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Human Physiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Vesicles that exit the Golgi complex after cell products have been processed

A
  • May remain in the cell as lysosomes
  • May fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents by exocytosis
  • Move along the cytoskeleton to their destination
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2
Q

Cell products are ___ as they move through the Golgi complex.

A

chemically modified

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3
Q

The type of RNA molecule that translates the nucleotide sequence of a gene to the amino acid sequence of a protein is ___ RNA.

A

transfer

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4
Q

Methylation of cytosine bases and post-transnational modification of his-tone proteins are examples of processes associated with

A
  • gene silencing

- epigenetic inheritance

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5
Q

Match to description of ribosome:
A
B
C

A 
A= small (30S) subunit
B= large(50S) subunit 
C= future location of transfer RNA molecules
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6
Q

A technique that examine the consequences of the absence of a functional gene involves developing specific strains of mice, called ___ mice, in which the gene of interest has been inactivated.

A

knock out

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7
Q

The diagonally arranged protein fibers in the figure, consisting of _____, form the cells skeleton or cytoskeleton.

A
  • Micro-tubules

- Micro-filaments

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8
Q

The structure that forms in the cytoplasm as mRNA attaches to and is translated by many ribosomes is called a _____

A

polysome

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9
Q

G1:
S:
G2:

A

G1: Normal physiological processes occur, including gene expression from euchromatin

S: replication of euchromatin DNA

G2: hetero-chromatin formation begins

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10
Q

Before S of inter-phase, the genetic material in a cell exists as individual structures called ___; after G2 of inter-phase, the replicated genetic material consists of two structures called ____

A

Chromosomes … chromatids

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11
Q

The composition of the plasma or cell membrane is best described as a bi-layer

A

of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded

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12
Q

The manufacturing pairs of chromosomes in a diploid cell are called ______ chromosomes.

A

homologous

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13
Q

The nucleus of a cell

A
  • is the site of transcription

- contains one or more nucleoli

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14
Q

When referring to the ____ of a species, the term is understood to include all of the genes in individuals

A

genome

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15
Q

Secretion of cellular products from membrane-enclosed vesicles to the extracellular environment occurs by means of ____

A

exocytosis

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16
Q

Describing the plasma membrane as a “fluid mosaic” is a reflection of

A
  • The role of phospoholipids as the fluid background in which proteins are embedded
  • The constant lateral movement of both proteins and phospholipids
  • The unequal distributions of proteins as a mosaic pattern in the membrane
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17
Q

In the figure, panel ___ illustrates the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and panel ____ illustrates the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

2, 1

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18
Q

DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because

A

One of each of the daughter strands is newly synthesized, and the other is from the original DNA molecule

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19
Q

The presence of microvilli on the apical surface of cells lining the intestine and kidney tubules permits rapid

A
  • Absorption of the nutrient molecules

- Diffusion of water into the cells

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20
Q

In the figure, the letter ____ indicates the nucleus

A

A

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21
Q

The sequence of ___ in mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

A

codons

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22
Q

Match the phases of mitosis to the events that occur in each

Prophase:

Metaphase:

Anaphase:

Telophase:

A

P: Nucleolus no longer visible, nuclear envelope disappearing, sister chromatids visible, centrioles begin migration, spindle fibers forming

M: nuclear envelope disappears, chomatids single fibers from each centriole attach to centromeres of chromatids

A: centromeres separate sister chromatids separate and chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of cell

T: chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope and nucleolus become visible, cleavage furrow begins to form

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23
Q

Nearly every cell in the body possesses a single, non-motile ___ that may provide sensory function for a cell

A

primary cillium

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24
Q

When an RNA molecule complementary to a DNA molecule has been synthesized,

A
  • Gene transcription has occurred
  • DNA-directed RNA synthesis has occurred
  • RNA polymerase has engaged with a promoter sequence
25
Q

Genes that may initiate development of cancer, called _____, are altered forms of normal genes, called _____, that code for proteins regulating the cell cycle

A

oncogenes, proto-oncogenes

26
Q

Identify the characteristics of agranular (smooth) endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • stores calcium striated muscle cells

- abundant in cells that metabolize steroid hormones

27
Q

The final product of genetic translation is a(n)

A

polypeptide

28
Q

Nuclear pore complexes permit small molecules to pass through by ____; movement of large molecules (RNA, protein) requires ____.

