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Human Physiology > Chapter 4 - Enzymes and Energy > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Enzymes and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

In humans, what is the final waste product of amino acid metabolism that is excreted in the urine and also contributes significantly to the total osmolarity of the interstitial fluid of the kidney?

A

Urea

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2
Q

The fluid entering the glomerular capsule is called the ___ because it passes through three layers that serve as selective filters.

A

Filtrate

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3
Q

The functions of the kidneys include:

A
  • pH regulation
  • regulation of blood plasma volume
  • removal of waste products from the plasma
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4
Q

Uterine movies from the renal pelvis in the kidney to the urinary bladder via long ducts called the _____

A

ureter

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5
Q

Which of the following is required in order for water to be reabsorbed back into the vascular system from the tubules?

A

a concentration gradient

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6
Q

How are substances “cleared” from the blood during the process of urine formation?

A
  • secreted by the tubular cells

- filtered at the glomerulus

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7
Q

Which of the following is a function of the kidneys?

A

Regulation of electrolytes

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8
Q

The membrane transport process in which molecules and ions are moved out of the peritubular capillaries into the nephron tubule is called _____

A

secretion

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9
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

to store urine prior to excretion

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10
Q

A substance in the blood can be removed or cleared by the process of ____- at the glomeruli or through _____ by the tubular cells into the filtrate.

A

filtration, secretion

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11
Q

_____ arer octopus shaped cells that have large cytoplasmic extensions that interdigitate to form the third filtration barrier known as the slit diaphragm

A

podocytes

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12
Q

The vasa recta of the kidney:

A
  • maintain the hypertonicity of the rental medulla
  • remove water that diffuses out of the descending limb of the loop of henle
  • perform countercurrent exchange
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13
Q

where are the kidneys located in the body?

A
  • on either side of the spine just below the diaphragm and liver
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14
Q

______ occurs when filtered molecules are returned to the blood from the filtrate in the tubules

A

reabsorption

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15
Q

What are the long, thin walled blood vessels that run parallel to the the nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

vasa recta

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16
Q

Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate in the kidney is accomplished by:

A
  • tubuloglomerular feedback

- myogenic construction of the afferent arteriole

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17
Q

what is the function of the ureters?

A

-the ureters channel urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

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18
Q

____ is a waste product of amino acid metabolism in humans that is excreted in the urine.

A

urea

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19
Q

The law of the conservation of energy states that

A

energy can neither be created or destroyed

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20
Q

Enzymes work by lowering the ____ energy required for the chemical reaction to take place.

A

activation

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21
Q

Which type of inhibition would be regulated by negative feedback?

A
  • allosteric inhibition

- end product inhibition

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22
Q

Enzymes that differ by a few amino acids but have the same function as the normal enzyme as the normal enzyme are called _____

A

isoenzymes

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23
Q

In reference to enzymes, riboflavin would function as a(n)

A

coenzyme

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24
Q

An enzyme

A
  • lowers the activation energy in a reaction
  • is a protein ( or a ribozyme)
  • is not used up in a chemical reaction
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25
Q

Enzymatic reaction are dependent on the amount of the energy available to run the reaction

A

false

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26
Q

_____ reaction allow for the exergonic reactions to provide energy required for the endergonic reactions

A

Coupied

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27
Q

During cellular respiration, the hydrogen carriers are

A
  • NAD

- FAD

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28
Q

If the shape of the enzyme needs to be slightly altered in order to receive the substrate, one would say that this would refer to ____ ____ model of enzyme activity

A

induced-fit

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29
Q

When they are acting to facilitate metabolic reaction, calcium, magnesium, and zinc would be considered

A

cofactors

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30
Q

when the graph levels off, and reaction reaches its maximum rate, the enzyme is said to be fully

A

saturation

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31
Q

A ______pathway will begin with a substrate, pass through intermediate reactions, and end with a product

A

metabolic

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32
Q

The increase in entropy during energy transformations describes

A

the second law of thermodynamics

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33
Q

ATP is

A
  • the universal biological energy carrier

- a form of chemical energy

34
Q

The lock-and-key model refers to the fact that the active site of ___ perfectly fits the ___ just like a key fits into a lock

A

enzyme, substrate

35
Q

Energy flow through organisms is inefficient because

A

energy is lost to heat as it is converted

36
Q

The point at which the rate of an enzymatic reaction will no longer increase with an increase in the amount of substrate is referred to as the _____ point

A

saturation

37
Q

Conversion of light energy to glucose illustrates the first law of thermodynamics, demonstrating the ____ of energy

