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Human Physiology > Chapter 8 - The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

In the brain, an aggregation of neuron cell bodies is called a _______

A

nucleus

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2
Q

Some risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease include

A
  • family history of Alzheimer’s disease
  • type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • elevated plasma cholesterol
  • obesity
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3
Q

Interneurons with cell bodies in the ____ of the cerebral cortex are called upper motor neurons due to their role in regulating skeletal muscles

A

precentral gyrus

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4
Q

Synaptic potentials within the cerebral cortex produce electrical activity seen in an ____

A

EEG

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5
Q

The corticospinal tracts are ___ tracts

A
  • motor

- pyramidal

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6
Q

The ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord are located in the ____ matter

A

white

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7
Q

The neural pathway for an involuntary motor response to a stimulus is called a _____

A

reflex arc

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8
Q

Sensory information from ____ is transmitted in the ascending tracts

A
  • cutaneous receptors
  • proprioceptors
  • visceral receptors
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9
Q

The medulla oblongata

A
  • is bored inferiorly by the spinal cord

- is bordered superiorly by the pons

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10
Q

Sensory fibers of a spinal nerve are found in the ____ root, and motor fibers are found in the ___ root.

A

dorsal, ventral

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11
Q

It has been suggested that the onset of Alzheimer’s disease may be delayed by

A
  • a diet rich in naturally occuring antioxidants, obtained by eating a variety of fruits and vegetables
  • a diet restricted in both calories and fat
  • remaining physically and mentally active, which helps establish a cognitive reserve
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12
Q

The ____ lies within the diencephalon

A

third ventricle

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13
Q

The name of a cranial nerve indicates

A
  • principal function of the nerve

- the general area or group of structures innervated

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14
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is derived from ____ by the process of _____

A

plasma , secretion

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15
Q

Functions associated with the components of the epithalamus include

A
  • formation of cerebrospinal fluid

- production and release of the hormone melatonin

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16
Q

Regulation of thirst is mediated by ____ in the hypothalamus

A

osmoreceptors

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17
Q

The cerebellum

A
  • consists of inner white and outer gray matter
  • lies dorsal to the fourth ventricle
  • is the second largest region of the brain
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18
Q

Neurons of the medulla oblongata that regulate cardiovascular and respiratory functions are collectively called ____

A

vital center

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19
Q

Higher motor neurons of the precentral gyri control voluntary movements of the ____ side of the body

A
  • opposite,
  • contralateral

-right, left

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20
Q

Gray matter is located in the surface layer of the brain, called the cortex, and deeper within the brain in aggregations called nuclei

A

cotex, nuclei

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21
Q

The cell bodies of sensory neurons in spinal nerves are located in the ____ of each dorsal root

A

ganglion

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22
Q

the cerebellum and the pons together compose the ____

A

metencephalon

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23
Q

Descending spinal cord tracts transmit ___ impulses from the brain to effectors

A

motor

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24
Q

In the inferior left frontal lobe, an area just anterior to the precentral gyri, called ___ area, controls the motor aspects of speech by way of its input to the precentral gyri

A
  • motor speech

- Brocas

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25
Q

cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the ____ of the epithalamus, and melatonin is produced by the ____ of the epithalamus

A

choroid plexus of the third ventricle…. pineal body

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26
Q

A shallow groove between two gyri is called a _____, and the deep groove between two hemispheres is called a _______

A

sulcus, fissure

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27
Q

the basal nuclei are regions of the cerebrum, containing neurons

A
  • involved in the control of skeletal muscles

- called higher motor neurons

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28
Q

In addition to the skin, the embryonic tissue layer called ____ will give rise to the central nervous system

A

ectroderm

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29
Q

Fibers from the cerebellum connect to the

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons and spinal cord
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30
Q

The myelencephalon of the hindbrain consists of the

A

medulla oblongata

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31
Q

The term _____ refers to the specialization of function of each cerebral hemisphere

A

lateralization

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32
Q

Protruding into each ventricle is a structure called a ___ ____ composed of simple cuboidal to simple columnar epithelium, that forms cerebrospinal fluid from blood in the capillaries with which each is associated

A

choroid plexus

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33
Q

Components of the peripheral nervous system include

A
  • the cranial nerves
  • cell bodies of axons that lie outside the CNS
  • the spinal nerves
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34
Q

Both the hippocampus and the amygdala have receptors for ____, a hormone shown to impair neurogenesis in the hippocampus

A

corticosteroids

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35
Q

The CNS communicates with the rest of the body means of the ____ nervous system

A

peripheral

36
Q

The corticospinal tracts are ____ tracts

A
  • pyramidal

- motor

37
Q

The surface area of the cerebrum is high due to the presence of folds and grooves, which together are called _____

A

convolutions

38
Q

The cerebrum consists of a total of ___ paired lobes

A

5

39
Q

The gray matter of the spinal cord, in a cross section, resembles the capital letter

A

H

40
Q

The region of the brain located between the diencephalon and the pons is called ____

A
  • mesencephalon

- midbrain

41
Q

Functionally, every spinal nerve is a _____ in terms of the information conveyed

A

mixed

42
Q

Sensations received in the postcentral gyrus are collectively called ___ sensations

A

somatesthetic

43
Q

The two major groups of descending spinal cord tracts are the ____ and the ____ tracts

