Chapter 6- interactions between cells and extracellular enviornment

Question 1

In the broadest definition, cells can communicate with other tissue types via ____

Answer 1

extracellular secretions

Question 2

In the Na+/K+ pump, _______ molecules of sodium are transported and ______ molecules of potassium are transported in each cycle

Answer 2

3,2

Question 3

choose the processes that are considered bulk transport

Answer 3

• endocytosis

- exocytosis

Question 4

the cell labeled A has been placed in a isotonic solution the cell labeled B has ___ and C has been placed ___ solution

Answer 4

isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

Question 5

Endocytosis and exocytosis are mechanisms of ____ transport

Answer 5

bulk

Question 6

Name the process shown in the image

Answer 6

exocytosis,

secretion of a cellular product

Question 7

Extracellular matrix is comprised of:

Answer 7

• ground substance
• elastin fibers
• collagen fibers

Question 8

put the following solutions in order from lowest to highest osmotic pressure

Answer 8

1; distilled water 0%
2;10 g/L glucose solution
3;180g/l glucose solution
4;370 g/l

Question 9

Which ion exerts the greatest effect on resting membrane potential

Answer 9

potassium

Question 10

The process of ______ occurs when molecules move down a concentration gradient due to random molecular motion

Answer 10

diffusion

Question 11

Choose the components that can be found in the extracellular environment

Answer 11

• fluid
• polysaccharides
• dissolved molecules
• proteins

Question 12

The _______ of diffusion is dependent upon the surface area and permeability of the membrane, temperature and steepness of the concentration gradient.

Answer 12

rate

Question 13

the effect of a solution on the osmotic movement of water is

Answer 13

tonicity

Question 14

Choose the characteristics of facilitated diffusion

Answer 14

• uses a carrier protein
• powered by thermal energy
• passive transport

Question 15

the charge difference between the inside and outside of a cell is not sending any impulses is known as its ____ ____ ____

Answer 15

resting membrane potential

Question 16

A solution consists of the ___ and ____

Answer 16

solvent, solutes

Question 17

No change in volume will occur in a cell placed in a(n) ____ solution

Answer 17

isotonic

Question 18

A hormone, neurotransmitter or paracrine messenger must first bind to a specific ___ on the target cell

Answer 18

receptor

Question 19

The rate of diffusion through a membrane is dependent upon:

Answer 19

-the steepness of the concentration gradient

• the permeability of the membrane
• the surface area of the membrane
• the temperature of the solution

Question 20

_____ is the specific term referring to the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 20

osmosis

Question 21

what is another name for the cell membrane

Answer 21

plasma

Question 22

Some molecules are permitted to cross from one side of the plasma membrane to the other, while other molecules are not allowed to cross the membrane. Therefore the plasma membrane exhibits_________ _____

Answer 22

selectively, permeability

Question 23

Simple diffusion of molecules directly through the plasma membrane or through channel proteins is ___ transport

Answer 23

• passive

- non-carrier mediated

Question 24

Which of the following substances will only cross a plasma membrane using facilitated diffusion?

Answer 24

glucose

Question 25

Paracellular transport is the movement of substances:

Answer 25

between adjacent cells

Question 26

what is the characteristic, shared by enzymes and carrier proteins, in which the proteins interact only with certain molecules?

Answer 26

specificity

Question 27

What factors are essential to the maintenance of resting membrane potential

Answer 27

- unequal permeability of membrane to ions - unequal distribution of ions across the membrane - Na+/K+ pump

Question 28

If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution:

Answer 28

osmosis will not occur

Question 29

figure depicts the process of ____

Answer 29

endocytosis ( where its open and then closes to a formation of vescle

Question 30

For osmosis to occur:

Answer 30

- there must be difference in the concentration of a solute on both sides of a membrane - the membrane must be relatively impermeable to the solute - the membrane must be selectively permeable

Question 31

Membrane potential is important in which physiological processes?

Answer 31

- nerve signaling - heartbeat - muscle contraction

Question 32

One term for movement of substances directly through the cytoplasm of epithelial cells is called:

Answer 32

transcellular transport

Question 33

in the image there is a net movement of:

Answer 33

water from side A to B

Question 34

What affects resting membrane potential?

