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Human Physiology > Chapter 8 - The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

In the brain, an aggregation of neuron cell bodies is called a _______

A

nucleus

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2
Q

Some risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease include

A
  • family history of Alzheimer’s disease
  • type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • elevated plasma cholesterol
  • obesity
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3
Q

Interneurons with cell bodies in the ____ of the cerebral cortex are called upper motor neurons due to their role in regulating skeletal muscles

A

precentral gyrus

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4
Q

Synaptic potentials within the cerebral cortex produce electrical activity seen in an ____

A

EEG

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5
Q

The corticospinal tracts are ___ tracts

A
  • motor

- pyramidal

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6
Q

The ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord are located in the ____ matter

A

white

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7
Q

The neural pathway for an involuntary motor response to a stimulus is called a _____

A

reflex arc

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8
Q

Sensory information from ____ is transmitted in the ascending tracts

A
  • cutaneous receptors
  • proprioceptors
  • visceral receptors
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9
Q

The medulla oblongata

A
  • is bored inferiorly by the spinal cord

- is bordered superiorly by the pons

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10
Q

Sensory fibers of a spinal nerve are found in the ____ root, and motor fibers are found in the ___ root.

A

dorsal, ventral

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11
Q

It has been suggested that the onset of Alzheimer’s disease may be delayed by

A
  • a diet rich in naturally occuring antioxidants, obtained by eating a variety of fruits and vegetables
  • a diet restricted in both calories and fat
  • remaining physically and mentally active, which helps establish a cognitive reserve
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12
Q

The ____ lies within the diencephalon

A

third ventricle

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13
Q

The name of a cranial nerve indicates

A
  • principal function of the nerve

- the general area or group of structures innervated

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14
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is derived from ____ by the process of _____

A

plasma , secretion

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15
Q

Functions associated with the components of the epithalamus include

A
  • formation of cerebrospinal fluid

- production and release of the hormone melatonin

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16
Q

Regulation of thirst is mediated by ____ in the hypothalamus

A

osmoreceptors

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17
Q

The cerebellum

A
  • consists of inner white and outer gray matter
  • lies dorsal to the fourth ventricle
  • is the second largest region of the brain
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18
Q

Neurons of the medulla oblongata that regulate cardiovascular and respiratory functions are collectively called ____

A

vital center

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19
Q

Higher motor neurons of the precentral gyri control voluntary movements of the ____ side of the body

A
  • opposite,
  • contralateral

-right, left

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20
Q

Gray matter is located in the surface layer of the brain, called the cortex, and deeper within the brain in aggregations called nuclei

A

cotex, nuclei

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21
Q

The cell bodies of sensory neurons in spinal nerves are located in the ____ of each dorsal root

A

ganglion

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22
Q

the cerebellum and the pons together compose the ____

A

metencephalon

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23
Q

Descending spinal cord tracts transmit ___ impulses from the brain to effectors

A

motor

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24
Q

In the inferior left frontal lobe, an area just anterior to the precentral gyri, called ___ area, controls the motor aspects of speech by way of its input to the precentral gyri

