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336 > Ch 1: biological transitions > Flashcards

Ch 1: biological transitions Flashcards

1
Q

whati s this reading about?

A

the biological underpinnings of puberty

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2
Q

why is it relevant?

A

the changes that are occuring within the teen body influence their outward behaviours and a better understanding of this proccess can help us understand the external projections that occur during this time

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3
Q

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW ABOUT THE TOPIC

A

puberty is fucking uncomfortable and scary

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4
Q

at puberty does the hypo become more or less sensitive

A

less = higher levels of androgens and estrogens circulating before hypo stops it

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5
Q

what triggers puberty ?

A

-HPG is reawakened
-stimulated by increase Kissleptin
-

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6
Q

what influences kisleptin

A

increase in leptin and decrease in melatonin

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7
Q

before puberty pituitary acts on…

A

thyroid and adrenal gland ??

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8
Q

what is Arenal glands job

A

controls cortisol= adolescences more responsive to stress

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9
Q

more mental health in adolescences?

A

increase in vulnerability

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10
Q

Study: does puberty increase sensitivity to stresss?

A

social anxiety increases in adolescences (induce it with speech in childhood vs adolescences then monitored cortisol)

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11
Q

Study: does puberty increase sensitivity to stress?

A

social anxiety increases in adolescences (induce it with speech in childhood vs adolescences then monitored cortisol)

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12
Q

what was results of social anxiety study

A

increased cortisol in self reported puberty (even within the same person)

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13
Q

4 contextual influences that effect puberty

A

region of world, SES (nutrition, health care), ethnic group, historical era

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14
Q

T: first menstration

A

menarche

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15
Q

average age of menarche in can and us

A

12

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16
Q

at highest rate of change in puberty can grow same rate as toddler t or f

A

t

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17
Q

what does asynchrony of puberty growth mean

A

extremities first= look disproportionate

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18
Q

how does puberty effect body satisfaction

A

more dissatisfaction among girls = more body fat, for boys less concerned

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19
Q

what risk does the drive for muscularity survey find in adolescences boys

A

can contribute to muscle dysphoria

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20
Q

what factor influenced muscle dysphoria most (BMI, puberty dev, negative affect, esteem, body dis, media, teasing, sports

A

media, negative affect, power sports = not biology but perception and social influences

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21
Q

what does the BC adolescences health survey tell us

A

more adolescences are healthy than their perceived body image would suggest = girls think overweight, boys think underweight

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22
Q

having positive body image can be protective, how

A

-taking care of body= alc, —-cig, working out, dieting

increase in intuitive eating

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23
Q

risk of poor body image

A

preoccupation with self (self objectification and social comparison)

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24
Q

is there a relationship between age of onset of pub and rate of which it proceeds?

A

no a lot of variability in time and tempo

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25
Q

menarche earlier or later than earlier in malnourished countries

A

later (earlier for first world)

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26
Q

age of menarche earlier or later than in history

A

earlier

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27
Q

age of menarche earlier or later than in history, what is the term for this

A

earlier = secular trend

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28
Q

define puberty technical terms

A

changes that allow for reproduction

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29
Q

3 physical manifestations?

A
  1. primary sex changes
  2. secondary sex changes
  3. rapid growth
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30
Q

what primary sex changes occur

A

devel of gonads (sex glands)

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31
Q

what secondary sex changes occur

A

changes in genitals and breasts, hair ect.

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32
Q

primary and secondary sex changes are the result of changes in the …

A

endocrine system and CNS

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33
Q

new hormones are produced at puberty

A

f just levels change

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34
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

The system of the body that produces, circulates, and regulates hormones.

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35
Q

T: Highly specialized substances secreted by one or more endocrine glands

A

hormones

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36
Q

what are glands

A

Organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways to particular hormones.

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37
Q

Organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways to particular hormones.:T

A

glands

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38
Q

T: Specialized neurons that are activated by certain pubertal hormones.

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons

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39
Q

how does the endocrine system receive instruction

A

from the CNS= firing of GnRH neurons

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40
Q

what does set point mean in reference to hormones

A

A physiological level or setting (e.g., of a specific hormone) that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system.

