Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology > chapter 12- muscle > Flashcards

chapter 12- muscle Flashcards

1
Q

During _____ muscle contraction causes the angle between two bones to decrease

A

flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

myosin ____

A
  • makes up the thick filament of the sarcomere

- is a protein involved in muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the columns of muscle produced by the extension of the eqimplysium into the body of the muscle called?

A

-fascicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The _____ of a muscle is its attachment point on the relatively immobile bone

A

orgin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when the muscles of you leg contract to move your lower leg back in order to kick a soccer ball, thus decreasing the angle between the femur and the tibia, the contraction produced is

A

flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which of the following are characteristics of skeletal muscle

A
  • striated

- multinucleate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The contraction of smooth muscle cells:

A
  • is graded dependents upon the concentration of calcium

- is slow and sustained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In muscle ATP is used

A
  • by myosin ATPase to break the bond between actin and myosin
  • by myosin ATPase to energize the myosin cross bridge
  • for calcium transport back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when the biceps brachii of the arm contracts the angle bewteen the bones of the forearm and humerous decreases, what type of contraction is this?

A

flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of muscle is multinucleate, with unbranched, striated fibers

A

skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the site of attachment of a muscle to the bone that it moves it its _____

A

insertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the fibrous connective sheath that extends around the muscle?

A

epimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle is also called the ____

A

sarcolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a muscle fiber

A

a skeletal muscle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

each fascicle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath known as the ____

A

perimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

most stretch reflexes are examples of _____ feedback loops

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When you do a chin up, the triceps brachil contract to help you lower down SLOWLY after the “up” position. the tricepts brachil are acting as _____

A

extensors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

While both ____ muscle in the heart and ____ muscle tissue in the blood vessels are capapble of initiating contraction on their own, ______ muscle

A

caridiac, smooth, skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In order for muscle contraction to occur, which of the following events must happen

A
  • sarcoplasm calcium levels must increase

- ATP is hydrolyzed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

are types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

-fast twitch

  • slow twitch
  • type 2
  • type 1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A cell in skeletal muscle is also called a muscle _____

A

fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The muscle ____ are columns of muscle tissue that are formed by the extension of the epimysium into the body of the muscle

A

fascicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which of the following change during contaction

A
  • the I band gets smaller

- the H band gets smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fast oxidative of type IIA fibers

A
  • are aerobic

- have a high myoglobin content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

During sarcomere contraction the A band remains the same length while the ____ band and ______ band get shorter

A

I, H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A monosynaptic stretch reflex is an example of what type of feedback loop?

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The ______ is a fibrous connective tissue sheath that surrounds a whole muscle

A

epimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle

A
  • smooth muscle does not have sarcomeres
  • the myosin in smooth muscle fibers is stacked perpendicular to the length of the cell
  • the thin filaments in smooth muscle cells are much longer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is occuring in the sarcomere at the indicated point on the muscle length-tension graph?

A
  • the amount of tension produced will be at its minimum

- the actin and myosin are overlapping and interfering with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When _______ ______ form between myosin and actin, they pull the actin towards the M line of the sarcomere

A

cross bridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The pinkish tubelike structure labeled in the diagram is the ___ ______

A

transverse tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which of the following influence the strength of contraction in a muscle

A
  • thickness of muscle fiber
  • initial resting length of fiber
  • frequency of stimulation
  • numbers of fibers stimulated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the area indicated by the arrow bracket shows the length of one

A

sarcomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The calcium release channels themselves:

A
  • are found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • release calcium in response in the shape of a vontage gated channel

-release calcium through passive diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The calcium release channels themselves:

A
  • are found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • release calcium in response in the shape of a vontage gated channel
  • release calcium through passive diffusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How is ATP used during muscle contraction?

A
  • to energize the myosin heads and put them into position
  • to fuel the pumps that move calcium back into the SR after contraction
  • to break the bond between actin and myosin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

creative phosphate:

A

is used to convert ADP into ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Within muscle fiber, what structure and releases calcium

A

terminal cisternae of the SR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When cardiac muscle cells are stimulated to conract the influx of ____ induces Ca2+ release

A

calcium

40
Q

Increase the frequency of action potentials delivered to a muscle fiberso that the fiber does not relax and response adds together is called _____

A

summation

41
Q

the light bands in skeletal muscle are also called ____ bands

A

I

42
Q

Which of the following occur to gradually increase the force of a muscle contraction?

A
  • increase the rate of motor unit stimulus
  • recruit more motor units
  • recruit larger motor units
43
Q

What is the H band of the sarcomere

A

the area that contains only thick filaments

44
Q

When a muscle experiences an increase in PO34 a decline in ATP a depleion of muscle glycogen and increased ADP in the sarcoplasm it experiences the phenomenon known as muscle _____

A

fatigue

45
Q

what acts as levers to transfer the force of a muscles contraction

A

-bones
-joints
tendons

46
Q

A reflex that passes the signal from the sensory neuron to the spinal interneuron to the alpha motor neuron is considered a(n) reflex

A

disynaptic

47
Q

during ____ the fibers are stimulated to contract before they relax completely while ____ produces more force by increasing the number of fibers that are contracting

A

summation, recruitment

48
Q

What are the series elastic components of muscle?

A
  • tendond and connective tissue

- elastic structures of muscle fibers

49
Q

The contractions of skeletal muscles produce movements of bones at joints, the joints act as _____ to move the loads against which the muscle force is exereted

A

levers

50
Q

During a(n) _____ contraction the tension that is produced by the muscle is not sufficient to move the load; consequently the mudcld does not contract

A

isometric

51
Q

when a sarcomere contracts the ______ is pulled towards the M line sliding past or over the ____

A

actin, myosin

52
Q

What makes up the thin filaments?

