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Human Physiology > Chapter 9- Automatic Nervous system > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Automatic Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Many visceral organs receive input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. these organs are described as having ___ innervation

A

dual

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2
Q

List the effectors of the automatic nervous system

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • glands
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3
Q

the term “ craniosacral division” describes the ____ division of the autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic

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4
Q

Cholinergic receptors are of two types: ___ and ___.

A
  • nicotinic

- muscarinic

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5
Q

The automatic nervous system is responsible for the innervation of ____

A

glands

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6
Q

Rest and digest functions are the responsibility of the ____ nervous system

A

parasympathetic

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7
Q

A(n) _____ is a drug that when it binds to a neurotransmitter receptor, blocks the action of the neurotransmitter

A

antagonist

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8
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla

A
  • norepinephrine

- epinephrine

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9
Q

List the catecholamine neurotransmitters

A
  • epinephrine
  • dopamine
  • norepinephrine
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10
Q

Terminal ganglia are associated with the ___ division of the automatic nervous system

A

parasympathetic

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11
Q

List examples of cholinergic neurons

A
  • sympathetic preganglionic neurons
  • all somatic motor neurons
  • parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
  • parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
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12
Q

Cholinergic neurons are those that release _____ as their neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

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13
Q

The effect of acetylcholine release from the somatic neurons is always _____ while the effect of acetylcholine release from automatic neurons can be either excitatory or inhibitory

A

excitatory

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14
Q

List the locations of nicotinic receptors

A
  • within automatic ganglia
  • in the CNS
  • at neuromuscular junctions
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15
Q

The fight or flight response is due to activation of the ____ division of the automatic nervous system

A

sympathetic

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16
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla results in release of :

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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17
Q

______ neurons are those that release norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter

A

adrenergic

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18
Q

Tissue response to sympathetic adrenergic stimulation:

A

can be stimulatory or inhibitory

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19
Q

List several structures that are innervated only by the sympathetic nervous system, thus lacking dual innervation

A
  • arrector pili muscles
  • adrenal medulla
  • sweat glands
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20
Q

Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are classified as ___ neurons

A

cholinergic

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21
Q

the ____ nerves are formed sympathetic preganglionic fibers running from the paravertebral ganglia to the collateral ganglia

A

splanchnic

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22
Q

List the cranial nerves that contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

A
  • Vagus
  • glossopharyngeal
  • oculomotor
  • facial
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23
Q

Acetylcholine released by preganglionic neurons will have an ____ effect on the postganglionic neurons

A

excitatory

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24
Q

The cranial nerves that carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are the oculomotor, ____ glossopharyngeal and vagus

A

facial

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25
Q

A(n) is a drug that when it binds to a neurotransmitter receptor, promotes the same effects as the neurotransmitter

A

agonist

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26
Q

Adrenergic neurons release ____ as a neurotransmitter

A

norepinephrine

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27
Q

Name some of the organs innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the sacral spinal cord

A
  • reproductive organs

- bladder

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28
Q

The paravertebral ganglia are the site of synapses between most pre- and postganglionic neurons of the____ division of the automatic nervous system

A

sympathetic

29
Q

The paravertebral ganglia are also termed ____

A

sympathetic chains

30
Q

A fight or flight response is due to ____

A

widespread activation of the sympathetic system

31
Q

List several organs innervated by parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve

A
  • stomach, pancreas

- lungs and heart

32
Q

The ____ division of the autonomic nervous system is considered the thoracolumbar division, based on the region of the spinal cord where its preganglionic neurons arise

A

sympathetic

33
Q

Beta-adrenergic stimulation causes relaxation of ___ muscle but increased contraction of ___ muscle

A

smooth , cardiac

34
Q

Contraction of smooth muscle is the result of stimulation of ____ adrenergic receptos

A

a1

35
Q

Since they are ligand-gated ion channels depolarization when opened, nicotinic cholinergic receptors always elicit an ____ response in the postsynaptic cell

A

excitatory

36
Q

Unlike parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that run in other cranial nerves, those in the vagus nerve synpase at:

A

terminal ganglia within target organs

37
Q

Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system arise from

A
  • pons, medulla oblongata
  • midbrain
  • sacral spinal cord
38
Q

Neurotransmitter molecules are released from enlarged areas called _____ found along postganglionic axons

A

varicosities

39
Q

Skeletal muscle is innervated by ____ motor neurons while cardiac muscle is innervated by ___ motor neurons

A

somatic,autonomic

40
Q

By category, _____ neurons carry signals away form the brain

A

motor

41
Q

sympathetic preganglionic fibers of the splanchnic nerves synapse with postganglionic fibers within the ___ also called the ____ ganglia

A

collateral, prevertebral

42
Q

A(n) ____ motor pathway consists of two sequential neurons

A

autonomic

43
Q

Tonic sympathetic activity implies that

A

there is a continual low level of activity

44
Q

Acetylcholine released by preganglionic fibers will bind to ___ receptors

A

nicotinic

45
Q

Name the structures indicated in the figure

A

paravertebral ganglia

46
Q

the paravertebral ganglia form the chains of ___ ganglia located on either side of the vertebral column

A

sympathetic

47
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve carries parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that synapse with postganglionic fibers at the ____ ganglia

A

otic

48
Q

the stimulation of almost all postganglionic sympathetic neurons is a result of the phenomenon called:

A

mass activation

49
Q

List an example of the antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on an organ

A

parasympathetic stimulation decreasing heart rate; sympathetic stimulation increasing heart rate

50
Q

Sympathetic regulation of the heart, blood vessels, and other gorans is ______ meaning that there is always some level of stimulation occurring

A

tonic

51
Q

Describe the result of mass activation of the sympathetic nervous system

A

stimulation of the entire sympathetic system

52
Q

The ____ gland is innervated by fibers from the submandibular ganglion

A

submandibular

53
Q

By category____ neurons carry signals away from the brain

A

motor

54
Q

Acetylcholine released by parasympathetic postganglionic fibers will bind to ___ receptors

A

muscarinic

55
Q

The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the ___ nerve synapse at terminal ganglia within the innervated organ

A

vagus

56
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, the ____ ganglionic fibers are unmyelinated while the ____ ganglionic fibers are myelinated

A

post, pre

57
Q

name the structures indicated in the figure

A

rami communicantes

58
Q

Smooth muscle may be more responsive to stimulating agents after its nerve supply has been damaged due to a phenomenon called ____ _____

A

denervation hypersensitivity

59
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers within the ____ nerve originate at nuclei within the medulla oblongata

A

vagus

60
Q

The ____ ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve

A

ciliary

61
Q

The adrenal gland is composed of the adrenal ____ and the adrenal ____

A

cortex, medulla,

62
Q

Stimulation of ____ cholinergic receptors always elicits excitatory responses because they are ligand-gated ion channels that cause depolarization when open

A

nicotinic

63
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is the ___ division of the automatic nervous system

A

thoracolumbar

64
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the nasal mucosa, pharynx, palate, and lacrimal glands involved postganglionic fibers arising from the ____ ganglia

A

pterygopalatine

65
Q

Autonomic output from the medulla oblongata regarding thirst, hunger, and body temp is influenced by the area of the brain called the _____

A

hypothalamus

66
Q

list an example of the complementary effects of the sympathetic parasympathetic systems on an organ

A

parasympathetic stimulation causing cecretion of watery saliva; sympathetic stimulation causeing secretion of viscous saliva

67
Q

The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of the iris of the ye are examples of rthe ____ effect of these two autonomic systems

A

antagonistic

68
Q

List examples of collateral ganglia

A

superior mesenteric and celiac ganglia

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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