Ch 1: biological transitions Flashcards
1
Q
whati s this reading about?
A
the biological underpinnings of puberty
2
Q
why is it relevant?
A
the changes that are occuring within the teen body influence their outward behaviours and a better understanding of this proccess can help us understand the external projections that occur during this time
3
Q
WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW ABOUT THE TOPIC
A
puberty is fucking uncomfortable and scary
4
Q
at puberty does the hypo become more or less sensitive
A
less = higher levels of androgens and estrogens circulating before hypo stops it
5
Q
what triggers puberty ?
A
-HPG is reawakened
-stimulated by increase Kissleptin
-
6
Q
what influences kisleptin
A
increase in leptin and decrease in melatonin
7
Q
before puberty pituitary acts on…
A
thyroid and adrenal gland ??
8
Q
what is Arenal glands job
A
controls cortisol= adolescences more responsive to stress
9
Q
more mental health in adolescences?
A
increase in vulnerability
10
Q
Study: does puberty increase sensitivity to stresss?
A
social anxiety increases in adolescences (induce it with speech in childhood vs adolescences then monitored cortisol)
11
Q
Study: does puberty increase sensitivity to stress?
A
social anxiety increases in adolescences (induce it with speech in childhood vs adolescences then monitored cortisol)
12
Q
what was results of social anxiety study
A
increased cortisol in self reported puberty (even within the same person)
13
Q
4 contextual influences that effect puberty
A
region of world, SES (nutrition, health care), ethnic group, historical era
14
Q
T: first menstration
A
menarche
15
Q
average age of menarche in can and us
A
12
16
Q
at highest rate of change in puberty can grow same rate as toddler t or f
A
t
17
Q
what does asynchrony of puberty growth mean
A
extremities first= look disproportionate
18
Q
how does puberty effect body satisfaction
A
more dissatisfaction among girls = more body fat, for boys less concerned
19
Q
what risk does the drive for muscularity survey find in adolescences boys
A
can contribute to muscle dysphoria
20
Q
what factor influenced muscle dysphoria most (BMI, puberty dev, negative affect, esteem, body dis, media, teasing, sports
A
media, negative affect, power sports = not biology but perception and social influences
21
Q
what does the BC adolescences health survey tell us
A
more adolescences are healthy than their perceived body image would suggest = girls think overweight, boys think underweight
22
Q
having positive body image can be protective, how
A
-taking care of body= alc, —-cig, working out, dieting
increase in intuitive eating
23
Q
risk of poor body image
A
preoccupation with self (self objectification and social comparison)
24
Q
is there a relationship between age of onset of pub and rate of which it proceeds?
A
no a lot of variability in time and tempo
25
menarche earlier or later than earlier in malnourished countries
later (earlier for first world)
26
age of menarche earlier or later than in history
earlier
27
age of menarche earlier or later than in history, what is the term for this
earlier = secular trend
28
define puberty technical terms
changes that allow for reproduction
29
3 physical manifestations?
1. primary sex changes
2. secondary sex changes
3. rapid growth
30
what primary sex changes occur
devel of gonads (sex glands)
31
what secondary sex changes occur
changes in genitals and breasts, hair ect.
32
primary and secondary sex changes are the result of changes in the ...
endocrine system and CNS
33
new hormones are produced at puberty
f just levels change
34
what is the endocrine system
The system of the body that produces, circulates, and regulates hormones.
35
T: Highly specialized substances secreted by one or more endocrine glands
hormones
36
what are glands
Organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways to particular hormones.
37
Organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways to particular hormones.:T
glands
38
T: Specialized neurons that are activated by certain pubertal hormones.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons
39
how does the endocrine system receive instruction
from the CNS= firing of GnRH neurons
40
what does set point mean in reference to hormones
A physiological level or setting (e.g., of a specific hormone) that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system.
41
what is a feedback loop
A cycle through which two or more bodily functions respond to and regulate each other, such as that formed by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads.
42
T: One of the chief glands responsible for regulating levels of hormones in the body.
pituitary
43
T: A part of the brain that controls the functioning of the pituitary gland.
hypothalamus
44
T: The glands that secrete sex hormones: in males, the testes; in females, the ovaries.
gonads
45
T: The male gonads.
testes
46
T: The female gonads.
ovaries
47
what are androgens
A class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes, but in higher levels among males than females following puberty.