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41
Q

what is a feedback loop

A

A cycle through which two or more bodily functions respond to and regulate each other, such as that formed by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads.

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42
Q

T: One of the chief glands responsible for regulating levels of hormones in the body.

A

pituitary

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43
Q

T: A part of the brain that controls the functioning of the pituitary gland.

A

hypothalamus

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44
Q

T: The glands that secrete sex hormones: in males, the testes; in females, the ovaries.

A

gonads

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45
Q

T: The male gonads.

A

testes

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46
Q

T: The female gonads.

A

ovaries

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47
Q

what are androgens

A

A class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes, but in higher levels among males than females following puberty.

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48
Q

T: A class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes, but in higher levels among females than males following puberty.

A

estrogens

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49
Q

what is involved in the HPG axis

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, gonads
The neurophysiological pathway that creates a feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads.

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50
Q

what is in change of maintaining set point

A

hypothalamus

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51
Q

how does hypothalamus usually act on pitu

A

usually inhibiting

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52
Q

what signals the onset of puberty

A

many genetic and enviro factors signal a change in set point

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53
Q

what is Adrenarche

A

The maturation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence.

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54
Q

what do the adrenal glands produce and where are they located

A

above kidney

adrenaline and cortisol

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55
Q

The maturation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence.

A

adrenarche

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56
Q

Just before puberty, the pituitary begins to secrete hormones that act on the …2 gland, as well as hormones that stimulate growth more generally

A

thyroid and on the adrenal

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57
Q

teens have first sexual attraction at onset of puberty

A

no before

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58
Q

why sex attraction before pub

A

adrenarche= signals beginning of sexual maturation to others with body odour as well

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59
Q

Changes at puberty in the brain system that regulates the adrenal gland are also important because this is the brain system that controls how we …

A

respond to stress= make us more responsive to it

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60
Q

is teen an inherently stressful time?

A

no just more vulnerable to experiencing it

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61
Q

what happens to HPG axis during pub

A

reawakened

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62
Q

what is genetic component to onset of pub

A

pub alarm that is inherented in our genes

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63
Q

what enviro signals tell the brain it is ready to childbearing

A

melatonin decrease and leptin increase trigger kisspepin

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64
Q

The onset of puberty is stimulated by an increase in a brain chemical called …

A

kisspeptin

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65
Q

A protein produced by the fat cells that may play a role in the onset of puberty through its impact on kisspeptin.:T

A

leptin

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66
Q

T: A hormone secreted by the brain that contributes to sleepiness and that triggers the onset of puberty through its impact on kisspeptin.

A

melatonin

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67
Q

exposed to more light = what for pub

A

earlier

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68
Q

obesity= what for pub

A

earlier

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69
Q

changes in behavior at puberty result from changes in hormones at that time

A

partially true. hormones affect the Brain from birth but may only start presenting self in adolescences = preexisting

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70
Q

how long is the human brain feminine for

A

until 8 weeks after conception, the brain is masculinizing from young age but don’t appear until later

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71
Q

does aggression result from puberty changes

A

result from prenatal hormones but don’t present until later not changes that occur during puberty= alarm clock goes off in adolescences with instruction

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72
Q

puberty causes the alarm clock behavioural expressions from preexisting hormones to occur

A

f Just because the alarm clock rings at the same time that puberty begins does not mean that puberty caused the alarm to go off.

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73
Q

the hormones that are triggered by pub cause what

A

body hair
emotional arousal
reward sensitiivty

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74
Q

changes during puberty are likely to be results of an interaction between prenatal and pubertal hormones

A

t

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75
Q

prenatal hormones organize behaviours so is puberty needed

A

yes might activate the patterns of behavioural expression to activate sex

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76
Q

how much growth in pub

A

10 in

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77
Q

does the brain change at pub?

A

in size and structure

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78
Q

how much of ones adult weight gained in adol

A

nearly half

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79
Q

what things work together to create the puberty growth spurt

A

growth hormones, thyroid hormones and androgens

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80
Q

T: The dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty.

A

adolescences growth spurt

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81
Q

what is peak heigh velocity

A

The point at which the adolescent is growing most rapidly.

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82
Q

The point at which the adolescent is growing most rapidly.