A

conversation

38
Q

A protein that changes the rate at which a chemical reaction can take place is a (n)

A

enzyme

39
Q

A _____ is a molecule that can assist enzymatic reactions by moving hydrogen ions from one molecule to the next

A

coenzyme

40
Q

The molecules that result from an enzymatic reaction are

A

products

41
Q

Assuming no substrate limitation, the rate of an enzymatic reaction would increase if

A

the temperature is higher than average

42
Q

The amount of energy required for a reaction to take place is called

A

-activation energy

43
Q

As the amount of entropy increases during the conversion of energy from one form to another, the amount of energy available to do work _____

A

decreases

44
Q

A reaction that would start with a reactant, have a few intermediate steps,and end in a final product would describe a(n)

A

metabolic pathway

45
Q

Enzymes are named

A
  • based on the job or role of the enzyme

- with an ‘ase’ at the end

46
Q

Coenzymes work by

A

transporting hydrogen ions in chemical reactions

47
Q

is another word used to describe the second law of thermodynamics

A

entropy

48
Q

if the final product of an enzymatic reaction block an earlier step in the enzymatic pathway the reaction would be regulated by _____ inhibition

A

aliosteric

49
Q

At the end of an enzymatic reaction there remains a _______ and the unaltered enzyme

A

product

50
Q

If someone were to mention ‘lock-and-key’ in reference to enzymes, you would know that she means that

A

the enzyme will only work with a specific substrate

51
Q

___ is the study of the flow of energy through organisms

A

biogenerics

52
Q

Some zymogens can be converted to a functioning enzyme when

A

a phosphate is added or removed

53
Q

A ____ molecule will gain electrons

A

reduced

54
Q

A ____ enzyme would function to add a phosphate group to a particular molecule

A

kinase

55
Q

The final acceptor of electron in the process of cellular respiration is _____

A

oxygen

56
Q

If a molecule loses electron during a chemical reaction it is said that molecule has been

A

oxidized

57
Q

From the figure, as temperature increases, enzymatic activity ____ as long as the temperature remains below 40 degrees celsius

A

increases

58
Q

A ___ would be equal to 1000 calories

A

kilocalorie

59
Q

The type of inhibition herer is _____ inhibition

A

end-product

60
Q

During cellular respiration, the coenzyme NAD would be considered oxidized when

A

it donates an hydrogen atom

61
Q

Which enzyme would likely work best in a highly acidic environment?

A

pepsin

62
Q

This figure would represent an example of an _____ of metabolism

A

inborn error

63
Q

Energy released from an exergonic reaction is stored in the form of ____

A

ATP

64
Q

Allosteric inhibition works because

A

-the process causes a change in the shape of the active site, preventing the enzyme from binding further substances

65
Q

____ are organic molecules that aid enzymes in their function

A

coenzymes

66
Q

In reversible enzymatic reactions, the direction of the reaction will be regulated by

A

the relative concentration of products and reactants

67
Q

The Law of _______ state that reversible reactions are driven from the side of the equation with the higher concentration to the side of the equation with lower concentration

A

mass action

68
Q

An enzyme secreted in an inactive form is called a(n)

A

zymogen

69
Q

The presence of the isoenzyme MB in blood tests would indicate

A

heart disease

70
Q

The process of enzyme ____ allows genes to alter enzymatic activities due to cell condition change

A

turnover

71
Q

The enzyme that function in making proteins are called

A

ribozymes

72
Q

Abnormal blood concentration of enzymes indicate ______ in a patient

A

disease

73
Q

Niacin and riboflavin are required for the production of (abbreviate) _____ and ______.

A

NAD , FAD

74
Q

_______ is a disease resulting from an inborn error in metabolism

A

Tay-sachs disease

75
Q

The accumulation of potentially toxic metabolic intermediates from a defective metabolic pathway is

A

an inborn error of metabolism

76
Q

Scientist used viruses to insert a defective gene into a patient in a method called _______ ______ in order to treat severe combined immunodeficiency disease.

A

gene therapy

77
Q

The fact that several products can be produced along a metabolic pathway means that

A

metabolic pathways are not always linear

78
Q

Enzymes that are responsible for the formation of polypeptides are called _______

A

riboenzymes

79
Q

the presence of BB a(n) _____ of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in blood tests would indicate possible brain damage

A

isoenzyme

80
Q

If blood plasma has an abnormal concentration of enzymes, it can lead a physician to conclude

A

the patient has a particular disease or disorder based on the enzyme present.

81
Q

Which enzyme would have an optimum pH of 9.8?

A

monoamine oxidase

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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