48
T: A class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes, but in higher levels among females than males following puberty.
estrogens
49
what is involved in the HPG axis
hypothalamus, pituitary, gonads
The neurophysiological pathway that creates a feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads.
50
what is in change of maintaining set point
hypothalamus
51
how does hypothalamus usually act on pitu
usually inhibiting
52
what signals the onset of puberty
many genetic and enviro factors signal a change in set point
53
what is Adrenarche
The maturation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence.
54
what do the adrenal glands produce and where are they located
above kidney
| adrenaline and cortisol
55
The maturation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence.
adrenarche
56
Just before puberty, the pituitary begins to secrete hormones that act on the ...2 gland, as well as hormones that stimulate growth more generally
thyroid and on the adrenal
57
teens have first sexual attraction at onset of puberty
no before
58
why sex attraction before pub
adrenarche= signals beginning of sexual maturation to others with body odour as well
59
Changes at puberty in the brain system that regulates the adrenal gland are also important because this is the brain system that controls how we ...
respond to stress= make us more responsive to it
60
is teen an inherently stressful time?
no just more vulnerable to experiencing it
61
what happens to HPG axis during pub
reawakened
62
what is genetic component to onset of pub
pub alarm that is inherented in our genes
63
what enviro signals tell the brain it is ready to childbearing
melatonin decrease and leptin increase trigger kisspepin
64
The onset of puberty is stimulated by an increase in a brain chemical called ...
kisspeptin
65
A protein produced by the fat cells that may play a role in the onset of puberty through its impact on kisspeptin.:T
leptin
66
T: A hormone secreted by the brain that contributes to sleepiness and that triggers the onset of puberty through its impact on kisspeptin.
melatonin
67
exposed to more light = what for pub
earlier
68
obesity= what for pub
earlier
69
changes in behavior at puberty result from changes in hormones at that time
partially true. hormones affect the Brain from birth but may only start presenting self in adolescences = preexisting
70
how long is the human brain feminine for
until 8 weeks after conception, the brain is masculinizing from young age but don't appear until later
71
does aggression result from puberty changes
result from prenatal hormones but don't present until later not changes that occur during puberty= alarm clock goes off in adolescences with instruction
72
puberty causes the alarm clock behavioural expressions from preexisting hormones to occur
f Just because the alarm clock rings at the same time that puberty begins does not mean that puberty caused the alarm to go off.
73
the hormones that are triggered by pub cause what
body hair
emotional arousal
reward sensitiivty
74
changes during puberty are likely to be results of an interaction between prenatal and pubertal hormones
t
75
prenatal hormones organize behaviours so is puberty needed
yes might activate the patterns of behavioural expression to activate sex
76
how much growth in pub
10 in
77
does the brain change at pub?
in size and structure
78
how much of ones adult weight gained in adol
nearly half
79
what things work together to create the puberty growth spurt
growth hormones, thyroid hormones and androgens
80
T: The dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty.
adolescences growth spurt
81
what is peak heigh velocity
The point at which the adolescent is growing most rapidly.
82
The point at which the adolescent is growing most rapidly.
peak height velocity
83
T: The closing of the ends of the bones, which terminates growth after the adolescent growth spurt has been completed.
epiphysis
84
(a) Height (in centimeters) at different ages for the average male and female youngster. (b) Gain in height per year (in centimeters) for the average male and female youngster
which of these graphs would show the adolescences growth spurt
b
85
what period of development ae girls taller and why
pub happens approx 2 years earlier for girls, age 12 they beat boys then boys catch up at 14
86
what is the standard body growth order
extremities
arms, legs
shoulders, torso
87
does puberty influence athletic performance
yes accounts for half of the disparity
88
before pub what are fat and muscle sex differences
not much
89
after pub what happens to fat and muscle differences
more muscle gain for boys and more fat gain for females
90
how does pub influence eating disorders
= concerned with rapid weight gain
| those unprepared and disliking pub greater risk
91
what girls are most likely to exp body dissatisfaction from pub
mature and dating early girls and talk about looks with friends, teased about weight or pressured to be thin
92
media or friends more influential in body dissatisfaction
friends but those friends consuming media expectations
93
ethnic differences in body dis?
conceptions of ideal changes bw groups= black girls less dieting
94
Black girls found that early maturers who were dating were more likely to be depressed than those who werent
f single early matures more likely to be depressed
95
what is the 7 sequential physical changes of pub
1. growth of testes and sac
2. growth of pubic hair
3. body growth
4. growth of penis
5. changes in voice
6. facial and underarm hair
7. oil and sweat glands
96
what are sec sex char
The manifestations of sexual maturity at puberty, including the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in the voice.