A

peak height velocity

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83
Q

T: The closing of the ends of the bones, which terminates growth after the adolescent growth spurt has been completed.

A

epiphysis

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84
Q

(a) Height (in centimeters) at different ages for the average male and female youngster. (b) Gain in height per year (in centimeters) for the average male and female youngster
which of these graphs would show the adolescences growth spurt

A

b

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85
Q

what period of development ae girls taller and why

A

pub happens approx 2 years earlier for girls, age 12 they beat boys then boys catch up at 14

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86
Q

what is the standard body growth order

A

extremities
arms, legs
shoulders, torso

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87
Q

does puberty influence athletic performance

A

yes accounts for half of the disparity

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88
Q

before pub what are fat and muscle sex differences

A

not much

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89
Q

after pub what happens to fat and muscle differences

A

more muscle gain for boys and more fat gain for females

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90
Q

how does pub influence eating disorders

A

= concerned with rapid weight gain

those unprepared and disliking pub greater risk

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91
Q

what girls are most likely to exp body dissatisfaction from pub

A

mature and dating early girls and talk about looks with friends, teased about weight or pressured to be thin

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92
Q

media or friends more influential in body dissatisfaction

A

friends but those friends consuming media expectations

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93
Q

ethnic differences in body dis?

A

conceptions of ideal changes bw groups= black girls less dieting

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94
Q

Black girls found that early maturers who were dating were more likely to be depressed than those who werent

A

f single early matures more likely to be depressed

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95
Q

what is the 7 sequential physical changes of pub

A
  1. growth of testes and sac
  2. growth of pubic hair
  3. body growth
  4. growth of penis
  5. changes in voice
  6. facial and underarm hair
  7. oil and sweat glands
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96
Q

what are sec sex char

A

The manifestations of sexual maturity at puberty, including the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in the voice.

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97
Q

T: A widely used system that describes the five stages of pubertal development.

A

tanner stages

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98
Q

what are the 5 tanner stages of secondary sex devel in boys?

A
  1. no pubic hair
  2. some pubic hair, scrotum bigger
  3. spreading and coarser hair, length increase and more scrotum growth
  4. adult hair but smaller area. length and breadth increase
  5. distributed in inverted triangle, adult size and shape
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99
Q

6 physical changes in girls?

A 
Growth of breasts
Growth of pubic hair
Body growth
Menarche
Underarm hair
Oil- and sweat-producing glands
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100
Q

what are late developments

A

lower voice and hair

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101
Q

what does physical changes of puberty affect

A

self image, relationships with parents and mood (regardless of age)

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102
Q

when does first ejactulation occur in puberty cycle

A

a year after penis growth but influenced by culture around mastrabation

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103
Q

boys are fertile when they look like an adult

A

f sequence means fertile before physical maturation (opposite for girls)

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104
Q

for boys or girls is the sequence of secondary sex devel more predictable

A

boys

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105
Q

what is first in girls maturation

A

breast bud or pubic hair

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106
Q

does breast size predict maturation

A

no all breasts go through same changes

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107
Q

what pub changes in girls allow for reproduction

A

growth of uterus, vag, and other reproductive elements

108
Q

when does female growth spurt occur in breast level cycle

A

mid way or early stages

109
Q

where does first period happen in development cycle

A

late

110
Q

does reproductive function occur upon first period

A

f several years after for regular ovulation

111
Q

T: The time of first menstruation, one of the most important changes to occur among females during puberty.

A

menarche

112
Q

timing varies but tempo is the same for puberty

A

f both vary variable

113
Q

The onset of puberty can occur as early as age .. in girls and .. in boys, or as late as age … in girls and … in boys.

A

5, 6

13

114
Q

how variant is the rate in girls

A

from 1.5 to 6 years (2-5 y in boys)

115
Q

those who start pub early also end early

A

f no relationship between onset and rate

116
Q

later or early matures taller?