Answer 34

- the concentration of each ion in the extracellular fluid - the permeability of the membrane to each ion - the concentration of each ion inside the cell

Question 35

Which of the following membrane transport pumps function through primary active transport?

Answer 35

- ca2+ - hydrogen - na+/K+

Question 36

Maintaining homoeostasis of osmolality of the bodily fluids is important because:

Answer 36

- cells can be damaged by shrinking or swelling | - neural activity is dependent upon the prosper concentration of ions

Question 37

Nutrient and oxygen are transferred from the ___ to the ___ fluid

Answer 37

blood, interstitial

Question 38

Choose the elements in the figure that indicate active transport and not facilitated diffusion

Answer 38

- ATP is hydrolyzed | - molecules are moving to an area of higher concentration

Question 39

_____ pressure is the pressure required to halt the process of osmosis

Answer 39

osmotic

Question 40

Some ions move across a membrane using ion channel proteins that are open all the time. others use ____ ion channel proteins, which have the ability to open and close

Answer 40

gated

Question 41

Voltage is a measurement of the ___ of a cell membrane

Answer 41

potential difference

Question 42

All three types of membrane transport depicted in the figure, are examples of ___ transport

Answer 42

passive

Question 43

The transport maximum is reached at a lower concentration in line B due to

Answer 43

competition

Question 44

Name the type of cellular transport process that is shown in the image

Answer 44

facilitated diffusion

Question 45

Identify the substance that can easily diffuse through the plasma membrane

Answer 45

- steroid hormones - oxygen - lipids - carbon dioxide

Question 46

Choose the functions of integrins

Answer 46

- relay signals between the cell and extracellular envior. | - anchor cells to extracellular matrix

Question 47

The image depicts the process of gas exchange, which occurs through which type of passive transport mechanism?

Answer 47

diffusion

Question 48

Name the cation that is most prevalent inside cells

Answer 48

potassium

Question 49

The three types of cell signaling are ____ signaling, ____ signalling and ____ signaling.

Answer 49

paracrine, synaptic, endocrine

Question 50

A solution of the _____ and ____

Answer 50

solvent, solutes

Question 51

are special channels that allow the movement of water across a membrane

Answer 51

aquaporins

Question 52

When evaluating the effects of various solutions on red blood cells, crenation means to ____ and hemolysis means to____

Answer 52

shrink;burst

Question 53

match the correct structure with its name

Answer 53

A; desmosome B; adhere junction C; tight junction

Question 54

The maintain categories of extracellular cell signaling are;

Answer 54

- endocrine signaling - synaptic signaling - paracrine signaling

Question 55

Identify substances that can be transferred FROM the TO the interstitial tissues

Answer 55

- oxygen | - nutrients

Question 56

_____ are glycoproteins that extend from the cytoskeleton, through the plasma membrane, and bind to structures within the extracellular matrix. they serve as adhesion molecules and relay signals between the two compartments

Answer 56

intergins

Question 57

which of the following solutions are isosmotic to blood plasma?

Answer 57

- normal saline | - 5% dextrose

Question 58

which of the following would increase osmolality?

Answer 58

-dehydration -strenuous exercise ingestion of salt

Question 59

The extent to which each ion contributes differently to membrane potential is dependent upon its:

Answer 59

- membrane permeability | - concentration gradient

Question 60

Choose the following organs that are specialized for rapid diffusion of molecules due to microvilli

Answer 60

- kidneys | - small intestine

Question 61

Which of the following molecules are osmotically active?

Answer 61

- ions - polar molecules - glucose

Question 62

Coupied transport in which the energy to move a molecule against its concentration gradient is provided by the transport of sodium down its concentration gradient is called _____ active transport

Answer 62

secondary

Question 63

Primary active transport is directly achieved by hydrolysis of ____

Answer 63

ATP

Question 64

Choose the following that act as second messengers in cells

Answer 64

- ions | - cyclic AMP

Question 65

What information is needed in order to apply the nernst equation

Answer 65

- the concentration of an ion in the extracellular fluid | - the concentration of an ion inside the cell

Question 66

Choose the following components that are found in ground substance

Answer 66

- polysaccharides - water - proteoglycans - glycoproteins

Question 67

Determining the freezing point of a solution can yield the ____ of the solution

Answer 67

osmolality