97
T: A widely used system that describes the five stages of pubertal development.
tanner stages
98
what are the 5 tanner stages of secondary sex devel in boys?
1. no pubic hair
2. some pubic hair, scrotum bigger
3. spreading and coarser hair, length increase and more scrotum growth
4. adult hair but smaller area. length and breadth increase
5. distributed in inverted triangle, adult size and shape
99
6 physical changes in girls?
```
Growth of breasts
Growth of pubic hair
Body growth
Menarche
Underarm hair
Oil- and sweat-producing glands
```
100
what are late developments
lower voice and hair
101
what does physical changes of puberty affect
self image, relationships with parents and mood (regardless of age)
102
when does first ejactulation occur in puberty cycle
a year after penis growth but influenced by culture around mastrabation
103
boys are fertile when they look like an adult
f sequence means fertile before physical maturation (opposite for girls)
104
for boys or girls is the sequence of secondary sex devel more predictable
boys
105
what is first in girls maturation
breast bud or pubic hair
106
does breast size predict maturation
no all breasts go through same changes
107
what pub changes in girls allow for reproduction
growth of uterus, vag, and other reproductive elements
108
when does female growth spurt occur in breast level cycle
mid way or early stages
109
where does first period happen in development cycle
late
110
does reproductive function occur upon first period
f several years after for regular ovulation
111
T: The time of first menstruation, one of the most important changes to occur among females during puberty.
menarche
112
timing varies but tempo is the same for puberty
f both vary variable
113
The onset of puberty can occur as early as age .. in girls and .. in boys, or as late as age ... in girls and ... in boys.
5, 6
| 13
114
how variant is the rate in girls
from 1.5 to 6 years (2-5 y in boys)
115
those who start pub early also end early
f no relationship between onset and rate
116
later or early matures taller?
late (early heavier)
117
Adult height and weight are far more strongly correlated with height and weight during childhood than with the timing of puberty
t
118
can the ethnic differences in maturation be tied to WEIGHT OR SES
no= more chemicals in enviro that stimulate
119
A specific region on chromosome.. has been identified as one of the markers for pubertal timing in both boys and girls
6
120
what are the limits of the genetic influence of pub
set limits but variance within that
121
2 most important enviro influences
nutrition and health = wellbeing
122
malnutrition does what to pub
occurs later (also with excessive exc)
123
how does family influence puberty timing for girls
Puberty occurs somewhat earlier among girls who grew up in father-absent families, in less cohesive or more conflict-ridden households, or with a stepfather or those sexually abused
124
what explains the female family influences
induce stress= hormone secretions
125
what protects against the impact of harsh parenting on pubertal timing
having a secure infant-mother attachment
126
living in proximity to one’s close biological relatives appears to slow the process of pubertal maturation, whereas exposure to unrelated members of the other sex may accelerate it.- why?
exposure to pheromones that stimulate maturation
127
T: A class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species.
PHEREMONES
128
The influence of the broader environment on the timing and tempo of puberty can be seen in more concrete terms by looking at two sets of findings: ...
(1) comparisons of the average age of menarche across countries and (2) changes in the average age of menarche over time.
129
menarche signals the onset of pub
no
130
what explains age disparity between Canadian and african puberty inset
malnutritoin
131
what is the secular trend
The tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition.
132
2 reasons for the secular trend?
better nutrition and sanitization
133
puberty is happening earlier and finishing quicker than ever before
f earlier but taking longer
134
The average age of puberty among American adolescents has continued to decline- why
obesity, chemicals that mimic hormones and more artificial light
135
why is the early onset a concern
engage more in sensation seeking with puberty hormones without the developement of other brain areas that are involved in self control
136
brain systems that govern self regulation are related to pub
no the age of development of impulse control has not changed over the decades
137
the secular trend has been more dramatic among females than males
t
138
is there more symptoms of mental health in adolescences
no but vulnerable to
139
are adolescences really more moody?