A

late (early heavier)

117
Q

Adult height and weight are far more strongly correlated with height and weight during childhood than with the timing of puberty

A

t

118
Q

can the ethnic differences in maturation be tied to WEIGHT OR SES

A

no= more chemicals in enviro that stimulate

119
Q

A specific region on chromosome.. has been identified as one of the markers for pubertal timing in both boys and girls

A

6

120
Q

what are the limits of the genetic influence of pub

A

set limits but variance within that

121
Q

2 most important enviro influences

A

nutrition and health = wellbeing

122
Q

malnutrition does what to pub

A

occurs later (also with excessive exc)

123
Q

how does family influence puberty timing for girls

A

Puberty occurs somewhat earlier among girls who grew up in father-absent families, in less cohesive or more conflict-ridden households, or with a stepfather or those sexually abused

124
Q

what explains the female family influences

A

induce stress= hormone secretions

125
Q

what protects against the impact of harsh parenting on pubertal timing

A

having a secure infant-mother attachment

126
Q

living in proximity to one’s close biological relatives appears to slow the process of pubertal maturation, whereas exposure to unrelated members of the other sex may accelerate it.- why?

A

exposure to pheromones that stimulate maturation

127
Q

T: A class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species.

A

PHEREMONES

128
Q

The influence of the broader environment on the timing and tempo of puberty can be seen in more concrete terms by looking at two sets of findings: …

A

(1) comparisons of the average age of menarche across countries and (2) changes in the average age of menarche over time.

129
Q

menarche signals the onset of pub

A

no

130
Q

what explains age disparity between Canadian and african puberty inset

A

malnutritoin

131
Q

what is the secular trend

A

The tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition.

132
Q

2 reasons for the secular trend?

A

better nutrition and sanitization

133
Q

puberty is happening earlier and finishing quicker than ever before

A

f earlier but taking longer

134
Q

The average age of puberty among American adolescents has continued to decline- why

A

obesity, chemicals that mimic hormones and more artificial light

135
Q

why is the early onset a concern

A

engage more in sensation seeking with puberty hormones without the developement of other brain areas that are involved in self control

136
Q

brain systems that govern self regulation are related to pub

A

no the age of development of impulse control has not changed over the decades

137
Q

the secular trend has been more dramatic among females than males

A

t

138
Q

is there more symptoms of mental health in adolescences

A

no but vulnerable to

139
Q

are adolescences really more moody?

A

yes more fluctuations in the day

140
Q

is adolescences moodiness just due to hormones

A

early adolescences more hormone related but not very strong enviro as well= activities, problems with fam and peers

141
Q

the amount of hormonal increase creates moodiness

A

f degree of fluctuation in context also (influenced by enviro)

142
Q

adolescences beeper study (record mood and activity) results?

A

a lot of fluctuation very related to activity

youth vary between wider extremes= less predictable than adults

143
Q

adolescences perception of if they are early or late is most related to what

A

more impacted by their feeling about puberty rather than where they really stand

144
Q

behaviour is related to how physically mature teen is

A

f how old they feel

145
Q

pros and cons of early maturation in Boys?

A

pros: popularity, esteem
cons: substance use, sex, problem behaviours, bullying (older peers) psychopathology

146
Q

pros and cons of late maturation in Boys?

A

pros: curious, explorative, social initiative
cons: low pop

147
Q

how do early maturing girls fare?

A

poorer outcomes

148
Q

what does the maturational deviance hypothesis state?

A

explains why girls fare poor with early mat= stand out from their peers= poorer esteem= stress

149
Q

developmental readiness hypothesis?

A

explains why girls fare poor with early mat= not ready to cope with challenges that occur with maturation (don’t have psychological resources to cope)

150
Q

what cultural factors influence why girls fare poor with early mat

A

media places value on female thiness

151
Q

pros and cons of early mat for girls

A

pros: popularity
cons: peer victimization (gossip) and difficulties, problem behaviours, psychopathology (eating disorders, social anxiety)

152
Q

pros and cons of late mat for girls

A

pros: fewer psychological problems
cons: poor self esteem

153
Q

pros and cons of late mat for girls

A

pros: fewer psychological problems (cognitive resources to deal with emotional stressors of maturation)
cons: poor self esteem

154
Q

early maturing girls more likely to use tobacco

A

yes

155
Q

what developmental theories seek to explain variable effects in pub timing

A
  1. maturational disparity
  2. biological
  3. selection/ context effects
156
Q

what is the maturational disparity theory

A

update of development readiness hypothesis

new social roles and expectations of looking like adult = mismatch between physical, emotional and cog devel

