Chapter 10- Sensory physiology

Question 1

Which are cells found in the olfactory epithelium

Answer 1

• olfactory receptors
• stem cells
• supporting cells

Question 2

The five major categories of taste are salty, ______ umami sweet and ______

Answer 2

sour, bitter

Question 3

What structure senses changes in the speed of an elevator or car?

Answer 3

• utricle

- saccule

Question 4

Cones are concentrated in the ____ ____ the depressed center of the macula lutea

Answer 4

fovea centralis

Question 5

Which are considered somatesthetic sensors

Answer 5

• thermoreceptor
• root hair plexus
• proprioceptor

Question 6

Normally the lens is clear because of the three dimensional structure of crystallin proteins. when these proteins change shape and aggregate vision becomes cloudy. this is a condition called ____

Answer 6

cataracts

Question 7

The feelings that the room is spinning when it is not is called _____

Answer 7

vertigo

Question 8

An elongated eyeball creates a condition called ___ a shorter than normal eyeball creates a condition called ___

Answer 8

myopia;hyperopia

Question 9

With agin, the lens becomes less flexible. this difficulty in accomication is called

Answer 9

presbyopia

Question 10

The main receptor type that senses the quality of hydrogen ions in body fluids is:

Answer 10

chemoreceptor

Question 11

Changes in rotational speed are sensed by the _____ ______

Answer 11

semicircular canals

Question 12

Which structures are part of the fibrous tunic of the eye?

Answer 12

sclera

cornea

Question 13

swelling and an increase in the growth suppose of blood vessels of the choroid often cause a form of blindness called:

Answer 13

macular degeneration

Question 14

Fibers carrying visual signals exit the eye at the optic nerve. this area, known as the ____ _____ has no photoreceptors, so is also called blind

Answer 14

optic disc

Question 15

Which most accurately describes astigmatism?

Answer 15

the curvature of the cornea is uneven

Question 16

gustation is also known as the sense of ____

Answer 16

taste

Question 17

A genetic defect that prevents the normal function of cones is called____

Answer 17

color blindness

Question 18

Which structure senses changes in the speed of an elevator or car?

Answer 18

• saccule

- utricle

Question 19

Aqueous humor is drained from the ___ into the scleral venous sinus

Answer 19

anterior chamber

Question 20

The muscle the opens the auditory tube during swallowing is the :

Answer 20

tensor tympani

Question 21

The area of skin that is innervated by a specific sensory receptor is called the ___ ______ of that sensory receptor

Answer 21

receptive field

Question 22

Sensory receptors that sense tissue damage are known as ______ or pain receptors

Answer 22

nociceptors

Question 23

when the flow of aqueous humor is blocked and intraocular pressure increases photoreceptors can be damaged. the condition is termed _____

Answer 23

glaucoma

Question 24

which structures are considered part of the vascular tunic of the eye or the uvea

Answer 24

• ciliary body
• choroid
• iris

Question 25

List the structures that light passes through in the eye in order

Answer 25

``` -cornea 2 anterior chamber -pupil -lens 5- vitreous chamber ```

Question 26

The external auditory meatues is indicated by arrow _____ arrow ____ represents the auditory ossicles

Answer 26

B,A

Question 27

Which stimulation would stimulate the utricle and saccule

Answer 27

a fall out of a tree

Question 28

Which are characteristics of the optic disc

Answer 28

- this area of the retina lacks photoreceptors | - it is located anterior to the optic nerve

Question 29

list the structures of the eye in order as aqueous humor flows

Answer 29

- ciliary body - posterior chamber - pupil - anterior chamber - canal schlemm

Question 30

List the structures in order of action potentials traveling from the eyes to the visual cortex

Answer 30

- optic nerve - optic chiasma - optic tract - lateral geniculate colliculi - optic radiation - occipital lobe

Question 31

Which receptor type is involved in rapid sensory adaptation

Answer 31

phasic

Question 32

Which are characteristics of taste buds?

Answer 32

- they remain bathed in saliva - they have microvilli that extend through a proe - they consist of many specialized epithelial cells

Question 33

List the pathway of light, in order as it passes through the retina

Answer 33

- ganglion cells - amacrine cells - bipolar cells - horizontal cells - photoreceptors - auditory cortex

Question 34

over many years unprotected exposure of the eyes to sunlight without wearing good sunglasses can cause _____

Answer 34

cataracts

Question 35

The need for reading glasses increases with age due to a condition called

Answer 35

prebyopia

Question 36

Which conditions is LASIK used to correct

Answer 36

- myopia - hyperopia - astigmatism

Question 37

cones are concentrated in the ____ ____ the depressed center of the amcula lutea

Answer 37

fovea centralis

Question 38

which two neurotransmitters are released by nociecptors?

Answer 38

- glutamate | - substance P

Question 39

The leading cause of blindness in the U.S is _____ ____

Answer 39

masular degeneration

Question 40

Taste receptors are also called

Answer 40

gustatory receptors

Question 41

A condition called ____ occurs when different areas of the cornea or lens have a different refraction index than other areas

Answer 41

astigmatism

Question 42

which are characteristics of cold receptors?

Answer 42

- they are found in the upper dermis near the epidermis - they have free nerve endings - they outnumber warm receptors

Question 43

After light passes throug hthe pupil, it enter the

Answer 43

lens

Question 44

which factors serve to increase sensory acuity in a particular area of the body

Answer 44

- a large number of sensory receptors serving that area | - small receptive fields of sensroy receptors serving that area

Question 45

which receptor type is involved in rapid sensory adaptation

Answer 45

phasic

Question 46

Myopic eyes are corrected with ____ lenses whuile hyperopic eyes are corrected with _____ lenses

Answer 46

concave;convex

Question 47

which are final destinations of gustation signals?

Answer 47

- prefrontal cortex - insula - postcentral gyrus

Question 48

nociceptors from internal organs often send signals to the part of the somatosensory cortex that represents a different body part. this is known as ____ pain

Answer 48

referred

Question 49

Equilibrium hair cells contain hair like process called ____

Answer 49

stereocilia

Question 50

The ability of the eye is alternately focus on near and distant objects occurs because the lens changes shape. this focusing is termed

Answer 50

accommodation

Question 51

Acute itch receptros are stimulated by ____ chronic itch receptors usually respond to other chemicals

Answer 51

histamine

Question 52

the type of receptor that is stimulated by hot pepper or temp higher than about 43 C is the ___ receptor

Answer 52

capsaicin

Question 53

Gustatory signals pass through the ____ before going to the primary gustatory cortex

Answer 53

thalamus

Question 54

The photoreceptor most sensitive to light, and therefore are used to see in dim light is the ___. the photoreceptor used for detailed vision is the _____

Answer 54

rod, cone

Question 55

The membranous labyrinth is located in a structure of the skull called the ____ labyrinth

Answer 55

bony

Question 56

Which taste categories use G-protein coupled receptors

Answer 56

- umani - bitter - sweet

Question 57

taste cells are refferred to as neuroepithilial cells why

Answer 57

- they depolarize and release neurotransmitters | - they are specialized epithilial cells

Question 58

Which stimuli commonly activates nociceptors

Answer 58

-inflammation -cell destruction capsaicin

Question 59

Sour taste is created when ____ ions move through channels in the receptors plasma membrane

Answer 59

hydrogen