yes more fluctuations in the day
140
is adolescences moodiness just due to hormones
early adolescences more hormone related but not very strong enviro as well= activities, problems with fam and peers
141
the amount of hormonal increase creates moodiness
f degree of fluctuation in context also (influenced by enviro)
142
adolescences beeper study (record mood and activity) results?
a lot of fluctuation very related to activity
| youth vary between wider extremes= less predictable than adults
143
adolescences perception of if they are early or late is most related to what
more impacted by their feeling about puberty rather than where they really stand
144
behaviour is related to how physically mature teen is
f how old they feel
145
pros and cons of early maturation in Boys?
pros: popularity, esteem
cons: substance use, sex, problem behaviours, bullying (older peers) psychopathology
146
pros and cons of late maturation in Boys?
pros: curious, explorative, social initiative
cons: low pop
147
how do early maturing girls fare?
poorer outcomes
148
what does the maturational deviance hypothesis state?
explains why girls fare poor with early mat= stand out from their peers= poorer esteem= stress
149
developmental readiness hypothesis?
explains why girls fare poor with early mat= not ready to cope with challenges that occur with maturation (don't have psychological resources to cope)
150
what cultural factors influence why girls fare poor with early mat
media places value on female thiness
151
pros and cons of early mat for girls
pros: popularity
cons: peer victimization (gossip) and difficulties, problem behaviours, psychopathology (eating disorders, social anxiety)
152
pros and cons of late mat for girls
pros: fewer psychological problems
cons: poor self esteem
153
pros and cons of late mat for girls
pros: fewer psychological problems (cognitive resources to deal with emotional stressors of maturation)
cons: poor self esteem
154
early maturing girls more likely to use tobacco
yes
155
what developmental theories seek to explain variable effects in pub timing
1. maturational disparity
2. biological
3. selection/ context effects
156
what is the maturational disparity theory
update of development readiness hypothesis
| new social roles and expectations of looking like adult = mismatch between physical, emotional and cog devel
157
what is the biological theory
rise in adrenal and gonadal hormones (not new but off time)may increase risk for psychological difficulties early fluctuations in mood but not the skills in emotional regulation
158
what is the selection/ context effects theory
amplification hypothesis= pub amplifies preexisting vulnerabilities and problems (e.g. for anx or dep)
159
what is the adolescences delayed phase preference
energized in evening and sleep later in morning = driven by pub
160
why delayed phase preference
melatonin is secreted later for those who have gone through pub (melatonin secretion pushed back later)
161
adolescences sleep impacted by enviro?
devices
162
how is adolescences sleep changing over time
declining over time
163
what is the risk of poor sleep
poorer self control, fatness, poor school performance, alc use, poor self control, internalizing problems
164
adolescences risk of obesity enviro?
less opportunity for exercise
165
T: minimal amount of energy used when resting
basal metabolism rate
166
what happens to basal metabolism rate
drops 15% so if not exercising will gain weight more
167
how much obesity in can adolescences
13% BMI too high
168
explanaitions for adolescences obesity
genetic and enviro (low activity), neurological (reward), diet
169
.... difficulties may contribute to physical health problems and self concepts
peer (dysregulated stress system= more health concerns)
170
chronic peer victimization=...
inability to cope= substances, high risk etc
171
physical activity ... for adolescences
rises in early adolescences then declines after 13
172
why drop in physical activity
less interested in organized sports, increased in academic responsibility, biological (dopamine reward)
173
example of how does pub influence behaviour biologically
testosterone at puberty are directly linked to an increase in sex drive and sexual activity among adolescent boys (not same for girls pub)
174
there is little evidence that the hormonal changes of puberty contribute in a dramatic way to adolescent moodiness
t
175
how does pub effect behaviour
biolgically, self image (adult like), appearance= change others reactions
176
why pub create conflict with parents
desire for autonomy
177
Researchers have generally taken two approaches to studying the psychological and social consequences of puberty what are they
cross sectional and longitudinal
| or compare psychological development of early and late matures
178
3 immediate impacts of pub
mood, rel with parents, and self image `
179
Although puberty can be a potential stressor with temporary adverse psychological consequences, this is true only when ....
it is coupled with other changes that necessitate adjustment (how they feel about appearance)
180
self esteem and image change in pub
yes but reasonably stable over time (more about mood which decreases with age)
181
Is there any scientific evidence that the hormonal changes of puberty cause adolescents to be moody or, for that matter, that these hormonal changes affect the adolescent’s psychological functioning or behavior at all?