A
  • motor speech

- Brocas

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25
cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the ____ of the epithalamus, and melatonin is produced by the ____ of the epithalamus
choroid plexus of the third ventricle.... pineal body
26
A shallow groove between two gyri is called a _____, and the deep groove between two hemispheres is called a _______
sulcus, fissure
27
the basal nuclei are regions of the cerebrum, containing neurons
- involved in the control of skeletal muscles | - called higher motor neurons
28
In addition to the skin, the embryonic tissue layer called ____ will give rise to the central nervous system
ectroderm
29
Fibers from the cerebellum connect to the
- primary motor cortex - medulla oblongata - pons and spinal cord
30
The myelencephalon of the hindbrain consists of the
medulla oblongata
31
The term _____ refers to the specialization of function of each cerebral hemisphere
lateralization
32
Protruding into each ventricle is a structure called a ___ ____ composed of simple cuboidal to simple columnar epithelium, that forms cerebrospinal fluid from blood in the capillaries with which each is associated
choroid plexus
33
Components of the peripheral nervous system include
- the cranial nerves - cell bodies of axons that lie outside the CNS - the spinal nerves
34
Both the hippocampus and the amygdala have receptors for ____, a hormone shown to impair neurogenesis in the hippocampus
corticosteroids
35
The CNS communicates with the rest of the body means of the ____ nervous system
peripheral
36
The corticospinal tracts are ____ tracts
- pyramidal | - motor
37
The surface area of the cerebrum is high due to the presence of folds and grooves, which together are called _____
convolutions
38
The cerebrum consists of a total of ___ paired lobes
5
39
The gray matter of the spinal cord, in a cross section, resembles the capital letter
H
40
The region of the brain located between the diencephalon and the pons is called ____
- mesencephalon | - midbrain
41
Functionally, every spinal nerve is a _____ in terms of the information conveyed
mixed
42
Sensations received in the postcentral gyrus are collectively called ___ sensations
somatesthetic
43
The two major groups of descending spinal cord tracts are the ____ and the ____ tracts
pyramidal, extrapyramidal
44
The ____ provides both a structural and functional connection between the cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
45
In most people, the main language center, ____ are is located in the superior gyri of the left temporal lobe
wernickes
46
Cerebrospinal fluid is similar to plasma, but vaires in that it ____ plasma
- contains different concentrations of ions than | - is hypertonic to
47
White matter is located
- deep to the cortex | - surrounding the nuclei
48
White matter of the spinal cord is arranged into six columns, collectively called __________
funiculi
49
the diencephalon indicated by the heavy arrow in the figure
- surrounds the third ventricle - is surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres - is part of the forebrain
50
A ______ is an unconscious motor response to a sensory stimulus
reflex
51
The spinal cord begins at the ____ and ends at the _______
foramen magnum.... level of the first lumbar vertebra
52
Decussation of ascending spinal cord tracts
- occurs in the medulla oblongata - does not occur in some tracts - occurs in the spinal cord
53
The sensory fibers of each spinal nerve ____, where the nerve joins the spinal cord, each forming a sperate spinal nerve, _______
seperate or split.... root
54
The rhombencephalon is composed of the ____ and ____
metencephalon, myelencephalon
55
Characteristics of Alzheimer's diseases include
- accumulation of extracellular protein deposits called senile plaques - loss of cholinergic and other neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex - accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles
56
Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH) and oxytocin (OT) are synthesized in the
- supraoptic nuclei | - paraventricular nuclei
57
Ascending spinal cord tracts convey _____ information up to the brain from the body
sensory
58
A recording of the electrical activity of the brain, obtained byplacing electrodes on the scalp, is called a(n) _____ (
electroencephalogram
59
The components of the epithalamus include the
- pineal body gland | - choroid plexus 3rd ventricle
60
The pituitary gland is located ____ to the hypothalamus and is connected to the diencephalon by a stalk called the ______
inferior..... infundibulum
61
Motor fibers of the pyramidal tracts originate in the
- precentral gyri - primary motor cortex - supplementary motor complex
62
The ____ lobe is responsible for the coordination of eye movements
occipital
63
Descending spinal cord tracts transmit ____ impulses from the brain to effectors
motor
64
Extrapyramidal tracts are regulated by impulses from the
- corpus striatum - thalamus - substantial nigra
65
Damage to the ____ has been shown to result in amnesia
- hippocampus - temporal lobe - dorsomedial thalamus - head of the cingulate gyrus
66
The two regions of the brain implicated as centers for various emotions are the
- limbic system | - hypothalamus
67
Secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary is controlled by releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the
hypothalamus
68
The larger of the two primary masses that compose the basal nuclei is the
corpus striatum
69
the components of the respiratory control center tatr are located in the pons are the
- pneumotaxic center | - apneustic area
70
Ascending spinal cord tracts convey ____ information up to the brain from the body
sensory
71
Intelligibile speech occurs when impulses from ___ project to ____ and from there to primary motor cortex
wernickes area... the motor speech area
72
Cranial nerves that only transmit impulses from the organs of the special senses are classified as ____ nerves
sensory
73
Reflecting embryology, the posterior pituitary is also known as the _____
neurohypophysis
74
A group of neurons that stimulate each other in a sequence that repeats in a round or circular fashion is called a ____ circuit
recurrent
75
The enhancement of memory by emotion is impaired when the ____ is damaged
amygdala
76
Nuclei located outside the cerebrum that contribute to the control of voluntary movements include the ____ of the diencephalon
subthalamic nucleus
77
The pons includes nuclei for the orgin of motor fibers and termination of sensory fibers for cranial nerves
- VII-facial - VI- abducens - V-trigeminal - VIII-vestibulocochlear
78
The hypothalamus contains nuclei that, along with components of the cerebral hemispheres regulate
- emotions - sexual arousal and performance - sleep and wakefulness
79
The region of the midbrain that connects the cerebrum and cerebellum and is involved in motor coordination is called the ____
red nucleus
80
The cerebellum, working with the ____ contributes to the coordination of skeletal movements
- basal nuclei | - precentral gyri
81
The two stages of sleep alternate when people sleep, with each cycle lasting approx.
90 min
82
The 24 hour cycles of electrical activity in the __- nuclei of the hypothalamus are correlated to circadian rhythms of the body
suprachiasmatic
83
Verbal memories are lateralized to the cortex of the ____ cerebral hemisphere, and visuospatial information si lateralized to the cortex of the _____ cerebral hemisphere
left, right
84
Recalling the face of someone you just met is an example of ___ memory involving the ____
- working... visual association area | - working .... prefrontal cortex
85
Long-tern memory, memory of simple skills and conditioning is called ___ memory.
- implicit | - nondeclarative
86
Tremors that occur when international movements are made are characteristic of ____ produced when the cerebellum is damaged
ataxia

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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