different mechanisms have been suggested what are. they
- collective efficacy
- interpersonal relationships
- economic and institutional resources
neighborhood conditions shape the norms that guide individuals’ …
values and behaviors.
T: A community’s social capital, derived from its members’ common values and goals.
collective efficacy
why less collective efficacy in poor neigh
Poverty in neighborhoods breeds social isolation and social disorganization, undermining a neighborhood’s sense of collective efficacy—the extent to which neighbors trust each other, share common values, and count on each other to monitor the activities of youth in the community
pros of collective efficacy
monitoring from more parents when own aren’t very good at that
- encourages adolescents to form a deeper emotional bond with their community, which in turn makes them feel safer
- connection protects from adverse effects of neighbourhood violence
pros of collective efficacy
monitoring from more parents when own aren’t very good at that
- encourages adolescents to form a deeper emotional bond with their community, which in turn makes them feel safer
- connection protects from adverse effects of neighbourhood violence
The impact of living amid low collective efficacy is especially bad among individuals who are …2
impulsive or insensitive to the feelings of others
the stresses associated with poverty undermine the quality of people’s …
relationships with each other
how does poverty influence parenting
Across all ethnic groups, poverty is associated with harsh, inconsistent, and punitive parenting, which, in turn, are linked to adolescent misbehavior
Living in poor housing appears to have a particularly bad impact on girls’ mental health, why
perhaps because girls are more likely than boys to spend their free time at home
The link between family poverty and delinquency is even stronger in poor neighborhoods
t
positive family relationships are more effective in good neighborhoods
some studies find this some find the reverse
The impact of poverty on neighborhood .. is especially devastating
violence
how does exposure to violence influence adol
increases the risk of behavioral, emotional, and physical health problems, (more likely to interpret ambiguous situations as threatening, to have poor emotion regulation, to become desensitized to violence, and to show increases in blood pressure)
There is even evidence that growing up in violence-ridden neighborhoods affects brain development in ways that interfere with the development of …3
self-control, delay of gratification, and empathy
witnessing gun violence … an adolescent’s risk for committing violence in the future
doubles
Generally speaking, being the victim of violence has the same effects as witnessing it
f has more consistent harmful effects than witnessing it
factors that help protect against their harmful effects of violence 4
having positive family relationships, being involved in structured extracurricular activities, and having strong religious beliefs, especially among Black youth
mindfulness training can help
in neighborhoods with higher levels of resources and greater feelings of cohesion, adults’ beliefs about teenagers tend to be more favorable, probably because …
positive social relationships.
The presence of institutional resources, then, often goes hand in hand with the presence of ..
positive social relationships.
Neighborhoods influence individuals by transforming …
what takes place within the more immediate contexts that are embedded in them.