hormones and mood connection not very strong
182
why is hormone relationship with mood strongest at puberty onset
IS BEING TURNED ON= fluctuation
183
how do pub hormones indirectly cause moodiness
pubertal hormones affect brain systems responsible for emotional arousal in ways that make adolescents more responsive to what is going on around them socially
184
rapid increases in many of the hormones associated with puberty—such as testosterone, estrogen, and various adrenal androgens—may be associated with increased irritability, impulsivity, aggression (in boys) and depression (in girls), especially when the increases take place very early in adolescence- what does this tell us
high stable levels that occur later in pub don't cause same negative effects
185
hormones or stressful life events more predictive of depression
stress
186
adolescents’ moodiness results exclusively from the “storm and stress” of raging hormones
f not exclusively
187
what does the relationship with moodiness and activities tell us
not internal biology
188
when does the delayed phase pref start
early in adolescences
189
T: A pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty.
delayed phase preferance
190
biological underpinnings of pub sleep changes
time of melatonin secretion changes = later with maturation (2 h later)= still voluntary to stay awake
191
after pub sleep cycle go back to normal?
reverse around age 20 but but still sleepy in the am compared to before pub
192
enviro influence on late sleep
gives reason to stay up
193
Because of ..., adolescents get two fewer hours of sleep per night
early school start times
194
how does this lack of sleep in adolescences compare to past gens
more of a problem now
195
what problems does adolescences lack of sleep cause and why
dep, alc, drugs, cog impairment and delinquency
| sleep increases self control
196
does catching up on sleep on weekends help
having markedly different bedtimes on weekends versus weekdays actually contributes to further sleep-related problems
197
is the distancing of pub universial
no not with ethnic minorities
198
how does school sports help adol
less dep and stress, better health and
199
why is adolescences sports decrease
they are awkward and uncoordinated and worries about social rejection
200
what is physical and health literacy and why should it be encouraged
move in a way that encourages balance, coordination etc will encourage participation
201
how much acitivty recommended daily in Canada
1 h of vigerious activity daily
202
...% of BC students meet physical recommendations
17
203
how can we support youth during this transition
developmental approach: acknowledge pre existing risks and use protective processes because of vulnerability = create opportunities for positive contexts
204
what are the barriers to healthy lifestyles
time, resources, geography, policies and programs for disadvantaged youth
205
how would evolution explain the parent adolescences conflicts of pub
ensures sex and autonomy
206
do early and late mat both experience family problems
yes
207
Pubertal maturation is associated with having platonic relationships with other-sex peers
f only romantic
208
how does pub effect peer
more likely to hang with people who are also physically matured
209
In general, most adolescents react ... to the biological changes associated with puberty, especially those associated with the development of secondary sex characteristics.
positively
210
how does expectations influence menstral discomfort
more severe among women who expect menstruation to be uncomfortable, among girls whose mothers lead them to believe that menstruation will be unpleasant or uncomfortable, and in cultures that label menstruation as an important event
211
first ejaculation causes anxiety, embarrassment, or fear
f does not but better responses when prepared
212
adolescents’ behavior is related to how old they ..., not simply to how physically mature
feel (how people respond to their physical state changes though)
213
for boys, which age at maturation is most likely to cause anxiety and dep
early (also loose temper more easily during pub)
214
for boys, which age at maturation is most likely to cause bullying
late but early boys more adversely affected by it
215
why early mat=m ore delinquency
treated like adult by parents and hang around older people
216
early and late maturers exhibit similar psychological profiles before adolescence
t but late matures score higher for curiosity bus develop coping skills
217
early mat girls adverse effects are caused by what
less about direct effects of hormones more about altered appearance (breast vs pubes= more dep)
218
why white girls early maturation= more adverse effects?
more consumed by thiness ideal
219
One recent study of both boys and girls found that the adverse consequences of early puberty were limited to adolescents who came from high-risk households what does this tell us
not inherently stressful but amplifies existing experience
220
how does early mat attention from boys influence mental health
more distress (problem the ways boys react to maturation not the maturation that is a problem)
221
what does the “maturational deviance” hypothesis state (explains Dif f and m effects from mat)
youngsters who stand far apart from their peers—in physical appearance, for instance—may experience more psychological distress than adolescents who blend in more easily (explains early mat girls and lat mat boys distress)
222
what does “developmental readiness.” state (explains Dif f and m effects from mat)
challenge that requires psychological adaptation by the adolescent, perhaps younger adolescents are less ready to cope with the challenge than older ones (for girls happens 2 y earlier explains their neg outcomes)
223
do the negative effects of pub persist for boys
no they fade
224
do the neg effects pf pub persist for girls
yes (goes against developmental readiness hypothesis)
225
3 explanations for m and f early mat Dif?