A

diffusion….. active transport

29
Q

All animal cells contain a non-membranous mass in the cytoplasm, called a ______, consisting of two rod like centrioles

A

centrosome

30
Q

Carbohydrates can attach to plasma membrane ____ and ______

A

phospholipids, protiens

31
Q

Evidence of death of a cell within a tissue or organ by necrosis include:

A
  • the cell bursts
  • the cell swells
  • the plasma membrane of the cell ruptures
32
Q

The term________ describes growth that occurs as a result of an increase in the size of the individual

A

hypertrophy

33
Q

A normal stage of _____, or programmed cell death, involves the release of lysosomal enzyme into the cytoplasm, destroying the cell

A

apoptosis

34
Q

The genes in mitochondrial DNA

A
  • are contained in a single circular chromosome

- are inherited from the mother

35
Q

Identify the characterisics of granular (rought) endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • abundant in secretory cells

- ribosomes are on surface

36
Q

Nucleoli

A

are composed of DNA

37
Q

All fluid, organelles and inclusions between the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane has been termed

A

cytoplasm

38
Q

Cellular death within tissues and organs caused by or involving disease is called

A

necrosis

39
Q

By the process called, which literally means “self-eating”, worn out organelles are destroyed and then replaced

A

autophagy

40
Q

The mitochondia in human cells

A
  • may have originated from bacteria-like organisms
  • have their own DNA
  • can self-replicate
41
Q

Acetylation of condensed chromatin produces a more open structure that can be activated by ____ factors, resulting in the synthesis of messenger RNA(mRNA)

A

transcription

42
Q

During DNA replication, which occurs before mitosis and meiosis, _____link DNA bases together to form a new strand of DNA

A

DNA polymerases

43
Q

Neutrophils and macrophages extend cytoplasm into the extracellular matrix, forming ____

A

pseudopods

44
Q

A ___ codon must be present in an mRNA molecule to begin translation, and a ___ codon must be present to terminate translation

A

start, stop

45
Q

Chromatin

A
  • is a term that refers to the composition of chromosomes

- is composed of DNA and protein

46
Q

Most growth in the human body is the result of

A

hyperplasia

47
Q

When a gene is transcribed

A
  • an RNA molecule is synthesized

- RNA polymerase has made one molecule complementary to one strand of DNA

48
Q

DNA at the end chromosomes, called ____ , is not fully copied by DNA polymerase and is progressively lost with each mitotic cycle, which may correlate with the aging process.

A

telomeres

49
Q

Substances moved by the beating of motile cillia include

A
  • an oocyte in the uterine tube

- mucus in the trachea(respitory tract)

50
Q

A membrane-bound sac containing only digestive enzymes in an environment with a lower pH

A

primary lysosome

51
Q

The components of a plasma membrane that provide structural support, transport substances through the membrane, and participate in chemical reactions at the cell surface are

A

protiens

52
Q

Regulatory proteins called ____ promote different phases of the cell cycle

A

cyclins

53
Q

Transmission of DNA sequences in chromosomes is called _____ inheritance; transmission of the structural modification that alter the availability of DNA sequences for transcription is called ____ inheritance

A

genetic, epigenetic

54
Q

Each tRNA molecule has a three-nucleotide sequence complementary to a specific codon in an mRNA molecule called a

A

anticodon

55
Q

Exchanges of parts of homologous chromosomes that occur in prophase 1 of the first meiotic division creates genetic ____

A

recombination

56
Q

Ribosomes linked by mRNA form a structure called a _____

A
  • polysome

- polyribosome

57
Q

Each nuclear pore complex is formed by interconnected rings and columns of ____ and has a central opening called ____

A

protein…. nuclear pore

58
Q

The sequence of a tRNA anticodon

A
  • will determine the amino acid that will be attached to the tRNA molecule
  • will base-pair with the complementary mRNA codon
  • will be the same as the DNA triplet unless the DNA sequence contained thymine

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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