A

pyramidal, extrapyramidal

44
Q

The ____ provides both a structural and functional connection between the cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

45
Q

In most people, the main language center, ____ are is located in the superior gyri of the left temporal lobe

A

wernickes

46
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is similar to plasma, but vaires in that it ____ plasma

A
  • contains different concentrations of ions than

- is hypertonic to

47
Q

White matter is located

A
  • deep to the cortex

- surrounding the nuclei

48
Q

White matter of the spinal cord is arranged into six columns, collectively called __________

A

funiculi

49
Q

the diencephalon indicated by the heavy arrow in the figure

A
  • surrounds the third ventricle
  • is surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres
  • is part of the forebrain
50
Q

A ______ is an unconscious motor response to a sensory stimulus

A

reflex

51
Q

The spinal cord begins at the ____ and ends at the _______

A

foramen magnum…. level of the first lumbar vertebra

52
Q

Decussation of ascending spinal cord tracts

A
  • occurs in the medulla oblongata
  • does not occur in some tracts
  • occurs in the spinal cord
53
Q

The sensory fibers of each spinal nerve ____, where the nerve joins the spinal cord, each forming a sperate spinal nerve, _______

A

seperate or split…. root

54
Q

The rhombencephalon is composed of the ____ and ____

A

metencephalon, myelencephalon

55
Q

Characteristics of Alzheimer’s diseases include

A
  • accumulation of extracellular protein deposits called senile plaques
  • loss of cholinergic and other neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex
  • accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles
56
Q

Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH) and oxytocin (OT) are synthesized in the

A
  • supraoptic nuclei

- paraventricular nuclei

57
Q

Ascending spinal cord tracts convey _____ information up to the brain from the body

A

sensory

58
Q

A recording of the electrical activity of the brain, obtained byplacing electrodes on the scalp, is called a(n) _____ (

A

electroencephalogram

59
Q

The components of the epithalamus include the

A
  • pineal body gland

- choroid plexus 3rd ventricle

60
Q

The pituitary gland is located ____ to the hypothalamus and is connected to the diencephalon by a stalk called the ______

A

inferior….. infundibulum

61
Q

Motor fibers of the pyramidal tracts originate in the

A
  • precentral gyri
  • primary motor cortex
  • supplementary motor complex
62
Q

The ____ lobe is responsible for the coordination of eye movements

A

occipital

63
Q

Descending spinal cord tracts transmit ____ impulses from the brain to effectors

A

motor

64
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts are regulated by impulses from the

A
  • corpus striatum
  • thalamus
  • substantial nigra
65
Q

Damage to the ____ has been shown to result in amnesia

A
  • hippocampus
  • temporal lobe
  • dorsomedial thalamus
  • head of the cingulate gyrus
66
Q

The two regions of the brain implicated as centers for various emotions are the

A
  • limbic system

- hypothalamus

67
Q

Secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary is controlled by releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

The larger of the two primary masses that compose the basal nuclei is the

A

corpus striatum

69
Q

the components of the respiratory control center tatr are located in the pons are the

A
  • pneumotaxic center

- apneustic area

70
Q

Ascending spinal cord tracts convey ____ information up to the brain from the body

A

sensory

71
Q

Intelligibile speech occurs when impulses from ___ project to ____ and from there to primary motor cortex

A

wernickes area… the motor speech area

72
Q

Cranial nerves that only transmit impulses from the organs of the special senses are classified as ____ nerves

A

sensory

73
Q

Reflecting embryology, the posterior pituitary is also known as the _____

A

neurohypophysis

74
Q

A group of neurons that stimulate each other in a sequence that repeats in a round or circular fashion is called a ____ circuit

A

recurrent

75
Q

The enhancement of memory by emotion is impaired when the ____ is damaged

A

amygdala

76
Q

Nuclei located outside the cerebrum that contribute to the control of voluntary movements include the ____ of the diencephalon

A

subthalamic nucleus

77
Q

The pons includes nuclei for the orgin of motor fibers and termination of sensory fibers for cranial nerves

A
  • VII-facial
  • VI- abducens
  • V-trigeminal
  • VIII-vestibulocochlear
78
Q

The hypothalamus contains nuclei that, along with components of the cerebral hemispheres regulate

A
  • emotions
  • sexual arousal and performance
  • sleep and wakefulness
79
Q

The region of the midbrain that connects the cerebrum and cerebellum and is involved in motor coordination is called the ____

A

red nucleus

80
Q

The cerebellum, working with the ____ contributes to the coordination of skeletal movements

A
  • basal nuclei

- precentral gyri

81
Q

The two stages of sleep alternate when people sleep, with each cycle lasting approx.

A

90 min

82
Q

The 24 hour cycles of electrical activity in the __- nuclei of the hypothalamus are correlated to circadian rhythms of the body

A

suprachiasmatic

83
Q

Verbal memories are lateralized to the cortex of the ____ cerebral hemisphere, and visuospatial information si lateralized to the cortex of the _____ cerebral hemisphere

A

left, right

84
Q

Recalling the face of someone you just met is an example of ___ memory involving the ____

A
  • working… visual association area

- working …. prefrontal cortex

85
Q

Long-tern memory, memory of simple skills and conditioning is called ___ memory.

A
  • implicit

- nondeclarative

86
Q

Tremors that occur when international movements are made are characteristic of ____ produced when the cerebellum is damaged

A

ataxia

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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