developmental readiness
context prototype
maturational deviance
226
does early mat delinquency occur across ethnic groups in the us
yes
227
Early-maturing girls in all-female schools are no more likely than late maturers to be involved in delinquent activities
t need the enviro to permit the behaviour `
228
why the impact of early maturation on problem behavior is relatively greater among minority adolescents
more likely to have enviro stressors living in poor communities
229
T: The minimal amount of energy used by the body during a resting state
basal metabolic rate
230
how do you find out if someone is obese
calculate BMI (weight over height) if at or above 95th percentile of people at same age and gender
231
when is someone overweight
85 percentile
232
is the obesity crisis getting worse
no getting better
233
T: A measure of an individual’s body fat, the ratio of weight to height; used to gauge overweight and obesity.
BMI
234
The increase in adolescent obesity has been especially dramatic among ...
Black females
235
how are the brains of obese people different
more reward activiation, poor impulse control and heightened response to food images
236
does obesity led to dep
no dep leads to ob
237
do obese teens turn into obese adults
nearly 80% of obese adolescents will be obese adults
238
what are the enviro causes of obesity
increase availability of seditary behaviours, poor nutrition, lack of sleep, no exercise
239
stress exposure can undermine the subsequent development of self control how does this influence ob
neg life events early in childhood increase changes for ob
240
ob is less for kids who have good relationships with parents
t
241
weight loss meds or behavioural training for obesity in adolescents?
combo works best
242
how many adolescences satisfied with their body
1/4
243
Gender differences in concerns about weight emerge during adol
f long before that
244
do the problems that come with eating disorders result from the disorder
unsure which is chicken and egg
245
T Mild, moderate, or severe disturbance in eating habits and attitudes.
disordered eating
246
An eating disorder found chiefly among young women, characterized by dramatic and severe self-induced weight loss.
anorexia
247
T: An eating disorder found primarily among young women, characterized by a pattern of binge eating and extreme weight-loss measures, including self-induced vomiting.
bulemia
248
T: An eating disorder characterized by a pattern of binge eating that is not accompanied by drastic attempts to lose weight.
binge eating disorder
249
Nearly ...% of anorexic teenagers inadvertently starve themselves to death.
20
250
About ..% of women will develop anorexia in their lifetime, about ...% will develop bulimia, and about ...% will develop binge eating disorder
1, 1.5, 3.5
251
eating disorders are especially common among affluent, suburban, White, and Asian American girls
f
252
how many girls at normal weight consider themselves overweight
1/3
253
how many girls and boys wish they were thinner
1/3 boys
| 70% girls
254
is weight loss efforts getting better
yes
255
how many girls engage in weight loss behaviour
more than 1/2
256
does being thin increase popularity in reality?
yes
257
why is body disatisfaction more complex with boys
being heavy is the main source of dissatisfaction among girls, being heavy or being thin are both sources of dissatisfaction among boys
258
are anorexia and bulimia found globally
bulimia just western
259
how does the revelance of bulimia and anorexia differ
anorexia steady increase over time bulimia big jump in 1970s and declines since 90s
260
what does the prep Dif between an and bulimia tell us
bul more culturally determined (an more inherented)
261
dep or eating disorder- what comes first
dep
262
how do psychologists today understand eating disorders
experts view eating disorders as part of a more general syndrome of psychological distress. manifestations of a more general underlying psychological problem—called “internalized distress”—that can be displayed in a variety of ways
263
main force in eating disorders
Given that anorexia and bulimia are far more common in females than males, broader social forces are probably a main factor in the development of these eating disorder
264
early mat more or less likely to get eating disorder
more
265
what individual characteristics contribute to eating disorders
proness to negative affect, (eating disorders are partly heritable), psychological traits (such as proneness to depression or low self-esteem), physical characteristics (such as early pubertal maturation), familial characteristics (such as strained relations with parents), or social concerns (such as a strong interest in dating) may be more likely to develop problems