A

actin

53
Q

each globular myosin head has binding sites for

A

actin and ATP

54
Q

During moderate exercise, a muscle obtains energy from;

A
  • plasma glucose
  • triglycerides
  • muslce glycogen
  • free fatty acids
55
Q

The elastic structures of muscle and tendons called the ____ _____ _____ must be pulled tight before a muscle contraction

A

series elastic component

56
Q

The V02 max

A
  • is usually 15-20% higher for males than females
  • is estimated by the relationship of heart rate to oxygen
  • is the maximal oxygen uptake or aerobic capacity
57
Q

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates is called ____ ____

A

motor unit

58
Q

The action of the Ca2+ ATPase pumps

A
  • allows the fiber to relax
  • moves calcium into the SR
  • moves calcium against its gradient
59
Q

______ Contractions are produced by varying the number of muscle fibers participating in the contraction

A

graded

60
Q

when increasing numbers of motor units are activated, more force is generated. this is called

A

-motor unit recruitment

61
Q

When a skeletal muscle experience a reduction in its ability to produce tension during exercise the muscle has undergone

A

fatigue

62
Q

The aerobic capacity:

A
  • is often expressed as the V02 max
  • is the maximum rate of oxygen consumption
  • is also called the maximal oxygen uptake
63
Q

In muscle the high energy molecule ____ ____ or phosphocreatine donates a high energy phosphate group to recharge ATP

A

creatine phosphate

64
Q

The power stroke:

A
  • moves the actin towards the center of the sarcomere
  • is produced by the myosin cross bridge
  • generates the contractile force in the muscle cell
65
Q

When ATP is added to a contracted muscle fiber, which of the following will occur

A

the muscle fiber can relax

66
Q

Before actin and myosin can bind ________ binds to troponin C causing a conformational shape change that pulls tropomyosin off the F-actins active site

A

calcium

67
Q

In order for a muscle to contract and shorten, the tension produced by the muscle must ____ the load on the muscle

A

be greater than

68
Q

During an isotonic contraction:

A
  • the tensions produced by the muscle is greater than the load
  • the muscle shortens
69
Q

As the load on the muscle increases, the velocity of shortening:

A

decreases

70
Q

Which of the following are characterisitcs of single unit smooth muscle?

A
  • many gap junctions
  • display pacemaker activity
  • respond to stretch
71
Q

Which of the following are true cardiac muscle but not of skeletal muscle

A
  • the entire myocardium contracts as a unit

- signal to contract is passed between cells via gap junctions

72
Q

In a(n) reflex, the sensory neuron detecting the change synapses only with the motor neuron that activates the muscle responding to the change

A

monosynaptic

73
Q

The calcium release channels themselves:

A
  • release calcium through passive diffusion
  • are found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • release calcium in response to a change in the shape of a voltage gated channel
74
Q

During the power stroke component of skeletal muscle contraction

A

the thin filament moves towards the M line

75
Q

What type of contraction is produced when the tension created by the muscle is just greater than the load applied to the muscle?

A

isotonic contraction

76
Q

The dark lines that can be seen in the middle of the I bands and the _____ which anchor the thin filaments

A

z disks

77
Q

Where is most of the calcium stored in a relaxed muscle fiber?

A

terminal cisternae of SR

78
Q

Skeletal muscles are attatched to bones via ____ which transfer the contractoin tension and allow for the movement of the bone

A

tendons

79
Q

Within each muscle fiber densley packed subunits known as _____ extend in parallel rows from one end of the cell tothe other leaving no room between for other organelles

A

myofibrils

80
Q

what is the function of troponin in muscle contraction?

A

to move/lever tropomyosin off the active sit of actin so that myosin can bind to it

81
Q

What is the function of tropomyosin in muscle contraction

A

-to block myosin from binding to action where there is no contraction signal

82
Q

What occurs in the muscle fiber during the latent period?

A

Ca++ is released

-AP travels along the transverse tubules

83
Q

What is the muscle of muscle group called that acts on the same joint to produce the opposite contraction from the prime mover?

A

-Antagonist

84
Q

The ___ ___ are produced by protein filaments located at the center of the thick filaments and serve to anchor the thick filaments thus helping stay

A

M liines

85
Q

The transverse tubules or T- tubules;

A
  • conduct action potentials

- are formed from the sarcolemma

86
Q

_____ reflexes maintain muscles at their optimal length

A

stretch

87
Q

When a muscle contracts isometrically

A
  • the load is greater than or equal to the tension that the muscle can produce
  • the muscle does not shorten
88
Q

Due to the lag time required by the cardiovascular system the skeletal muscle metabolize _____

A

anaerobically

89
Q

analogies best explains how actin and myosin cycle within the cell?

A

the power strokes are asynchronous and attach alternately as in the actions in the actions of a team engaged in a tug or war

90
Q

During muscle contraction:

A

that actin

91
Q

During muscle contraction:

A

that actin and myosin overlap each other

92
Q

A reflex arc that has one sensory neuron synapsing only with one motor neuron is called a(n) _____ reflex

A

monosynaptic

93
Q

how is contraction initiated in cardiac muscle

A

A pacemaker region depolarizes

94
Q

What is occuring in the sarcomere at the indicated point on the muscle length tension graph

A
  • the amount of tension produced will be at its min

- the actin and myosin are overlapping and interfering with each other

95
Q

At what point will the velocity of shortening be the greatest?

A

when the load is zero

96
Q

Which of the following statements about myosin are correct?

A
  • each globular myosin head has a binding site for actin as well as for ATP
  • the myosin heads act as myosin ATPse enzymes
  • at rest, each globular myosin head is not attached to actin
97
Q

In order for actin to bind to myosin, the active sites on the actin molecule must be uncovered. this involves the movement of tropomyosin by the protein

A

-troponin

Human Physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions