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Human Physiology > Chapter 6- interactions between cells and extracellular enviornment > Flashcards

Chapter 6- interactions between cells and extracellular enviornment Flashcards

1
Q

In the broadest definition, cells can communicate with other tissue types via ____

A

extracellular secretions

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2
Q

In the Na+/K+ pump, _______ molecules of sodium are transported and ______ molecules of potassium are transported in each cycle

A

3,2

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3
Q

choose the processes that are considered bulk transport

A
  • endocytosis

- exocytosis

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4
Q

the cell labeled A has been placed in a isotonic solution the cell labeled B has ___ and C has been placed ___ solution

A

isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

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5
Q

Endocytosis and exocytosis are mechanisms of ____ transport

A

bulk

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6
Q

Name the process shown in the image

A

exocytosis,

secretion of a cellular product

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7
Q

Extracellular matrix is comprised of:

A
  • ground substance
  • elastin fibers
  • collagen fibers
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8
Q

put the following solutions in order from lowest to highest osmotic pressure

A

1; distilled water 0%
2;10 g/L glucose solution
3;180g/l glucose solution
4;370 g/l

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9
Q

Which ion exerts the greatest effect on resting membrane potential

A

potassium

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10
Q

The process of ______ occurs when molecules move down a concentration gradient due to random molecular motion

A

diffusion

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11
Q

Choose the components that can be found in the extracellular environment

A
  • fluid
  • polysaccharides
  • dissolved molecules
  • proteins
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12
Q

The _______ of diffusion is dependent upon the surface area and permeability of the membrane, temperature and steepness of the concentration gradient.

A

rate

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13
Q

the effect of a solution on the osmotic movement of water is

A

tonicity

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14
Q

Choose the characteristics of facilitated diffusion

A
  • uses a carrier protein
  • powered by thermal energy
  • passive transport
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15
Q

the charge difference between the inside and outside of a cell is not sending any impulses is known as its ____ ____ ____

A

resting membrane potential

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16
Q

A solution consists of the ___ and ____

A

solvent, solutes

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17
Q

No change in volume will occur in a cell placed in a(n) ____ solution

A

isotonic

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18
Q

A hormone, neurotransmitter or paracrine messenger must first bind to a specific ___ on the target cell

A

receptor

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19
Q

The rate of diffusion through a membrane is dependent upon:

A

-the steepness of the concentration gradient

  • the permeability of the membrane
  • the surface area of the membrane
  • the temperature of the solution
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20
Q

_____ is the specific term referring to the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

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21
Q

what is another name for the cell membrane

A

plasma

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22
Q

Some molecules are permitted to cross from one side of the plasma membrane to the other, while other molecules are not allowed to cross the membrane. Therefore the plasma membrane exhibits_________ _____

A

selectively, permeability

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23
Q

Simple diffusion of molecules directly through the plasma membrane or through channel proteins is ___ transport

A
  • passive

- non-carrier mediated

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24
Q

Which of the following substances will only cross a plasma membrane using facilitated diffusion?

A

glucose

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25
Q

Paracellular transport is the movement of substances:

A

between adjacent cells

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26
Q

what is the characteristic, shared by enzymes and carrier proteins, in which the proteins interact only with certain molecules?

A

specificity

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27
Q

What factors are essential to the maintenance of resting membrane potential

A
  • unequal permeability of membrane to ions
  • unequal distribution of ions across the membrane
  • Na+/K+ pump
28
Q

If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution:

A

osmosis will not occur

29
Q

figure depicts the process of ____

A

endocytosis ( where its open and then closes to a formation of vescle

30
Q

For osmosis to occur:

A
  • there must be difference in the concentration of a solute on both sides of a membrane
  • the membrane must be relatively impermeable to the solute
  • the membrane must be selectively permeable
31
Q

Membrane potential is important in which physiological processes?

A
  • nerve signaling
  • heartbeat
  • muscle contraction
32
Q

One term for movement of substances directly through the cytoplasm of epithelial cells is called:

A

transcellular transport

33
Q

in the image there is a net movement of:

A

water from side A to B

34
Q

What affects resting membrane potential?

A
  • the concentration of each ion in the extracellular fluid
  • the permeability of the membrane to each ion
  • the concentration of each ion inside the cell
35
Q

Which of the following membrane transport pumps function through primary active transport?

A
  • ca2+
  • hydrogen
  • na+/K+
36
Q

Maintaining homoeostasis of osmolality of the bodily fluids is important because:

A
  • cells can be damaged by shrinking or swelling

- neural activity is dependent upon the prosper concentration of ions

37
Q

Nutrient and oxygen are transferred from the ___ to the ___ fluid

A

blood, interstitial

38
Q

Choose the elements in the figure that indicate active transport and not facilitated diffusion

A
  • ATP is hydrolyzed

- molecules are moving to an area of higher concentration

39
Q

_____ pressure is the pressure required to halt the process of osmosis

A

osmotic

40
Q

Some ions move across a membrane using ion channel proteins that are open all the time. others use ____ ion channel proteins, which have the ability to open and close

A

gated

41
Q

Voltage is a measurement of the ___ of a cell membrane

A

potential difference

42
Q

All three types of membrane transport depicted in the figure, are examples of ___ transport

A

passive

43
Q

The transport maximum is reached at a lower concentration in line B due to

A

competition

44
Q

Name the type of cellular transport process that is shown in the image

A

facilitated diffusion

45
Q

Identify the substance that can easily diffuse through the plasma membrane

A
  • steroid hormones
  • oxygen
  • lipids
  • carbon dioxide
46
Q

Choose the functions of integrins

A
  • relay signals between the cell and extracellular envior.

- anchor cells to extracellular matrix

47
Q

The image depicts the process of gas exchange, which occurs through which type of passive transport mechanism?

A

diffusion

48
Q

Name the cation that is most prevalent inside cells

A

potassium

49
Q

The three types of cell signaling are ____ signaling, ____ signalling and ____ signaling.

A

paracrine, synaptic, endocrine

50
Q

A solution of the _____ and ____

A

solvent, solutes

51
Q

are special channels that allow the movement of water across a membrane

A

aquaporins

52
Q

When evaluating the effects of various solutions on red blood cells, crenation means to ____ and hemolysis means to____

A

shrink;burst

53
Q

match the correct structure with its name

A

A; desmosome
B; adhere junction
C; tight junction

54
Q

The maintain categories of extracellular cell signaling are;

A
  • endocrine signaling
  • synaptic signaling
  • paracrine signaling
55
Q

Identify substances that can be transferred FROM the TO the interstitial tissues

A
  • oxygen

- nutrients

56
Q

_____ are glycoproteins that extend from the cytoskeleton, through the plasma membrane, and bind to structures within the extracellular matrix. they serve as adhesion molecules and relay signals between the two compartments

A

intergins

57
Q

which of the following solutions are isosmotic to blood plasma?

A
  • normal saline

- 5% dextrose

58
Q

which of the following would increase osmolality?

A

-dehydration
-strenuous exercise
ingestion of salt

59
Q

The extent to which each ion contributes differently to membrane potential is dependent upon its:

A
  • membrane permeability

- concentration gradient

60
Q

Choose the following organs that are specialized for rapid diffusion of molecules due to microvilli

A
  • kidneys

- small intestine

61
Q

Which of the following molecules are osmotically active?

A
  • ions
  • polar molecules
  • glucose
62
Q

Coupied transport in which the energy to move a molecule against its concentration gradient is provided by the transport of sodium down its concentration gradient is called _____ active transport

A

secondary

63
Q

Primary active transport is directly achieved by hydrolysis of ____

A

ATP

64
Q

Choose the following that act as second messengers in cells

A
  • ions

- cyclic AMP

65
Q

What information is needed in order to apply the nernst equation

A
  • the concentration of an ion in the extracellular fluid

- the concentration of an ion inside the cell

66
Q

Choose the following components that are found in ground substance

A
  • polysaccharides
  • water
  • proteoglycans
  • glycoproteins
67
Q

Determining the freezing point of a solution can yield the ____ of the solution

A

osmolality

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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