157
Q

what is the biological theory

A

rise in adrenal and gonadal hormones (not new but off time)may increase risk for psychological difficulties early fluctuations in mood but not the skills in emotional regulation

158
Q

what is the selection/ context effects theory

A

amplification hypothesis= pub amplifies preexisting vulnerabilities and problems (e.g. for anx or dep)

159
Q

what is the adolescences delayed phase preference

A

energized in evening and sleep later in morning = driven by pub

160
Q

why delayed phase preference

A

melatonin is secreted later for those who have gone through pub (melatonin secretion pushed back later)

161
Q

adolescences sleep impacted by enviro?

A

devices

162
Q

how is adolescences sleep changing over time

A

declining over time

163
Q

what is the risk of poor sleep

A

poorer self control, fatness, poor school performance, alc use, poor self control, internalizing problems

164
Q

adolescences risk of obesity enviro?

A

less opportunity for exercise

165
Q

T: minimal amount of energy used when resting

A

basal metabolism rate

166
Q

what happens to basal metabolism rate

A

drops 15% so if not exercising will gain weight more

167
Q

how much obesity in can adolescences

A

13% BMI too high

168
Q

explanaitions for adolescences obesity

A

genetic and enviro (low activity), neurological (reward), diet

169
Q

…. difficulties may contribute to physical health problems and self concepts

A

peer (dysregulated stress system= more health concerns)

170
Q

chronic peer victimization=…

A

inability to cope= substances, high risk etc

171
Q

physical activity … for adolescences

A

rises in early adolescences then declines after 13

172
Q

why drop in physical activity

A

less interested in organized sports, increased in academic responsibility, biological (dopamine reward)

173
Q

example of how does pub influence behaviour biologically

A

testosterone at puberty are directly linked to an increase in sex drive and sexual activity among adolescent boys (not same for girls pub)

174
Q

there is little evidence that the hormonal changes of puberty contribute in a dramatic way to adolescent moodiness

A

t

175
Q

how does pub effect behaviour

A

biolgically, self image (adult like), appearance= change others reactions

176
Q

why pub create conflict with parents

A

desire for autonomy

177
Q

Researchers have generally taken two approaches to studying the psychological and social consequences of puberty what are they

A

cross sectional and longitudinal

or compare psychological development of early and late matures

178
Q

3 immediate impacts of pub

A

mood, rel with parents, and self image `

179
Q

Although puberty can be a potential stressor with temporary adverse psychological consequences, this is true only when ….

A

it is coupled with other changes that necessitate adjustment (how they feel about appearance)

180
Q

self esteem and image change in pub

A

yes but reasonably stable over time (more about mood which decreases with age)

181
Q

Is there any scientific evidence that the hormonal changes of puberty cause adolescents to be moody or, for that matter, that these hormonal changes affect the adolescent’s psychological functioning or behavior at all?

A

hormones and mood connection not very strong

182
Q

why is hormone relationship with mood strongest at puberty onset

A

IS BEING TURNED ON= fluctuation

183
Q

how do pub hormones indirectly cause moodiness

A

pubertal hormones affect brain systems responsible for emotional arousal in ways that make adolescents more responsive to what is going on around them socially

184
Q

rapid increases in many of the hormones associated with puberty—such as testosterone, estrogen, and various adrenal androgens—may be associated with increased irritability, impulsivity, aggression (in boys) and depression (in girls), especially when the increases take place very early in adolescence- what does this tell us

A

high stable levels that occur later in pub don’t cause same negative effects

185
Q

hormones or stressful life events more predictive of depression

A

stress

186
Q

adolescents’ moodiness results exclusively from the “storm and stress” of raging hormones

A

f not exclusively

187
Q

what does the relationship with moodiness and activities tell us

A

not internal biology

188
Q

when does the delayed phase pref start

A

early in adolescences

189
Q

T: A pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty.

A

delayed phase preferance

190
Q

biological underpinnings of pub sleep changes

A

time of melatonin secretion changes = later with maturation (2 h later)= still voluntary to stay awake

191
Q

after pub sleep cycle go back to normal?

