Chapter 9- Automatic Nervous system Flashcards
Many visceral organs receive input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. these organs are described as having ___ innervation
dual
List the effectors of the automatic nervous system
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
- glands
the term “ craniosacral division” describes the ____ division of the autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic
Cholinergic receptors are of two types: ___ and ___.
- nicotinic
- muscarinic
The automatic nervous system is responsible for the innervation of ____
glands
Rest and digest functions are the responsibility of the ____ nervous system
parasympathetic
A(n) _____ is a drug that when it binds to a neurotransmitter receptor, blocks the action of the neurotransmitter
antagonist
Name the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla
- norepinephrine
- epinephrine
List the catecholamine neurotransmitters
- epinephrine
- dopamine
- norepinephrine
Terminal ganglia are associated with the ___ division of the automatic nervous system
parasympathetic
List examples of cholinergic neurons
- sympathetic preganglionic neurons
- all somatic motor neurons
- parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
- parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
Cholinergic neurons are those that release _____ as their neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
The effect of acetylcholine release from the somatic neurons is always _____ while the effect of acetylcholine release from automatic neurons can be either excitatory or inhibitory
excitatory
List the locations of nicotinic receptors
- within automatic ganglia
- in the CNS
- at neuromuscular junctions
The fight or flight response is due to activation of the ____ division of the automatic nervous system
sympathetic
Sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla results in release of :
epinephrine and norepinephrine
______ neurons are those that release norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter
adrenergic
Tissue response to sympathetic adrenergic stimulation:
can be stimulatory or inhibitory
List several structures that are innervated only by the sympathetic nervous system, thus lacking dual innervation
- arrector pili muscles
- adrenal medulla
- sweat glands
Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are classified as ___ neurons
cholinergic
the ____ nerves are formed sympathetic preganglionic fibers running from the paravertebral ganglia to the collateral ganglia
splanchnic
List the cranial nerves that contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
- Vagus
- glossopharyngeal
- oculomotor
- facial
Acetylcholine released by preganglionic neurons will have an ____ effect on the postganglionic neurons
excitatory
The cranial nerves that carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are the oculomotor, ____ glossopharyngeal and vagus
facial
A(n) is a drug that when it binds to a neurotransmitter receptor, promotes the same effects as the neurotransmitter
agonist
Adrenergic neurons release ____ as a neurotransmitter
norepinephrine
Name some of the organs innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the sacral spinal cord
- reproductive organs
- bladder
The paravertebral ganglia are the site of synapses between most pre- and postganglionic neurons of the____ division of the automatic nervous system
sympathetic
The paravertebral ganglia are also termed ____
sympathetic chains
A fight or flight response is due to ____
widespread activation of the sympathetic system
List several organs innervated by parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve
- stomach, pancreas
- lungs and heart
The ____ division of the autonomic nervous system is considered the thoracolumbar division, based on the region of the spinal cord where its preganglionic neurons arise
sympathetic
Beta-adrenergic stimulation causes relaxation of ___ muscle but increased contraction of ___ muscle
smooth , cardiac
Contraction of smooth muscle is the result of stimulation of ____ adrenergic receptos
a1
Since they are ligand-gated ion channels depolarization when opened, nicotinic cholinergic receptors always elicit an ____ response in the postsynaptic cell
excitatory
Unlike parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that run in other cranial nerves, those in the vagus nerve synpase at:
terminal ganglia within target organs
Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system arise from
- pons, medulla oblongata
- midbrain
- sacral spinal cord
Neurotransmitter molecules are released from enlarged areas called _____ found along postganglionic axons
varicosities
Skeletal muscle is innervated by ____ motor neurons while cardiac muscle is innervated by ___ motor neurons
somatic,autonomic
By category, _____ neurons carry signals away form the brain
motor
sympathetic preganglionic fibers of the splanchnic nerves synapse with postganglionic fibers within the ___ also called the ____ ganglia
collateral, prevertebral
A(n) ____ motor pathway consists of two sequential neurons
autonomic
Tonic sympathetic activity implies that
there is a continual low level of activity
Acetylcholine released by preganglionic fibers will bind to ___ receptors
nicotinic
Name the structures indicated in the figure
paravertebral ganglia
the paravertebral ganglia form the chains of ___ ganglia located on either side of the vertebral column
sympathetic
The glossopharyngeal nerve carries parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that synapse with postganglionic fibers at the ____ ganglia
otic
the stimulation of almost all postganglionic sympathetic neurons is a result of the phenomenon called:
mass activation
List an example of the antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on an organ
parasympathetic stimulation decreasing heart rate; sympathetic stimulation increasing heart rate
Sympathetic regulation of the heart, blood vessels, and other gorans is ______ meaning that there is always some level of stimulation occurring
tonic
Describe the result of mass activation of the sympathetic nervous system
stimulation of the entire sympathetic system
The ____ gland is innervated by fibers from the submandibular ganglion
submandibular
By category____ neurons carry signals away from the brain
motor
Acetylcholine released by parasympathetic postganglionic fibers will bind to ___ receptors
muscarinic
The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the ___ nerve synapse at terminal ganglia within the innervated organ
vagus
In the sympathetic nervous system, the ____ ganglionic fibers are unmyelinated while the ____ ganglionic fibers are myelinated
post, pre
name the structures indicated in the figure
rami communicantes
Smooth muscle may be more responsive to stimulating agents after its nerve supply has been damaged due to a phenomenon called ____ _____
denervation hypersensitivity
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers within the ____ nerve originate at nuclei within the medulla oblongata
vagus
The ____ ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve
ciliary
The adrenal gland is composed of the adrenal ____ and the adrenal ____
cortex, medulla,
Stimulation of ____ cholinergic receptors always elicits excitatory responses because they are ligand-gated ion channels that cause depolarization when open
nicotinic
The sympathetic nervous system is the ___ division of the automatic nervous system
thoracolumbar
Parasympathetic innervation of the nasal mucosa, pharynx, palate, and lacrimal glands involved postganglionic fibers arising from the ____ ganglia
pterygopalatine
Autonomic output from the medulla oblongata regarding thirst, hunger, and body temp is influenced by the area of the brain called the _____
hypothalamus
list an example of the complementary effects of the sympathetic parasympathetic systems on an organ
parasympathetic stimulation causing cecretion of watery saliva; sympathetic stimulation causeing secretion of viscous saliva
The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of the iris of the ye are examples of rthe ____ effect of these two autonomic systems
antagonistic
List examples of collateral ganglia
superior mesenteric and celiac ganglia