A

reverse around age 20 but but still sleepy in the am compared to before pub

192
Q

enviro influence on late sleep

A

gives reason to stay up

193
Q

Because of …, adolescents get two fewer hours of sleep per night

A

early school start times

194
Q

how does this lack of sleep in adolescences compare to past gens

A

more of a problem now

195
Q

what problems does adolescences lack of sleep cause and why

A

dep, alc, drugs, cog impairment and delinquency

sleep increases self control

196
Q

does catching up on sleep on weekends help

A

having markedly different bedtimes on weekends versus weekdays actually contributes to further sleep-related problems

197
Q

is the distancing of pub universial

A

no not with ethnic minorities

198
Q

how does school sports help adol

A

less dep and stress, better health and

199
Q

why is adolescences sports decrease

A

they are awkward and uncoordinated and worries about social rejection

200
Q

what is physical and health literacy and why should it be encouraged

A

move in a way that encourages balance, coordination etc will encourage participation

201
Q

how much acitivty recommended daily in Canada

A

1 h of vigerious activity daily

202
Q

…% of BC students meet physical recommendations

A

17

203
Q

how can we support youth during this transition

A

developmental approach: acknowledge pre existing risks and use protective processes because of vulnerability = create opportunities for positive contexts

204
Q

what are the barriers to healthy lifestyles

A

time, resources, geography, policies and programs for disadvantaged youth

205
Q

how would evolution explain the parent adolescences conflicts of pub

A

ensures sex and autonomy

206
Q

do early and late mat both experience family problems

A

yes

207
Q

Pubertal maturation is associated with having platonic relationships with other-sex peers

A

f only romantic

208
Q

how does pub effect peer

A

more likely to hang with people who are also physically matured

209
Q

In general, most adolescents react … to the biological changes associated with puberty, especially those associated with the development of secondary sex characteristics.

A

positively

210
Q

how does expectations influence menstral discomfort

A

more severe among women who expect menstruation to be uncomfortable, among girls whose mothers lead them to believe that menstruation will be unpleasant or uncomfortable, and in cultures that label menstruation as an important event

211
Q

first ejaculation causes anxiety, embarrassment, or fear

A

f does not but better responses when prepared

212
Q

adolescents’ behavior is related to how old they …, not simply to how physically mature

A

feel (how people respond to their physical state changes though)

213
Q

for boys, which age at maturation is most likely to cause anxiety and dep

A

early (also loose temper more easily during pub)

214
Q

for boys, which age at maturation is most likely to cause bullying

A

late but early boys more adversely affected by it

215
Q

why early mat=m ore delinquency

A

treated like adult by parents and hang around older people

216
Q

early and late maturers exhibit similar psychological profiles before adolescence

A

t but late matures score higher for curiosity bus develop coping skills

217
Q

early mat girls adverse effects are caused by what

A

less about direct effects of hormones more about altered appearance (breast vs pubes= more dep)

218
Q

why white girls early maturation= more adverse effects?

A

more consumed by thiness ideal

219
Q

One recent study of both boys and girls found that the adverse consequences of early puberty were limited to adolescents who came from high-risk households what does this tell us

A

not inherently stressful but amplifies existing experience

220
Q

how does early mat attention from boys influence mental health

A

more distress (problem the ways boys react to maturation not the maturation that is a problem)

221
Q

what does the “maturational deviance” hypothesis state (explains Dif f and m effects from mat)

A

youngsters who stand far apart from their peers—in physical appearance, for instance—may experience more psychological distress than adolescents who blend in more easily (explains early mat girls and lat mat boys distress)

222
Q

what does “developmental readiness.” state (explains Dif f and m effects from mat)

A

challenge that requires psychological adaptation by the adolescent, perhaps younger adolescents are less ready to cope with the challenge than older ones (for girls happens 2 y earlier explains their neg outcomes)

223
Q

do the negative effects of pub persist for boys

A

no they fade

224
Q

do the neg effects pf pub persist for girls

A

yes (goes against developmental readiness hypothesis)

225
Q

3 explanations for m and f early mat Dif?

A

developmental readiness
context prototype
maturational deviance

226
Q

does early mat delinquency occur across ethnic groups in the us

A

yes

227
Q

Early-maturing girls in all-female schools are no more likely than late maturers to be involved in delinquent activities

A

t need the enviro to permit the behaviour `

228
Q

why the impact of early maturation on problem behavior is relatively greater among minority adolescents

A

more likely to have enviro stressors living in poor communities

229
Q

T: The minimal amount of energy used by the body during a resting state

A

basal metabolic rate

230
Q

how do you find out if someone is obese

A

calculate BMI (weight over height) if at or above 95th percentile of people at same age and gender

231
Q

when is someone overweight

A

85 percentile

232
Q

is the obesity crisis getting worse

A

no getting better

233
Q

T: A measure of an individual’s body fat, the ratio of weight to height; used to gauge overweight and obesity.

A

BMI

234
Q

The increase in adolescent obesity has been especially dramatic among …

A

Black females

235
Q

how are the brains of obese people different

A

more reward activiation, poor impulse control and heightened response to food images

236
Q

does obesity led to dep

A

no dep leads to ob

237
Q

do obese teens turn into obese adults

A

nearly 80% of obese adolescents will be obese adults

238
Q

what are the enviro causes of obesity

A

increase availability of seditary behaviours, poor nutrition, lack of sleep, no exercise

239
Q

stress exposure can undermine the subsequent development of self control how does this influence ob

A

neg life events early in childhood increase changes for ob

240
Q

ob is less for kids who have good relationships with parents

A

t

241
Q

weight loss meds or behavioural training for obesity in adolescents?

A

combo works best

242
Q

how many adolescences satisfied with their body

A

1/4

243
Q

Gender differences in concerns about weight emerge during adol

A

f long before that

244
Q

do the problems that come with eating disorders result from the disorder

A

unsure which is chicken and egg

245
Q

T Mild, moderate, or severe disturbance in eating habits and attitudes.

A

disordered eating

246
Q

An eating disorder found chiefly among young women, characterized by dramatic and severe self-induced weight loss.

A

anorexia

247
Q

T: An eating disorder found primarily among young women, characterized by a pattern of binge eating and extreme weight-loss measures, including self-induced vomiting.

A

bulemia

248
Q

T: An eating disorder characterized by a pattern of binge eating that is not accompanied by drastic attempts to lose weight.

A

binge eating disorder

249
Q

Nearly …% of anorexic teenagers inadvertently starve themselves to death.

A

20

250
Q

About ..% of women will develop anorexia in their lifetime, about …% will develop bulimia, and about …% will develop binge eating disorder

A

1, 1.5, 3.5

251
Q

eating disorders are especially common among affluent, suburban, White, and Asian American girls

A

f

252
Q

how many girls at normal weight consider themselves overweight

A

1/3

253
Q

how many girls and boys wish they were thinner

A

1/3 boys

70% girls

254
Q

is weight loss efforts getting better

A

yes

255
Q

how many girls engage in weight loss behaviour

A

more than 1/2

256
Q

does being thin increase popularity in reality?

A

yes

257
Q

why is body disatisfaction more complex with boys

A

being heavy is the main source of dissatisfaction among girls, being heavy or being thin are both sources of dissatisfaction among boys

258
Q

are anorexia and bulimia found globally

A

bulimia just western

259
Q

how does the revelance of bulimia and anorexia differ

A

anorexia steady increase over time bulimia big jump in 1970s and declines since 90s

260
Q

what does the prep Dif between an and bulimia tell us

A

bul more culturally determined (an more inherented)

261
Q

dep or eating disorder- what comes first

A

dep

262
Q

how do psychologists today understand eating disorders

A

experts view eating disorders as part of a more general syndrome of psychological distress. manifestations of a more general underlying psychological problem—called “internalized distress”—that can be displayed in a variety of ways

263
Q

main force in eating disorders

A

Given that anorexia and bulimia are far more common in females than males, broader social forces are probably a main factor in the development of these eating disorder

264
Q

early mat more or less likely to get eating disorder

A

more

265
Q

what individual characteristics contribute to eating disorders

A

proness to negative affect, (eating disorders are partly heritable), psychological traits (such as proneness to depression or low self-esteem), physical characteristics (such as early pubertal maturation), familial characteristics (such as strained relations with parents), or social concerns (such as a strong interest in dating) may be more likely to develop problems

336 (13 decks)

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